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【時事英文】
Chinese scientists pioneer monkey cloning
中國科學家搶先成功製造出複製猴
Scientists in China have successfully cloned two monkeys, the latest step in the country’s ambition to become a global scientific leader.
中國科學家們成功複製出兩隻猴子,懷著雄心壯志朝成為全球領先科學大國的目標再邁出了最新的一步。
The genetically identical long-tailed macaques born in Shanghai last month, called Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, are the first primate clones produced through the method that made Dolly the sheep in Scotland in 1996. Their names are a play on the phrase Zhonghua, which means Chinese nation or people.
這兩隻基因相同的長尾獼猴在上個月誕生於上海,取名為中中和華華,它們是自1996年第一隻複製羊「桃莉 (Dolly) 」在蘇格蘭誕生以來,用同樣方法複製出來的首批靈長類動物。牠們名字的寓意為「中華」,即中華民族或中國人民。
Although the cloning method, known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is almost routine in mammals such as sheep, cattle and mice, it has been extremely difficult to replicate in primates. Previous efforts with monkeys often resulted in clones that did not develop properly as embryos or died shortly after birth.
雖然被稱為「體細胞核移植 (SCNT) 」的複製方法用於羊、牛和鼠等哺乳動物已近乎尋常,但在靈長類動物身上極難應用。以前複製猴子的嘗試往往只能得到無法正常發育的胚胎,或者在出生後很快夭折的動物。
Now that SCNT cloning has been achieved with primates, human cloning is possible, said authors of the study, which is published in the journal Cell.
相關研究報告發表於《細胞(Cell)》這本學術期刊上,且其作者們表示,既然靈長類動物已經實現了體細胞核移植複製,人類複製是有可能的。
“The technical barrier is now broken. In principle [this method] can be applied to humans,” said Mu-ming Poo, a co-author, from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Centre for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology. But, he added, “we cloned [the macaques] to produce animal models useful for medicine, for human health. There’s no intention for us to apply this method to humans.”
「技術障礙現在被突破了。原則上(這種方法)可以應用於人類,」來自中國科學院腦科學與智慧技術卓越創新中心(CEBSIT)的聯名作者蒲慕明表示。但他補充稱:「我們複製(這些獼猴)以培育用於醫學、服務於人類健康的動物模型。我們並沒有意圖將這種方法應用在人類身上。」
SCNT involves replacing the nucleus of an egg cell with DNA from a differentiated body cell such as skin. This reconstructed egg develops into a clone of the DNA donor.
體細胞核移植涉及用來自分化的體細胞(如皮膚)的DNA取代卵細胞的細胞核。經過重建的卵細胞發育成DNA供體的複製。
In 1999 US researchers at the Oregon National Primate Research Center produced a live cloned rhesus monkey, named Tetra, through embryo splitting — a simpler process that occurs naturally in identical twins but cannot generate more than four clones at a time.
1999年,美國俄勒岡國家靈長類動物研究中心(Oregon National Primate Research Center)的研究人員利用胚胎分裂技術(一種更簡單的過程,在同卵雙胞胎中自然發生,但無法一次產生4個以上的複製體),成功複製出一隻名叫Tetra的恒河猴。
In principle, SCNT can produce a larger number of clones from the same donor, which could help medical research by generating genetically uniform groups of monkeys with specific characteristics.
原則上,體細胞核移植可從相同的供體產生更大數量的複製,有望通過產生具有特定特徵且基因一致的猴群來幫助醫學研究。
The team at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Neuroscience in Shanghai failed in its efforts to produce healthy clones from adult cells but succeeded with fibroblasts — connective tissue cells — from a macaque foetus.
位於上海的中國科學院神經科學研究所的研究小組未能從成體細胞獲得健康的複製體,但用一個獼猴胎兒的成纖維細胞(結締組織細胞)取得了成功。
The researchers not only replace the DNA sequence but also make sure the sequence expression of certain genes and the amount of that expression are co-ordinated so they are in the right place at the right time,” said Gang Fang at New York University Shanghai. “That’s quite difficult.”
「研究人員不僅要替換DNA序列,還要確保某些基因的序列表達以及表達的數量協調一致,使它們在正確的時間到達正確的位置,」上海紐約大學(New York University Shanghai)的方剛表示。「這種操作的難度很大。」
Zhong Zhong, eight weeks, and Hua Hua, six weeks, are apparently developing normally. The Shanghai team expects more macaque clones to be born over the coming months.
