坐在怡和旗下美心咖啡店 思考鴉片戰爭的諷刺
1992年正值哥倫布所謂「發現」新大陸500周年,全美國都有各種盛大慶典和紀念活動。耶魯也不例外,舉辨了一系列相關學術講座。其中一場較特別,為顯示現代美國的「開明」,不會只從白人帝國主義觀點來看歷史,就特別邀請了一位美國女性原住民酋長來演說,講述原住民對被哥倫布「發現」的感受。
首先「被發現」一詞已極具侮辱性,而美洲原住民與歐洲人接觸500年來的經驗非常差,是人類歷史上有數最嚴重的災難。哥倫布1492年抵達中美洲前,估計南北美洲總人口高達1億以上,到了1650年,估計跌至只約600萬!除暴力衝突、甚至直接屠殺外,更重要的是歐洲人帶來眾多美洲原住民從未接觸過,毫無免疫力的多種疫症,包括天花、鼠疫、霍亂、 瘧疾和梅毒等等。到了今天,擁有原住民血統的南北美洲人口仍只約4000萬,不到500年前的一半!
美洲原住民「被發現」極侮辱
年代太久遠,已記不起當日講者名字和演講詳細內容,但對她開場白印象仍非常深刻。她對耶魯主辦單位表示謝意,早上到達New Haven時,先由一位學生充當導遊,帶她參觀校園。其中一個景點就是耶魯最著名的秘密組織Skull and Bones(骷髏會),被稱為The Tomb(古墓)的會所。
這位導遊興奮地介紹骷髏會的驕人歷史和傳統。創立於1832年,創會成員為William Huntington Russell、Alphonso Taft和其他12名同學。每年春季的Tap Day,Skull and Bones秘密地從第三年學生中,挑選十多名精英領袖,邀請在Senior Year入會成為Bonesmen,是一種終生榮譽,極少人會拒絕。Skull and Bones經常被譽為全世界最具影響力的秘密組織,部分被披露的舊生會員包括3位美國總統,William Taft(創辦人Alphonso Taft的兒子)、George H. W. Bush(老布殊)和 George W. Bush(小布殊),被稱CIA之「母」的James Jesus Angleton,《時代雜誌》創辦人Henry Luce,以及黑石創辦人Steve Schwarzman等等。
名字叫得做骷髏會,總要些陰深恐怖的故事來加點色彩,這位導遊很驕傲地娓娓道出最有名的一個傳說。在1918年第一次世界大戰尾聲時,Prescott Bush(老布殊父親)和其他數名Bonesmen同學,自願參軍,但幸運地沒有被派到歐洲戰場,只駐守在Oklahoma的Fort Sill。幾個年輕人「百厭」地掘開著名Apache族戰士Geronimo的墓地,偷走了頭骨。Geronimo是位驍勇善戰,最受所有印第安人,甚至美軍尊敬的戰士,他的名字至今仍代表勇敢,所有美國傘兵在跳傘前,仍會大喊Geronimo。退役後,Bush等就把「戰利品」帶回耶魯,從此就成為了骷髏會的「鎮墓之寶」!(在2009年,Geronimo的後人曾控告骷髏會,但不得要領。)
這位女酋長表示聽完這故事後,感覺被侮辱和很諷刺。既然耶魯邀請她來演講,扮開明,願意聽到原住民對哥倫布的觀感,又何必如數家珍般介紹骷髏會的盜墓史?是年輕導遊的無心之失?還是反映耶魯,這所表面推崇自由平等的高尚學府,骨子裏其實仍深藏着白人帝國主義的基因?
