哮喘並非想像中的輕鬆
在日常問診的時候,不難發現很多病人都有不同程度的長期咳嗽問題。
有些病人小時候有哮喘,每當換季或做運動時需要用到一些藥物減輕呼吸困難,但長大後便漸漸穩定下來。但有些病人卻未必那麼幸運,哮喘病情一直以來都未曾好過,仍然常常受哮喘困擾。
那麼,到底什麼是哮喘?跟一般感冒的咳嗽有什麼分別?
哮喘是是過敏鐵三角(Atopy)的其中一員
1. 哮喘(Asthma)
2. 鼻敏感(Allergic Rhinitis)
3. 濕疹(異位性皮膚炎)(Atopic Dermatitis)
哮喘大部分都是因過敏反應而產生免疫細胞和因子,例如Eosinophil, interleukin-4 and 5和IgE等,令呼吸道肌肉收縮和氣管收窄,導致呼吸困難的徵狀。過敏原因很多,可以是天氣轉變、常見的花粉、塵蟎和化妝品等等。
長期不受控的哮喘可引致呼吸道慢性炎症,長遠可引致呼吸道組織變異而令哮喘狀況惡況而不受控制,令藥物的效果變差。所以於哮喘早期時盡快治療和良好的長期控制便極為重要。
在香港,不少人都對哮喘認識不深,很多都把早期或慢性哮喘的徵狀當作是一般天氣轉變或小感冒去處理。但這樣是無法長遠控制好病情的。
跟大眾固有印象不同的是,常見哮喘徵狀並不只是咳嗽;胸口痛、喘嗚(Wheezing)、呼吸困難或過速、半夜咳醒或睡眠質素偏差、運動時體能不佳而動輒要停下來休息喘氣等都是常見的徵狀。
那麼,怎麼知道自己是不是患有哮喘?這種情況下便要諮詢醫生的意見,如有需要便會安排進行肺功能測試,如結果是呼吸道受阻而在使用藥物後有改善的話,便很可能有哮喘的問題。
一般來說,哮喘治療主要有以下幾種
1. Short Acting Beta-2 Receptor Agonist(SABA)
2. Short Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (SAMA)
3. Long Acting Beta-2 Agonist (LABA)
4. Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA)
5. Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS)
6. Leukotriene Antagonist
這些藥物對哮喘到底有什麼功效?而什麼人應為用什麼藥物控制?
首先你需要先諮詢醫生再進行肺功能測試,判斷是否有氣道受阻(Airway obstruction)或氣管抽搐(Bronchospasm)的問題,而這些問題亦可透過氣管擴張劑(bronchodilator)減輕從而改善肺功能。
幾十年前哮喘來來去去都是靠俗稱為藍色噴霧的短效氣管擴張劑(SABA)例如salbutamol。一般來說輕度哮喘的確可以靠SABA在有徵狀時,例如換季、做運動或過敏時減輕徵狀令生活不致太受影響。然而研究發現高達七成的哮喘病人並未能良好的控制哮喘徵狀。[1][2]
很多人都以為哮喘只需要發作時吸一吸氣管擴張劑便會好,但其實如果是中等至嚴重級別的哮喘,單靠短效氣管擴張劑並不能完全控制。SABA亦非沒有副作用,常見的副作用為心跳過速,當病人病情不穩需要不斷使用SABA時,便可能出現以下問題
1. 心跳過速至不適或頭痛
2. 生活質素被哮喘徵狀嚴重影響,例如半夜咳醒需要吸SABA或未能進行運動,因休息不足而經常疲累
3. 哮喘從根本上並未受到控制,長期炎症和過敏反應令氣道組織變異,導致哮喘持續惡化
因此近年愈來愈多新型藥物能提供長久的哮喘控制。當中以吸入性類固醇(ICS)和長效氣管擴張劑(LABA)最為革命性的發展。
吸入性類固醇針對身體因過敏反應所產生導致炎症和氣管收縮的問題,透過壓抑過敏和炎症而紓緩徵狀同時減少長期過敏發炎引致的氣道組織變異。
長效氣管擴張劑例如Salmeterol和Formoterol,跟短效最大的分別是,長效一天只要噴一至兩次,短效在中等至嚴重的患者可能需要每數小時噴上6次甚至更頻密,頻密地使用氣管擴張劑增加了副作用的產生和生活質素的影響。
傳統長效氣管擴張劑能產生長效藥力紓緩氣管收縮、咳嗽和呼吸困難的徵狀,務求達到改善生活質素,讓患者不用半夜醒來或日間經常要停下來吸SABA。近年更有新一代Ultra Long Acting beta2-agonist例如vilanterol,從而達至更穩定和長效的徵狀紓緩。
令人無奈的是,哮喘可以說是一場長期的戰爭,當你日以繼夜夜以繼日要噴氣管擴張劑時,不少患者都會感到無助令大家久而久之不再跟足醫生或藥劑師建議,間中不適才噴一下,令病情未能得到良好控制。
因此,另一個革命性的改變便是combined inhaler,近年不少吸入性哮喘藥物均為混合式,吸一次等於吸了兩種藥物,例如大家可能都見過的Fluticasone/Sameterol和Budesonide/Formoterol。較新的有超長效混合藥物,藥效可持續12-24小時,例如Fluticasone/Vilanterol。這些混合式藥物大大減少病人每天需要使用吸入器的次數,令更多病人更願意持續的使用,
最後想提提大家,使用吸入式噴劑的技巧非常重要,研究發現不少患者技巧欠佳令不少藥物只噴在口內無法成功到達氣管內[3]。近年不少新型吸入式device有特別設計改善這問題,由於種類太多,強烈建議你諮詢你的家庭醫生、護士或藥劑師建議以及讓醫護人員評估你的使用技巧。
