【渾水一片:還原香港海界爭議發展史】 (上篇) #都市化洋謀 #9月專研
過往在香港討論有關海洋邊界爭議,往往是香港以南的南海主權問題。事實上近年的焚船污染、明日大嶼、12人越洋、走私不斷等當下議題,都與海洋空間規劃、定界及海權問題有關,而香港早年殖民期的海界及海權作為各種海洋亂象之源,卻少有人深入探討。
翻查一系列關於香港水域爭議的英國解密檔案,整理過往殖民地時期有關香港「含糊」水域爭議的發展史,揭示牽涉複雜的海洋邊界政治,除了作為當時中英政治角力的前緣,亦有助我們了解現時香港水域範圍的歷史脈絡及源起。
一條海界 兩個表述
殖民地時期早年,香港的水域範圍一直未有公開確實的版本,亦引伸出有兩種不同的界線表述。
於20世紀初,根據《展拓香港界址專條》的香港地圖顯示,香港水域呈「方型」界線(square boundary )。根據一份關於新界邊界及現況的英國解密檔案(1962 CO 1030/1334 Status and boundaries of Hong Kong New Territories),當時中方海關經常巡邏於以大嶼山以西大澳水域一帶(方型界線以外),似乎更視其為中方水域。然而,早在1901年英方已有向港督提及,按照國際上的海洋慣例,一般領海 (normal territorial waters)寬度應為3海里 (three nautical miles),因而,香港領海界線應呈現為「彎曲型」(sinuous),比起「方形」範圍雖然多了大嶼山以西水域,同時卻損失了東南方一大片水域,作為最早期的香港水域範圍的兩個表述。
後續1911年修訂《釋義條例》(Interpretation Ordinance) 時,由於港督的錯誤公告字眼(wording of an incorrect Proclamation),令到香港水域繼續被闡釋為方型。
而這個錯誤的公告去到1950年被修訂。英方於1950年重新檢視與領海相關的條例,表示若沿用1937年英方對於《釋義條例》的闡釋,地圖所顯示的「方形」界線,只是英方租用中方領土的一條分界線(merely a line of delimitation of the area within which all territory was leased) ,並不是租用香港3海里以外的水域範圍(this did not mean that there was a purported lease of any waters outside normal territorial waters),可見,內部確立「彎曲型」的領海範圍。
參考一份1950年關於香港水域的英國解密檔案 (1950 CO 537 6036 Territorial water) 中的英方外交部內閣大臣Jim Griffiths跟港督的電報來往中顯示,因當時中日關係惡劣,為了保持當時英方中立 (neutral) 的立場。英方亦想盡量避免中日雙方於香港水域範圍發生衝突 (Jørgensen N. H. B., 2019),早於1937年至1939年,英方曾經指示香港水域要跟隨國際慣例,將領海寬度收窄至3海里。無獨有偶,1950年修訂《釋義條例》,已有英方法律意見表示當時擔心如果國、共兩軍在新海界(彎曲型)及舊海界(方型)之間的位置發生衝突,將會造成英方外交上尷尬,要盡快修例避免尷尬事件。可見,英方變動水域邊界時明顯有其政治考量。
即使已修例,1952年當時國際法庭 (International Court of Justice) 有關英挪漁業案(Anglo Norwegian Fisheries case)的判決 (Jørgensen N. H. B., 2019),提及使用哪種基線方式來劃定領海的爭議,促使香港律政司重提「方型」領海是否合法地代表香港水域,但建議被英方否決。其後在1958年,即使英國外交部再次表示「方型」範圍只是表示港英領土的一條分界線 (all land within the line thus shown is Hong Kong territory),但同時亦保留方型界線,聲稱為免影響航空航線。
早年香港水域邊界一直未被確實,即使在法律層面上,英方內部確立「彎曲型」領海範圍的合法性。然而,其後英方一直未有公開與中國共產黨政權講述其水域範圍,或擔心會侵犯中國領海主權。可見,香港水域一直受到變動中的海緣政治影響,經常遊走在當時國際上認可海洋慣例(彎曲型)與中英簽訂的《展拓香港界址專條》(方型)之間。
中方圍堵香港水域的預言?