近日香港小學歷史教材中,出現了有關鴉片戰爭的小風波。網上出現一段視頻,中小學老師扭曲史實,把鴉片戰爭的成因說成英國企圖拯救中國,幫助解決嚴重的鴉片問題!很多家長發現後,就馬上向該小學投訴,該校長也作出回應,刪除視頻,並答應徹查此事。後來又有人發現另一小學教科書,提及鴉片戰爭時,聲稱引述耶魯中國近代史大師Jonathan Spence(史景遷)的巨著《The Search for Modern China(追尋現代中國)》內,對林則徐的評價,似乎批評他太過鹵莽,不了解中英貿易狀况,禁煙對英國的影響有多大,最後不「明智」地貿然銷毀鴉片,導致戰爭。
我與史景遷教授有素面之緣。十年前他來香港出席進念.二十面體,改編自他的著作《The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci(利瑪竇的記憶宮殿)》,在九龍華仁書院的舞台劇首演。演出後在石澳高爾夫球會舉行晚宴,史教授更講述了一些利瑪竇的生平事蹟。
我翻查了一下《追尋現代中國》,並不覺得對林則徐的評價負面。因語言和文化差異,中英互相誤解肯定是有的,但以當時標準,林則徐已非常好學,經常找人翻譯西報,並跟與外國有交往的中國商人傾談,加深對英國的認識。他曾力諫道光皇帝增加軍費,購入西洋大炮和戰艦,但可惜數量仍遠不足以抵抗英國艦隊的火力。
評論歷史人物決定 不應事後孔明
第一次鴉片戰爭又是不是真的因林則徐的「鹵莽」所引起?看歷史有兩大忌,第一不應以事後孔明態度來評論歷史人物一些決定。尤其在戰爭的霧中(fog of war),每位將領只可按不完美資訊來作決策。林則徐出身文官,絕不好戰,受命欽差大臣後,身負重任,執行禁煙。但他不想開戰,曾直接嘗試致函維多利亞女王,請求她出手制止鴉片貿易,但最後此信石沉大海,似乎沒有交到女王手中。
現在我們當然知道清廷打輸了仗,證明嚴重低估了英國海軍威力。但在開戰前,林則徐是否就應能料到必將落敗?其實中方人多勢眾,1839年剛開戰時,清軍曾在數場衝突中小勝,只是後來英國從印度和南洋調來士兵和多艘砲艇增援,轟炸廣州、廈門和寧波等城市,才扭轉戰况,最後迫使清廷求和,簽下割讓香港的《南京條約》。諷刺地,戰敗的林則徐固然受責,被貶至新疆伊犁。打勝仗的Captain Charles Elliot(義律)也逃不過厄運,被指摘不遵命令,為何拿下香港這塊barren rock(廢石頭)。結果他也被革職召回,其後被派至得克薩斯和百慕達。
忌用現代道德標準評價歷史
評論歷史的第二個大忌是用現代道德標準來評價歷史人物的某些行為。例如歷史上中外最受人景仰的「明君」,包括唐太宗、凱撒大帝和乾隆等,以現代標準來衡量,他們都是大量殺人的暴君。成吉思汗和匈奴阿提拉等就更不用說了,行徑比希特勒更殘暴。
那麼從19世紀中葉觀點來看,英國販賣鴉片又是否一門不道德可恥,和違法的生意呢?
從中方角度來看,鴉片貿易絕對是違法和不道德的。從18世紀初,清廷已多次頒令禁煙,一百年都未見成效。英國毒販從印度Bengal偷運鴉片到中國,1800年約4000箱,到1830年升至4萬箱。當時超過四分之一成年男子成了癮君子,女煙民也很多,上至官紳巨賈,下至販夫走卒,都做了毒品的奴隸。因鴉片所導致的貿易逆差,也逐漸挖空中國的白銀儲備。
英國方面,雖當時沒有明文規定禁鴉片,但並不等如英國不知道在中國販賣鴉片是違法和不光彩的。英國人非常熟悉不道德交易,長期活躍於販賣黑奴,從非洲虜走土人,運到美洲當奴隸。但在英國本土,中世紀後已停止奴隸制度。20世紀初,英國國會曾貓哭老鼠辯論過香港「妹仔」問題,迫使逐漸放棄此傳統。
1840年,英國國會曾就攻打中國議案,展開三日激烈辯論,主戰領袖為外相Lord Palmerston,反戰領袖為自由黨的William Gladstone(後來兩位都曾先後當首相)。Palmerston極力狡辯宣戰原因並非鴉片,而是因為清廷侮辱了英國使節,必須保衛英國名譽和僑民安全。但連當時的英國報章都不相信,即時把事件稱為鴉片戰爭。Gladstone警告如因鴉片而宣戰,英國將永遠蒙羞。可惜最後國會仍以少票數差距通過動議。