8周的中中和6周的華華顯然在正常發育。上海的研究團隊預計未來幾個月會有更多複製獼猴誕生。
The study raises concerns about animal ethics in China, which has less rigid testing regulations than many other countries, though the researchers followed guidelines for animal research set by the US National Institutes of Health. Dr. Poo is encouraging scientists internationally to discuss the issue. “We are very aware that future research using non-human primates anywhere in the world depends on scientists following very strict ethical standards,” he said.
這項研究令人關注中國的動物倫理學,中國的試驗法規沒有其他很多國家那麼嚴格,儘管上海項目的研究人員遵循了美國國立衛生研究院(NIH)制定的動物研究指導方針。蒲慕明鼓勵各國科學家討論這個問題。「我們非常清楚,未來在世界上任何地方利用非人靈長類動物開展研究,都有賴於科學家們遵循非常嚴格的倫理標準,」他表示。
The cloned macaques are examples of the way skyrocketing Chinese state funding of basic research is yielding significant advances in fields ranging from quantum computing to biology.
複製獼猴是又一個例證,說明中國對基礎研究大舉增加相關的資助,這正在從量子計算到生物學等各個領域帶來長遠的進展。
Chinese state-led funding of basic research — science that has no immediate commercial applications — increased to $10 billion in 2015. While that number is about one-quarter of US federal spending on basic research, it represents a vast increase from the $3.9 billion in total state science funding four years earlier, according to China’s National Natural Science Foundation.
在中國,國家主導的基礎研究(沒有直接商業應用的科學研究)經費在2015年增至100億美元。儘管這個數字大約是美國聯邦基礎研究支出的四分之一,但是相比四年前39億美元的國家科研經費總額,算是有著巨大幅度的增加(資料來自中國國家自然科學基金會)。
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【運動】嗯~很帥
以往對於肌肥大訓練的組間休息時間常見的建議是:30秒-2分鐘的短促組間休息,例如美國國家肌力與體能協會(National Strength and Conditioning Association, NSCA)建議是30秒-1.5分鐘(1)、美國國家運動醫學會(American College of Sports Medicine, ACSM)建議是1分鐘-2分鐘(2)、美國國家運動醫學學院(National Academy of Sports Medicine, NASM)建議是45秒-1.5分鐘(3)。短促的、尚未充分休息的組間休息時間,設計目的是讓身體快速累積大量的代謝壓力(Metabolic stress)以及合成型激素如:睪固酮(Testosterone)、生長激素(Growth hormone)等來提升肌肥大表現。
但是近年來大部份的文獻支持:『充分休息能促進更多的肌肥大反應。』(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)
一、合成型激素增加可能不會促進更多的蛋白質合成
未完全恢復的短促組間休息、稍高的反覆次數、使用力竭技術等創造肌肉缺氧環境都能輕易誘發合成型激素的分泌,但是即便訓練後發現身體內有高濃度激素反應,蛋白質合成能力卻沒有因此增加。
這也顯示短促的組間休息比起充分的組間休息能創造更佳的合成型激素反應,但似乎與肌肥大沒有明顯相關性,訓練後的激素增加,不能做為發展肌肥大的參考指標(4)(5)(6)(7)(9)(10)。
二、代謝壓力可能不是肌肥大的主要發展機制
肌肥大的三個發展機制:機械壓力(Mechanical tension)、代謝壓力(Metabolic stress)、肌肉損傷(Muscle damage)。機械張力是身體在大重量的刺激下逐步累積訓練總量來提升肌肥大效果,代謝壓力透過力竭、不完全恢復等創造身體缺氧、疲勞情境來誘發肌肥大效果,以上兩者均能造成肌肉損傷 ,肌肉損傷是訓練後會促使肌肉細微組織的破壞並產生組織重塑來達到肌肥大的目的。
短促的組間休息時間迫使肌肉在未完全恢復的情況下即進行下一組訓練,在肌肉缺氧的環境下迅速累積乳酸,使代謝壓力水準急速升高。即便短促休息在代謝壓力上佔優勢,但充分的組間休息反而有較多的肌肥大反應,這可能是因為休息不足使身體過度疲勞將使訓練強度下降進而使訓練總量伴隨下降。
充分的組間休息能使訓練強度不下降而累積可觀的機械張力與訓練總量,也造就更好的肌肥大表現,意味著訓練總量提升來自對訓練強度的依存關係,也顯示機械張力是肌肥大發展的主要機制,代謝壓力為次要機制(7)(8)(10)(11)(13)。
三、充分休息獲得較佳的肌肥大效果
多關節訓練比起單關節訓練需要更多的組間休息,訓練越接近力竭需要越多的組間休息,訓練的保留次數越趨近於零需要較多的組間休息,肌力水準較差的人與肌力水準較佳的人一起使用同樣強度進行訓練時需要更多的組間休息(7)。
為了維持訓練組數的動作技術品質以及強度、訓練總量的維持,組間休息時間應大於1分鐘,建議休息3-5分鐘或更多(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)。
四、小結
1.合成型激素增加不一定伴隨蛋白質合成增加。
2.機械張力是肌肥大主要發展機制而非代謝壓力。
3.充分休息比起短促休息獲得更多肌肥大效果。
五、建議
1.不論肌肥大或最大肌力期訓練均採用充分休息的策略,修改肌肥大採短促休息、最大肌力採充分休息的常見做法。