水域範圍、基線劃定的方法及國際航海權一直是國際外交上一個十分敏感的議題。香港作為英國殖民地,卻緊貼住中國的領海範圍,除了香港水域定界,船隻來往香港的航道亦一直是英方十分頭痛的問題,稍有不慎,就會有被冠上侵犯中國海權的「辱華」罪名。
中方於1958年第一次聯合國海洋法公約(United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea),已經單方面將其領海範圍擴展至12海哩,英國宗主國當時內部表明會反對中方單方面的領海宣稱,擔心會發生圍堵香港水域的情況。
根據新界邊界及現況的英國解密檔案(1962 CO 1030/1334 Status and boundaries of Hong Kong New Territories)中的電報來往,當時港英內部評估,認為中方擴展領海將對香港造成「海陸空」影響,除了會收窄飛機的航道、需要重新佈線電纜和無線電纜、亦會限制海軍的演練空間,大大影響香港的船隻來往,來往公海的航道走廊更會收窄到1海里(corridor of international waters could be reduced to about one mile),形容「接近完全圍封香港」 (almost completely envelope Hong Kong)。
隨著國際共識的改變,在1972年第三次聯合國海洋法會議前夕,英方亦打算將國土領海範圍的3海里擴展至12海里。翻查另一份1972年關於香港水域爭議的英國解密檔案 (1972 FCO 21 1024 Territorial waters dispute between China and Hong Kong),當時英方內部考慮這次擴展海界,應否包括香港殖民地,並計劃在香港附近水域進行海道測量 (Hydrographic survey),明顯想放風測試中方反應。
然而,根據英國外交部及港英的內部電報來往,英方雖然一度打算在翌年與中方在第三次聯合國海洋法會議上提及香港殖民地水域擴展,但英方內部亦指出中方定會反對香港的水域擴展至12海里,除了因為香港擴展會跟中國水域重疊,中國亦一直視香港為固有領土,不可視香港為獨立的行政個體 (separate entity),應該維持現狀,限制今次香港擴海界。
呼應早期50年代有關中方圍堵香港水域的擔憂,英方擔心如果掀起討論,更有可能令香港航道問題惡化 (a risk that any such discussion would vitiate the present adequate though limited freedom of passage)。按英國外交部理解,中方只不過默許船隻在不進入擔桿列島5海哩範圍的前提下進入香港;如果中國「執正嚟做」嚴格實踐其12海里的主權宣稱,則連博寮海峽都不能通行 (a 12 mile limit strictly adhered to in this area would make normal surface access to Hong Kong through the Lemma Channel impossible)。最後,英方外交部為免觸動到中方神經,加上「信唔過」中方 (their good will… cannot be relied on a year ahead),建議的對策卻是避免「打草驚蛇」(let sleeping dogs lie),絕口不提香港擴海界。
直到1987年,英國正式將水域擴展到12海哩,但香港並沒有納入被擴展的範圍。在香港前途談判過程中,亦未有正式提及香港水域擴展12海里一事(Jørgensen N. H. B., 2019)。可見,面對中方進取的領海主權宣稱,英方在香港水域邊界問題上,尤其顯得無力。
香港「渾水」邊界的潛規則
面對中國擴海界後將會圍堵香港的擔憂,根據一份有關香港水域及其爭議的英國解密檔案(1968 FCO 21 547 Dispute with China about territorial waters),當中牽涉中英雙方就香港海界爭議鮮為人知的權宜之計(modus vivendi)。