怡和創辦人渣甸醫生出身
毫無疑問,鴉片戰爭的真正罪魁禍首是William Jardine(威廉•渣甸),怡和洋行創辦人(現時老闆Keswick,是他外甥家族)。渣甸是蘇格蘭人,年輕時讀醫,畢業後加入東印度公司,在貨船上當醫生,但對錢更感興趣,所以兼做走私生意,後來索性辭職,留在廣州從商。
本來東印度公司擁有英中經商,包括鴉片的專利權,但後來經渣甸游說,在1834年被取消。取而代之的正是怡和洋行,還有第二大的Dent & Co,和美資的Russell & Co (骷髏會創始成員William Russell家族企業)。
據記載,渣甸是個擁有紳士風度,充滿愛心,樂意幫助家人和朋友的大好人。這可能是真的,正如很多現代南美毒梟,無論在「公事」上多兇殘,對家人鄉里都非常好,且經常去教堂。但渣甸性格反骨且極具野心,出賣完老顧主東印度公司後,就馬上處心積慮,計劃游說英國政府對中國宣戰,目的是迫使中國開放廣州以外更多商埠,並且一早計劃奪取屬於英國的殖民地,商船不需再經屬於葡萄牙的澳門。
初時他派合伙人James Matheson到倫敦游說攻打中國,但當時外相Duke of Wellington(曾打敗拿破崙)鄙視毒販,拒絕無理要求。後來渣甸告老歸田,回到倫敦,且進入了下議院。當中英關係日趨緊張時,Palmerston向他詢問意見時,原來他已一早寫好全套攻打中國計劃,包括地圖、攻擊戰略,以及需要調動多少士兵和戰艦!
我正坐在一家怡和集團的美心咖啡店寫稿,有點跟女酋長在耶魯演講時同樣的諷刺感覺。整件事匪夷所思,令我想起兩套Netflix有關毒品的電視劇《Breaking Bad》和 《Narcos》。《Breaking Bad》劇中主角本來是個中學化學老師,後來步上成魔之路,成為Crystal Meth大毒梟。渣甸更離譜,本是位濟世為懷的醫生,但後來竟不止變成大毒梟,更成為發動侵略中國的千古罪人! 《Narcos》主要敘述曾壟斷美國可卡因的哥倫比亞大毒梟Pablo Escobar的故事,雖不少當地政府人員被他收買,但美國的DEA(反毒部)一直和他周旋。Escobar最終下場仍是被警察擊斃。渣甸更犀利,竟然贏得歷史上最強大的大英帝國的支持,出軍為毒梟賣命,替他爭取更多可恥的利益!
美疫情仍嚴重 特朗普企圖卸責中國
美國疫情仍然嚴重,死亡人數超過7萬,已超越總統特朗普原先低於6萬的預測,看似將攀升至10萬。特朗普毫無承擔,當然企圖把責任推卸給中國。但美國情報機關和健康部門都已宣布無任何證據顯示Covid來自武漢的病毒實驗室,亦沒有任何基因改造迹象。但特朗普繼續亂說一通,說見過病毒來自實驗室的證據。國務卿蓬佩奧(Mike Pompeo)更差,竟可在15秒內自相矛盾,先說相信病毒是人為的,然後當記者指出美國自己情報顯示毫無人為迹象,隨即改口說相信情報,病毒是天然的(真的西點考第一?)!
人為病毒是一個極嚴重、極危險,甚至可以導致第三次世界大戰的指控,絕不可信口開河。幸而中國已非吳下阿蒙,早貴為核武大國,處理疫情更遠勝西方,經濟已開始復蘇,今季GDP更將直逼美國。希望特朗普清楚明白今天中國不再是毒癮纏身,可被列強隨意欺負的積弱晚清皇朝。
(中環資產持有Netflix的財務權益)
同時也有3部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過3萬的網紅ふらむChannel,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Captain Bones: Prologueというゲームです。 気になった人はプレイしてみよう! 2021単発動画リンク再生リンク https://bit.ly/3naaCLl 2020単発動画リンク再生リンク https://bit.ly/3b2bZ9Y 2019単発動画リンク再生リンク ...