視乎患者的臨床狀況,一些病人只需要間中用到SABA;一些病人需要用到SABA+SAMA;嚴重點的病人需要用到SABA+LABA+ICS;醫生可能建議病人使用不同的combination以控制哮喘,所以患有哮喘的話,請務必定期與家庭醫生跟進。
*新型藥物如生物製劑(IgE-inhibitor或Eosinophil Inhibitor或IL-4/5 Inhibitor)由於太複雜的關係便不在此講解,留待下次有機會再跟大家分享。
Reference
[1] Woodcock A, et al. (2017) Effectiveness of fluticasone furoate plus vilanterol on asthma control in clinical practice: an open-label, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet
[2] Martyn R Partridge et al (2006). Attitudes and actions of asthma patients on regular maintenance therapy: the INSPIRE study. BMC Pulm Med.
[3] Lia Jahedi, et al (2017). Inhaler Technique in Asthma: How Does It Relate to Patients' Preferences and Attitudes Toward Their Inhalers? Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery.
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過231的網紅Juno Lin,也在其Youtube影片中提到,SUBSCRIBE for more videos!: https://goo.gl/pCwtf7 "TGIFunny" Heath Ledger Joker|Sketch by Juno L. The Joker is a fictional supervillain from America...
antagonist drug 在 Juno林昭宇 Facebook 的最佳解答
Why so Serious? | Joker (Heath Ledger) | D06
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The Joker is a fictional supervillain from American comic book publisher DC Comics and the main antagonist in Christopher Nolan's 2008 superhero film The Dark Knight. He was portrayed by late Australian actor Heath Ledger. Ledger's interpretation of the character is specifically influenced by the graphic novels Batman: The Killing Joke and Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth. In the film, he wears the character's traditional color palette, while his facial appearance includes clown makeup that covers facial scars of a Glasgow smile.
The film's interpretation of the Joker embodies themes of chaos, anarchy and obsession: Throughout the film, the character expresses a desire to upset social order through crime, and defines himself by his conflict with Batman. The character also explores techniques found in Ledger's previous performances, including his clown act in Terry Gilliam's fantasy film The Brothers Grimm. Further, it references paintings by artist Francis Bacon, Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange and various punk rock musicians.