事緣1968年一艘美國貨船於萬山群島近珠江口一帶(Lema Channel in the estuary of the Pearl River)被中方海軍的警告已入侵中方水域,檔案中有一份美國國務院情報與研究局官員Thoms L. Hughes事後對中國共產黨於香港鄰近水域的主權宣稱(Communist assertions of sovereignty over waters in the vicinity of Hong Kong)進行一份內部評估報告,提到中方不時會「放生」來往香港的商船。
於50年代初,船隻可以經萬山群島近珠江口一帶接近香港水域,可謂當時的潛規則(local ground rule)。然而,在中方宣稱12海里領海後,於1959年曾發出達20次警告,外國商船透過萬山群島近珠江口一帶接近香港期間入侵中方水域,並禁止一切外國船隻通往萬山群島近珠江口一帶,評估報告中亦提及多次美國商船及軍艦通往香港遇上中國海軍的事件。
然而,中方不但少有採取實際軍事行動,多是「口頭」表示抗議及警告外國船隻侵犯中國水域,更沒有對外公開批評數次入侵事件。就以上例子,美方評估中國當時並不是新的「強硬路線」宣示領海主權(new harder line from Peking),只是由於過多船隻進入萬山群島內沿而作出的回應(is a reaction to an increasing number of passages through the interior Lema Channel)[萬山群島內沿被中國視為內海]。
而當時美方估計中方「放生」的動機,很可能取決於政經考量,其一為不想失去香港作為(kill the goose)來往外國商船主要來往中國的航道,以及香港為中國帶來的外匯,而另一原因則是避免發生中國海軍與美國軍艦於海上起衝突。
此外,除了英方一直未有公佈香港水域邊界,中方一直並未有公開宣稱香港以西南的珠江通道12海里的精準劃界(public silence regarding the exact limits of its claim)。中英雙方基於政治考量,對於香港水域劃界及航道,更被美方稱靈活的實用主義(flexible pragmatism)。
而美方認為英方亦知悉船隻來往香港的「後路」,根據一份英方未被公開的非正式文件( informal note)顯示,除了船隻背後的註冊國家將成為影響進入香港的政治因素,英方更提及最合適的接近香港水域的航道,是經萬山群島以南以及擔桿頭島五海里以外(keep to the south of the Lima Group and five miles or more off Tam kan Head),港英政府早於五十年代,已廣傳這份文件到商船公司及中方,有共識地默許外國船隻經香港東南方水域,作為當時來往香港的「後路」。
可見,比起香港陸上的邊界,早期香港水域由定界、擴界到圍堵,可謂「渾水一片」。而當中牽涉複雜的海緣政治,亦顯示香港水域並非一條確確實實的邊界範圍,反而是中英雙方的妥協空間。而後來香港水域邊界將如何落實為現時版本?當中牽涉多少談判?而所引伸的一系列有關領海執法權以至政府管轄權的問題,將揭示香港水域日後跨境執法以至逃犯移交的爭議。(下集待續)
參考資料
Jørgensen, N. H. B. (2019). The (Unequal) Relationship between Hong Kong’s Waters and China’s Baselines. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy, 4(1), 1–27.
1950 CO 537/6036 Territorial water
1962 CO 1030/1334 Status and boundaries of Hong Kong New Territories
1968 FCO 21/547 Dispute with China about territorial waters
1972 FCO 21/1024 Territorial waters dispute between China and Hong Kong
1974 FCO 18/154 Hong Kong territorial waters
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好耐未見過(其實唔想見)嘅英美傳媒國際版頭條,其他媒體(全部)都前排報導。
Sorry,實在太多,不能盡錄....
