軌道救空污?這是認真的嗎?
(全文刊於:高雄好過日)
每到秋冬時節,當風向轉變時,高雄的天空就開始灰起來,讓高雄人的心情一樣灰矇矇。
如果還要每天騎車上班吸廢氣,那就更難過日了。
要改變空氣品質,有很多方法。從實證研究中,我們找出可以改善高雄空氣品質的方式。
其中之一就是:軌道運輸。
■ 世界趨勢:捷運通了,呼吸也通了?
一項布朗大學與多倫多大學學者針對2000-2014年間,43個新開通地鐵城市(包含我們高雄)所做的研究。
研究發現,在地鐵系統通車後的一年半,透過衛星遙測分析顯示,城市10公里半徑的懸浮粒子減少4%,這已在統計上有意義。
市中心改善較明顯,但郊區也同樣受益。亞洲與歐洲較為明顯,但美洲一樣受益。空氣改善的效應會持續5-6年,而後變得不明顯。
這其實對應到全球捷運系統的一項統計:通車後5年內,是使用率成長最明顯的時段。至於路網長度和運量是不是和空氣品質變化有相關性,可能需要更多資料證明。
若進一步以過去針對懸浮粒子對嬰兒死亡率,以及PM2.5對整體死亡率影響等健康效應為參數,帶入本研究之結果,估略計算每個城市地鐵系統所帶來的健康益處將近「6億美元」。
有讀者可能懷疑,「你們說得都是國外的情況,國情不同,不要套用到台灣!」
或許大家又會覺得「遙測不準啦!沒有其他污染物質數據,太粗糙了啦!」
但更早之前,其實就有一項台灣的污染物實測資料講過同樣的事情:
■ 國內經驗:找到了!台北為何空氣好的原因之一?
一項美國研究指出,台北木柵線通車一年內,周邊CO和NOx排放量顯著下降達5-15%,且這項研究已經校正了高雄台中等城市的空氣變化。換言之,捷運通車後,台北空氣品質改善的幅度,明顯優於其他城市。
我認為,城市的建設,必須兼顧永續發展的經濟,社會,與環境層面。當我們考慮城市的交通發展選項時,就一定要優先選擇對人民健康有幫助之運輸方式。
討厭污濁的空氣,想要好過日?想要活久一點?或許你應該更支持綠能大眾運輸的興建與使用!
參考資料:
1. Gendron-Carrier, N., Gonzalez-Navarro, M., Polloni, S., & Turner, M. A. (2017). Subways and Urban Air Pollution.
2.Chen, Y., & Whalley, A. (2012). Green infrastructure: The effects of urban rail transit on air quality. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4(1), 58-97
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過75萬的網紅志祺七七 X 圖文不符,也在其Youtube影片中提到,✔︎ 成為七七會員(幫助我們繼續日更,並享有會員專屬福利):https://bit.ly/3eYdLKp ✔︎ 訂閱志祺七七頻道: http://bit.ly/shasha77_subscribe ✔︎ 追蹤志祺IG :https://www.instagram.com/shasha77.daily...