The Joker is considered one of Ledger's finest performances; he regarded it as his most enjoyable. When the film was released in July 2008, six months after the actor had died from an accidental prescription drug overdose, the performance caused a sensation and received universal acclaim and numerous posthumous accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
#Joker #JokerHeathLedger #HeathLedger #HeathledgerJoker #DarkKnightJoker #Jokerledger #Batman @dccomics #DCcomics #JunoDraws #WhySoSerious
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讓你度估的感冒藥
http://rjlab.pixnet.net/blog/post/373020260
抗組織胺的藥物會因病情的不同,其藥物也有好幾種,因為光是組織胺的接受器目前為止就發現4型,也有作用在影響組織胺生合成的部分。
現在的醫生也會依照病人的需求開給他2.3代的抗組織藥物,比起第一代嗜睡的情況已經改善很多,但是有些paper也指出2,3代的藥物還是有一定得機率通過血腦屏障影響中樞神經,過多的劑量也是會有嗜睡的風險,建議吃藥時還是不要從事需要高度專注的工作喔!
如果對我的內容有意見的或是要補充點資料歡迎跟我討論啊!!!
(這次光是查資料花的時間比畫的還多.....(眼神已死)
註1:拮抗劑(antagonist)指某一類物質會與其受體(或接受器)結合,但不具備活化其受體功能
註2:血腦屏障(blood–brain barrier (BBB),指在生物體內腦袋與血管之間由內皮細胞(endothelial cells)排列而成,其細胞之間有著間隙選擇性地或是阻止某些物質由血進入腦
資料來源:
Saper C.B., Chou T.C., et al. (2001).” The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness.” Trends Neurosci. 24(12):726-31.
del Cuvillo A, Mullol J., et al. (2006).” Comparative pharmacology of the H1 antihistamines.” J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 16 Suppl 1:3-12.
Benarroch E.E. (2010).” Histamine in the CNS: multiple functions and potential neurologic implications.” Neurology. 75(16):1472-9
Ramaekers J.G. and Vermeeren A. (2000). ” All antihistamines cross blood-brain barrier.” BMJ. 321(7260):572.
Zeitzer J.M. (2013). “Control of sleep and wakefulness in health and disease.” Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 119:137-54
Walsh G.M., Annunziato L., et al. (2001). “New insights into the second generation antihistamines.” Drugs. 61(2):207-36.
Criado P.R., Criado R.F., et al. (2010). “Histamine, histamine receptors and antihistamines: new concepts.” An Bras Dermatol. 85(2):195-210.
Pardridge W.M. (2005). “The blood-brain barrier: bottleneck in brain drug development.” NeuroRx. 2(1):3-14.
Haas H. and Panula P. (2003). “The role of histamine and the tuberomamillary nucleus in the nervous system.” Nat Rev Neurosci. 4(2):121-30.
Thurmond R.L., Gelfand E.W., et al. (2008). “
The role of histamine H1 and H4 receptors in allergic inflammation: the search for new antihistamines.” Nat Rev Drug Discov. 7(1):41-53
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"TGIFunny" Heath Ledger Joker|Sketch by Juno L.
The Joker is a fictional supervillain from American comic book publisher DC Comics and the main antagonist in Christopher Nolan's 2008 superhero film The Dark Knight. He was portrayed by late Australian actor Heath Ledger. Ledger's interpretation of the character is specifically influenced by the graphic novels Batman: The Killing Joke and Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth. In the film, he wears the character's traditional color palette, while his facial appearance includes clown makeup that covers facial scars of a Glasgow smile.
The film's interpretation of the Joker embodies themes of chaos, anarchy and obsession: Throughout the film, the character expresses a desire to upset social order through crime, and defines himself by his conflict with Batman. The character also explores techniques found in Ledger's previous performances, including his clown act in Terry Gilliam's fantasy film The Brothers Grimm. Further, it references paintings by artist Francis Bacon, Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange and various punk rock musicians.
The Joker is considered Ledger's finest performance; he himself regarded it as his most enjoyable. When the film was released in July 2008, six months after the actor had died from an accidental prescription drug overdose, the performance caused a sensation and received universal acclaim and numerous posthumous accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
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