#集體回憶
國際版頭條:
《BBC》Apple Daily: Hong Kong pro-democracy paper announces closure
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-57578926
《The Telegraph》Hong Kong's pro-democracy Apple Daily newspaper to close this week after crackdown
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/06/23/hong-kongs-apple-daily-newspaper-close-week/
《The Guardian》Hong Kong’s Apple Daily, symbol of pro-democracy movement, to close
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/23/hong-kong-apple-daily-symbol-of-pro-democracy-movement-to-close
《Wall Street Journal》Hong Kong’s Apple Daily Newspaper to Close After Government Choked Off Funds
https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kongs-apple-daily-will-close-after-government-choked-funds-11624437029
《The New York Times》Apple Daily, Pro-Democracy Newspaper in Hong Kong, Says It Will Close
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/23/world/asia/apple-daily-hong-kong.html
報導:
《The Times》Hong Kong newspaper Apple Daily prepares for final edition as Beijing clamps down
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hong-kong-newspaper-editorial-writer-arrested-for-colluding-with-foreign-forces-wztkdhgr8
《Financial Times》Hong Kong pro-democracy tabloid Apple Daily to shut down
https://on.ft.com/3jaqFdF
《Reuters》Hong Kong pro-democracy tabloid Apple Daily to print final edition on Thursday
https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hong-kong-police-arrest-apple-daily-columnist-under-security-law-media-2021-06-23/
《The Independant》Apple Daily: Hong Kong’s pro-democracy newspaper says last edition will be Thursday due to safety concerns
https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/apple-daily-hong-kong-closure-b1871073.html
《Sky News》Hong Kong pro-democracy paper Apple Daily announces closure after police freeze assets
https://news.sky.com/story/hong-kong-pro-democracy-paper-apple-daily-announces-closure-after-police-freeze-assets-12339701
《The Washington Post》Hong Kong’s pro-democracy Apple Daily newspaper to shut under government pressure
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/hong-kong-apple-daily/2021/06/21/544ddb80-d26f-11eb-b39f-05a2d776b1f4_story.html
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The incident was incredible and that man was “too lucky,” said Zheng Jiwen, chief editor of Taiwan’s Asia Pacific Defense Journal, adding that Zhou’s entry highlighted that if the Chinese People’s Liberation Army deployed dinghies for rapid penetration, it was “almost impossible” for the island to defend itself.
Read more: https://bit.ly/2RmcMx9
《亞太防務》雜誌總編輯鄭繼文則表示,事件太不可思議,而且「(周男)運氣太好了」,並指若中共解放軍以橡皮艇進行軍事上的快速滲透,確實是防不勝防,台灣政府應要有縝密的規劃,以確保國家安全。
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參考資料:
1. Al-Shobaili, H. A., Ahmed, A. A., Alnomair, N., Alobead, Z. A., & Rasheed, Z. (2016). Molecular Genetic of Atopic dermatitis: An Update. International journal of health sciences, 10(1), 96–120.
2. Kanda, N., Hoashi, T., & Saeki, H. (2019). The Roles of Sex Hormones in the Course of Atopic Dermatitis. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(19), 4660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194660
3. Drislane, C., & Irvine, A. D. (2020). The role of filaggrin in atopic dermatitis and allergic disease. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 124(1), 36-43. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2019.10.008
4. Suárez, A. L., Feramisco, J. D., Koo, J., & Steinhoff, M. (2012). Psychoneuroimmunology of psychological stress and atopic dermatitis: pathophysiologic and therapeutic updates. Acta dermato-venereologica, 92(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1188
5. Dhar, S., & Srinivas, S. M. (2016). Food Allergy in Atopic Dermatitis. Indian journal of dermatology, 61(6), 645–648. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.193673
6. Yu, W. (2001). The Role of Food Allergy in Atopic Dermatitis in Children. Hong Kong Dermatology & Venereology Bulletin, 9(3), 110-116.
7. Lee, S. Y., Lee, E., Park, Y. M., & Hong, S. J. (2018). Microbiome in the Gut-Skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis. Allergy, asthma & immunology research, 10(4), 354–362. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2018.10.4.354
8. Lee SY, Lee E, Park YM, Hong SJ. Microbiome in the Gut-Skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2018 Jul;10(4):354-362. doi: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.4.354. PMID: 29949831; PMCID: PMC6021588.
9. Kim, H., Ban, J., Park, M. R., Kim, D. S., Kim, H. Y., Han, Y., Ahn, K., & Kim, J. (2012). Effect of bathing on atopic dermatitis during the summer season. Asia Pacific allergy, 2(4), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2012.2.4.269
10. Ozkoca, Kutlubay, & Karakus. (2019). Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: What’s New? Clinical Dermatology: Research and Therapy.