「american economic journal: economic policy」的推薦目錄:
- 關於american economic journal: economic policy 在 陳信諭 醫師 Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於american economic journal: economic policy 在 黃之鋒 Joshua Wong Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於american economic journal: economic policy 在 志祺七七 X 圖文不符 Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於american economic journal: economic policy 在 American Economic Association, profile picture - Facebook 的評價
american economic journal: economic policy 在 黃之鋒 Joshua Wong Facebook 的最佳解答
【美國國會「香港主權移交二十週年」聽證會發言全文】
(Scroll down for Joshua Wong’s testimony at U.S. Congressional hearing)
你可能知道香港的政治方針為「一國兩制」,但它現時已倒退為「一國1.5制」,未來更可能惡化成「一國一制」。我在97年回歸前不足一年出生,現時20歲,香港政府正準備慶祝香港回歸20周年,7月1日會是國家主席習近平首次訪港。
近日政府已進行大規模政治拘捕,同時亦繼續試圖取消多名民主派立法會議員資格,包括在去年以23歲之齡,在立法會選舉當選成最年輕立法會議員的傘運學生領袖羅冠聰。我對香港在雨傘運動後仍距離落實民主很遠感到不幸,這亦是我希望爭取更多國際層面支持的原因。
我很高興看到美國共和民參議員魯比奧(Marco Rubio)重提香港人權與民主法案(Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2017),美國跨黨派都支持該法案,反映保障香港自由和自治,應該是不同政治光譜的共識。法案保障香港參加非暴力集會的人士,不應因有判罪紀錄而遭美國拒發簽證。
另一位傘運學生領袖周永康在去年7月因被判參與非法集會,被判監三星期和緩刑一年後,由於其案底,他在準備赴倫敦修讀碩士學位,申請英國學生簽證時遭到明顯困難。他近日已獲美國加州大學柏克萊分校(UC Berkeley)接受為研究生,意味他將會申請美國學生簽證,認為法案對周永康這類學生十分重要,能減少他們申請進入其他自由國家時的困難。
我早前應邀到泰國一大學交流時,曾被拒入境及拘留12小時,我當時要求聯絡律師及香港家人,但均遭拒絕,我擔心成下一個桂民海,幸好最好我獲釋放,但泰國當局稱在中國要求下,我將永久被禁止踏足泰國。
法案一旦通過,將能將人權和自由放在美國對港政策的中心,亦會向北京政府發出強大訊息,美國相信保障香港的政治自由,與保障香港的經濟自由同樣重要,這亦符合現有85000公民和1400間公司在香港的美國利益。大部分美國傳媒包括CNN、華爾街日報及時代雜誌都將他們的亞洲辦公室設在香港,顯示香港仍是中國中最自由的地區。
我希望美國共和、民主兩黨能合作去保障他們都認同的基本人權價值,香港人亦會繼續向中共政權爭取民主,並行使自決的權利。我6年前開始爭取民主,我當時14歲,香港民主之父李柱銘經歷40年的爭取,今年將已79歲,我好奇當我79歲時,是否已看到民主的來臨?
民主是普世價值,應在任何地方都被維護及推廣,我們這一代的宏願,是確保香港繼續作為中國及世界的人權及自由指標。
專制政權今日主導我們的未來,但那一天終會有民主到來,讓我們決定香港未來。無論民主運動如何發展,我們會使民主屬於我們的,因為這是我們的時代。
--------------------------------------------------------------
Joshua Wong’s testimony at U.S. Congressional hearing
You may have known about Hong Kong’s political arrangement as “One Country, Two Systems.” But it has now become “One Country, One-and-a-Half Systems,” and potentially “One Country, One System” in the future if conditions continue to worsen.
I was born less than a year before the handover of Hong Kong from the U.K. to China in 1997. I am 20 years old now. At the same time, the Hong Kong government is preparing its 20th handover anniversary celebration. July 1 will be the first time Xi Jinping visits Hong Kong as the Chinese President.
To pave the way for that, we now face massive political prosecution, while the government intends to disqualify democratically-elected lawmakers in the opposition camp, including the core Umbrella Movement student leader Nathan Law, who was elected last year as the youngest ever legislator at age 23. Unfortunately, Hong Kong remains far from a democracy after the Umbrella Movement.
Some people may think it is failure because we can’t achieve the goal of universal suffrage but I am here to tell you today that we the spirit of the movement is in the heart of Hong Kong people. That’s why I have been trying to gather more support at the international level by strengthening our collaboration around the world.
I am glad to see the reintroduction of the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act by Senators Rubio, Cotton and Cardin. Bipartisan support for the bill proves that protecting Hong Kong’s freedoms and autonomy can be—and ought to be—a consensus across the political spectrum. The legislation ensures those who have participated in non-violent assembly in Hong Kong would not be denied American visas on the basis of their criminal records.