2.組間休息時間採取浮動調整策略,當組數增加或疲勞逐漸累積時,漸進增加組間休息時間是維持訓練品質的良好策略,修改以往鎖定特定組間休息秒數的常見作法。
撰文者:
前勁體能訓練中心總教練 Hank
台灣師大體研所-運動生物力學組
美國國家肌力與體能協會-肌力與體能訓練專家(NSCA-CSCS)
美國國家運動醫學學院-運動表現專家(NASM-PES)
參考文獻:
(1)Haff, G. G., & Triplett, N. T. (Eds.). (2015). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning 4th Edition. Human kinetics.
(2)American College of Sports Medicine. (2013). ACSM's Resources for the Personal Trainer. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
(3)Clark, M., Lucett, S., & Kirkendall, D. T. (2010). NASM's essentials of sports performance training. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
(4)Fink, J., Kikuchi, N., & Nakazato, K. (2016). Effects of rest intervals and training loads on metabolic stress and muscle hypertrophy. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging.
(5)West, D. W., Kujbida, G. W., Moore, D. R., Atherton, P., Burd, N. A., Padzik, J. P., ... & Baker, S. K. (2009). Resistance exercise‐induced increases in putative anabolic hormones do not enhance muscle protein synthesis or intracellular signalling in young men. The Journal of physiology, 587(21), 5239-5247.
(6)Buresh, R., Berg, K., & French, J. (2009). The effect of resistive exercise rest interval on hormonal response, strength, and hypertrophy with training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 62-71.
(7)Gonzalez, A. M. (2016). Effect of Interset Rest Interval Length on Resistance Exercise Performance and Muscular Adaptation. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 38(6), 65-68.
(8)de Salles, B. F., Simão, R., Miranda, H., Bottaro, M., Fontana, F., & Willardson, J. M. (2010). Strength increases in upper and lower body are larger with longer inter-set rest intervals in trained men. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 13(4), 429-433.
(9)Henselmans, M., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2014). The effect of inter-set rest intervals on resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy. Sports Medicine, 44(12), 1635-1643.
(10)McKendry, J., Pérez‐López, A., McLeod, M., Luo, D., Dent, J. R., Smeuninx, B., ... & Breen, L. (2016). Short inter‐set rest blunts resistance exercise‐induced increases in myofibrillar protein synthesis and intracellular signalling in young males. Experimental physiology, 101(7), 866-882.
(11)Schoenfeld, B. J., Pope, Z. K., Benik, F. M., Hester, G. M., Sellers, J., Nooner, J. L., ... & Just, B. L. (2016). Longer Interset Rest Periods Enhance Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy in Resistance-Trained Men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(7), 1805-1812.
(12)Jeffreys, I., & Moody, J. (Eds.). (2016). Strength and Conditioning for Sports Performance. Routledge.
(13)Flann, K. L., LaStayo, P. C., McClain, D. A., Hazel, M., & Lindstedt, S. L. (2011). Muscle damage and muscle remodeling: no pain, no gain?. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(4), 674-679
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