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asia pacific journal 在 Chou Shu-Yi周書毅 Youtube 的最佳解答
安靜,使我真正開始面對,活著
2013全新製作 周書毅 獨舞
About Living 《關於活著這一件事》台灣首演
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購票去: http://newerlinks.com/aboutlivling
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這是周書毅的舞蹈故事,敏銳而沉靜,舞態抒情,卻滿溢哲學思辨。- 香港舞蹈手札第14冊第2期洛楓
其戲劇性的燈光裝置令人激賞,旋轉並照射出燈塔般的光亮,除盡所有黑暗。-紐約時報BRIAN SEIBERT
Its dramatic lighting, hung from the ceiling, each shielded on one side so that when rotating they swept the darkness with broad patches of illumination, as if from lighthouses. --New York Times
它沒有告訴我一個周密的故事,也沒有直接的傳遞某種喜怒哀樂,但卻有種讓人陷入沉思和反省的力量。-首爾觀眾 白露
"His emotional movements infectiously slid into lights or dive into the black hole...The rigid two sides of brightness and darkness face each other in time, surrounded by all philosophical thinking"-- Dance Journal HK
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歷時兩年的生命之作.舞蹈與視覺藝術跨界激盪
光亮和黑暗對話.身體與時間競逐
(((The Sparkling Conversation of Dance Poet &Visual Artists)))
周書毅 X 林璟如 X 周東彥 X 王仲堃 X 高一華 X 王榆鈞
創作之初為2012年香港藝術節亞太舞蹈平台委託創作,兩年來此作於香港、紐約、首爾發表,深獲好評。為台灣首演,打造出全新長篇版本,試圖以舞蹈肢體與視覺表現,生動陳述「光」與「生命」的密切關係。
此作由周書毅集結了創作顧問林璟如、導演暨影像設計周東彥、視覺藝術家王仲堃、燈光設計高一華 、音樂設計王榆鈞,創作過程中緊密的彼此激盪對話,共同一致找尋鉤勒出關於活著的獨特語言。
It had been 3 years, since Shu-Yi's last full-length solo performance at home -- Taiwan.
Through the process, 10 questions which he asked of himself, explored the point in time, body remain, and liberation in life etc. The living details and immense reality intertwine into a breath taking contineous movement by Shu yi which evloves into a striking dance performance.
"About Living", was initiate in 2012 when Chou Shu-Yi was invited by Asia Pacific Dance Platform at Hong Kong Arts Festival. And it was then recognized and inivited to New York and Seoul to perform; where both received glowing acclaim.
For this 2013 full length program, Shu Yi attempts to adopt visual sensation and physical language to vivid convey the intimate connection between the LIGHTs and LIFE.
As light turns, body shift in various speed, various momentums emerge as like the moon phase diagram in telling Life has different stage to which something we are to hold or to discard.
After 3 years, Chou Shu-Yi again, takes the challenge to stand on stage alone to communicate the trace of LIFE by the use of LIGHTs.
編舞、演出│周書毅
創作顧問│林璟如
導演暨影像設計│周東彥
視覺藝術家│王仲堃
燈光設計│高一華
音樂設計│王榆鈞
舞台監督│鄧湘庭
程式設計│王連晟
平面攝影│陳長志
平面設計│陳文德
視覺藝術家助理│陳湘馥、何紹源
道具製作│Acetone
Choreographer & Dancer |Chou Shu-Yi
Costume Designer | Lin Ching-Ju
Director & Video design|Chou Tung-Yen
Visual Artist|Wang Chung-Kun
Lighting Designer|Kao I-Hua
Composer & Sound designer|Wang Yu-Jun
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演出時間:
10/25(五)19:30
10/26(六)14:30、19:30
10/27(日)14:30、19:30
演出地點:水源劇場(台北市羅斯福路四段92號10樓)
票價:700、2500(贊助票)
※2500元票價為贊助票,將無任何折扣,感謝您的支持!
在全新創作發表之際,我們推出100張贊助票,每場20張。
這一張票,不僅為此作,也為本團長期的創作計劃給予最大的支持。
購票者,可於特定區位選座,演出現場請持票根讓我們致贈2011年製作[重演]中英專冊及演出概念短片DVD。
2013/10/25-27 Wellspring Theater,Taipei,Taiwan
Price: NTD 700 / 2500 | Art Ticket+886-3393-9888 http://newerlinks.com/aboutlivling
Organizer: Shuyi & Dancers +886-2721-7738 shuyidance@gmail.com
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影片製作:狠主流多媒體
攝影剪接:周東彥
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