Alex Chow, who is in the audience this morning, is another core Umbrella Movement student leader. He was found guilty last July for participating in unlawful assembly, sentenced to three weeks of imprisonment with one year of suspension. Because of Alex’s criminal record, he has faced significant barrier in obtaining a British student visa last year for his master’s studies in London. He was recently accepted for Ph.D. studies at U.C. Berkeley this coming August, which means he will soon apply for a U.S. student visa. I cannot stress the importance of this legislation for many of those like Alex, who may potentially face difficulties entering free countries.
China’s suppression against us is helped by its growing regional domination. Last year, I was invited by top Thai universities, but was not allowed to enter the country and locked up for 12 hours in a detentoin cell. My requests to contact a lawyer or at least notify my family in Hong Kong were both rejected. I was very worried to be the next Gui Min Hai, one of the five booksellers abducted from Thailand to China. Luckily I was finally released, but the Thai government later said that I would be forever banned to enter the country, as requested by China.
If passed, the proposed legislation will place human rights and democracy at the center of future American policy toward Hong Kong. It will send a strong signal to Beijing that as a world leader, the U.S. believes it is just as important to protect political freedom in Hong Kong as it is to protect economic freedom.
The support of the proposed legislation is also in the American interests. Hong Kong is home to around 85,000 U.S. citizens and 1,400 U.S. companies. Two-way U.S.-Hong Kong trade was around $42 billion last year. Most American media outlets, including CNN, the Wall Street Journal, and TIME Magazine establish their Asian offices in Hong Kong. These are all evidence that despite all the difficulties it is facing, Hong Kong remains the freest city under Chinese administration.
In conclusion, I hope democrats and republicans alike can work together to defend the fundamental human rights values they share, which Hong Kongers will continue to fight hard against Communist Regime for the day will come for us with democracy and exercise our right of self-determination.
I started my fight for democracy six years ago when I was 14. The Father of Hong Kong’s Democracy, Martin Lee, is turning 79 years old this year, after four decades of struggle. I wonder, if I come to the age of 79, will I be able to see democracy?
My aspiration, and our generation’s challenge is to ensure that Hong Kong continues as a beacon of human right and freedom for China and the world. To sum up, today the authoritarian regime are dominating our future, but the day will come when we decide the future of Hong Kong.
No matter what happens to the protest movement, we will reclaim the democracy that belongs to us, because time is on our side.
american economic journal: economic policy 在 志祺七七 X 圖文不符 Youtube 的最佳解答
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#牛奶 #優越感
重點:
00:00 前導
01:39 右翼人士與牛奶的關聯
03:19 能喝牛奶的人種比較優秀?!
04:43 我們原本都有乳糖不耐
05:30 考古研究的證據是?
07:03 牛奶何時成為餐桌常客?
08:39 牛奶普及帶來的各種問題
10:06 我們的觀點
11:03 提問
10:44 結尾
【 製作團隊 】
|企劃:蛋糕說話時屑屑請閉嘴
|腳本:蛋糕說話時屑屑請閉嘴
|編輯:土龍
|剪輯後製:Pookie
|剪輯助理:歆雅、珊珊
|演出:志祺
——
【 本集參考資料 】
→人類也會被馴化?從乳糖不耐症,看人類基因的轉變——《祖先的故事》:https://bit.ly/37j9DCu
→牛奶:新納粹的象徵:https://bit.ly/2Vaoaed
→考古探密:奶與蜜: https://bit.ly/39pWxpM
→乳糖不耐症的亞洲人為什麼特別多?從喝牛奶的歷史談起:https://bit.ly/2KQEgrH
→乳糖不耐症怎麼辦?如何改善與治療?專家圖文完整教學:https://bit.ly/2Jj5Ixh
→為何牛奶會讓人「小時好好,長大拉拉」?乳糖不耐和基因調控──《生命如何創新》:https://bit.ly/3ljzsqZ
→德國青銅時代的戰士們,大多乳糖不耐:https://bit.ly/3mjibzQ
→衛生福利部國民健康署:https://bit.ly/2VaoyJH
→Alkon, A. H., & Agyeman, J. (Eds.). (2011). Cultivating food justice: Race, class, and sustainability. MIT press.
→Archaeology: The milk revolution:https://go.nature.com/2JpUwza
→Are the US Dietary Guidelines on Milk Racist?:https://bit.ly/39n41K8
→Bertron, P., Barnard, N. D., & Mills, M. (1999). Racial bias in federal nutrition policy, Part I: The public health implications of variations in lactase persistence. Journal of the National Medical Association, 91(3), 151–157.
→Cohen, M., & Otomo, Y. (Eds.). (2017). Making Milk: The Past, Present and Future of Our Primary Food. Bloomsbury Publishing.
→Doctor Explains Why Pro-Dairy USDA Dietary Guidelines Are Racist:https://bit.ly/3fMvaaz
→Dupuis, E. (2002). Nature's Perfect Food: How Milk Became America's Drink. New York; London: NYU Press. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qfmj5
→Freeman, A. (2013). The unbearable whiteness of milk: Food oppression and the USDA. UC Irvine L. Rev., 3, 1251.
→Got milk? How lactose tolerance influenced economic development:https://to.pbs.org/36eEAIP
→Got Milk? Neo-Nazi Trolls Sure as Hell Do:https://bit.ly/39sODMB
→Got Nazis? Milk Is New Symbol Of Racial Purity For White Nationalists:https://bit.ly/2JiNigi
→How the alt-right uses milk to promote white supremacy:https://bit.ly/3fKh8Gl
→Is milk healthy? Canada's new food guide says not necessarily:https://bbc.in/3o1aNtc
→McClure SB, Magill C, Podrug E, Moore AMT, Harper TK, Culleton BJ, et al. (2018) Fatty acid specific δ13C values reveal earliest Mediterranean cheese production 7,200 years ago. PLoS ONE 13(9): e0202807. :https://bit.ly/3q7rPb0
→Milk, a symbol of neo-Nazi hate:https://bit.ly/2J7iNKB
→Miller, Alex. ‘White Power Milk: Art, Or Real, Or Advertising?’ VICE. 1 June 2011.
→Neolithic Europeans were lactose intolerant:https://bit.ly/3lfIHJ5
→No use crying:The ability to digest milk may explain how Europe got rich:https://econ.st/39sOIQp
→Smith, Jack. ‘Milk is the New Creamy Symbol of White Racial Purity in Donald Trump’s America.’ Mic Magazine.
→Stănescu, V. (2018). White Power Milk’: Milk, Dietary Racism, and the ‘Alt-Right. Animal Studies Journal, 7(2), 103-128.
→The Troubling Link Between Milk And Racism:https://bit.ly/39nF1CM
→Valenze, D. (2011). Milk: a local and global history. Yale University Press.
→Why humans have evolved to drink milk:https://bbc.in/39o7ckH
→WHY IS MILK BEING CALLED A WHITE SUPREMACIST SYMBOL?:https://bit.ly/33nN2Uo
→Why White Supremacists Are Chugging Milk (and Why Geneticists Are Alarmed):https://nyti.ms/3fIt7nT
→Wiley, A. S. (2007). Transforming milk in a global economy. American Anthropologist, 109(4), 666-677.
→Wiley, A. S. (2015). Re-imagining milk: Cultural and biological perspectives. Routledge.
【 延伸閱讀 】
→臺灣乳牛與飲乳文化:https://bit.ly/36cd5Qc
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american economic journal: economic policy 在 American Economic Association, profile picture - Facebook 的推薦與評價
The November issue of the American Economic Journal: Economic Policy is now online. Read articles about the long run impacts of school spending,... ... <看更多>