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captain bones 在 謙預 Qianyu.sg Facebook 的最佳貼文
《和屍體說話的人》
Do you believe in past life, and its strong invisible influence over your present life?
He was the Sherlocks Holmes of Taiwan.
The modern day Justice Pao (現代包青天), known to bring justice to murdered victims.
楊青天大人, he was nicknamed by his countrymen.
I had never heard of 楊日松博士, Dr Yang Jih-sung.
Till I read the story written by my Grandmaster, Living Buddha Lian-Sheng, which I posted two days ago.
That was donkey years back.
In my decade long of mastering Chinese Metaphysics, I have amassed hundreds, if not thousands, of Bazi in my crumpled dog-eared notebooks.
One continuous homework that I have been doing since 2006, is to study the Bazi, faces, bodies and lives of not just famous people, people featured in the newspapers (hit-and-run victims, suicide victims, criminals, scholars, helpful people etc.) but as well as people around me.
Shifu said, the more we study, the better and faster we get at dissecting a person's Bazi and people reading.
The goal is to train our eyes and brain so well that we can see a person naked (figuratively, of course) within one split second.
And when a person walks past, without turning our heads to look, we must be able to tell Shifu the current financial state and luck of the person. #aurareading
Such training was very strenuous in the beginning. When I didn't pass the impromptu tests given by Shifu, I was meted harsh punishment and disallowed further learning, till I passed with flying colours.
.
I got curious about Dr Yang about a month ago. He had a very fascinating career history.
What does he have in his Bazi, that determines him to be a righteous and dedicated forensic expert with such top-notch crime-solving skills?
What had he done to be bestowed the divine title of 城隍爺 (City God), after his death?
I read that he allegedly handled more than 30,000 bodies over the course of his 62-year career. I took out my calculator. That worked out to 484 bodies every year. 40.3 bodies every month, which is about 1.34 bodies every day.
While all his classmates went off to become doctors, Dr Yang was the only one from his class to take up forensics. It was a decision he made after his brother was forcefully coerced into a confession by the Japanese that he was a spy and wrongfully jailed, and another friend was unfairly charged of being a thief.
Dr Yang learnt early in his life, that eye witnesses were insufficient to solve a case. There was a pressing need for strong scientific evidence.
What caught my eye about Dr Yang was his utmost respect to the dead bodies.
He would always take a bow to the victim before starting work on the dead body.
Through the decades, he had never wore any protective gear like masks and gloves during autopsies.
In his biography:
"A forensic expert’s job is more than just studying and dissecting the bodies. If necessary, we need to taste the contents of their stomachs and determine the time of death from the acidity. We can also tell from the bitterness whether there was poisoning involved.”
He cites a case where three charred bodies were brought in from the same incident.
“They smelled the same, so I could tell that they were burned at the same time. If I wore a mask, I would not be able to observe this subtle detail,” he says. “And, I believe that wearing a mask is disrespectful toward the deceased.”
Finally, he explains that he “cannot feel the elasticity of the skin” if he has gloves on.
.
I don't know if you have ever smelt a corpse. But it is known to be extremely foul.
Especially when the bodies have been thrown into the sea, or buried deep in the soil, before digging out much later.
Dr Yang never feared infection by the bacteria in the corpses.
Those were the days when CSI kind of science did not exist.
.
楊日松法醫:「你沒有良心,做不了。」
Dr Yang solved his first case when he was just an intern and still a student at Taipei Medical University in 1949. A pair of university lovers supposedly hung themselves by the Tamsui River, but the man survived. Later on, Dr Yang quickly proved that the noose was too small for two persons to be hung together. The man had murdered his girlfriend and staged a suicide attempt, complete with a forged suicide note, to cover up.
Dr Yang was only 21 years old then. (Jeez...what was I doing at 21?)
He went on to solve many difficult cases, which shocked Taiwan's society. Here are just 3 of them:
1. September 1977. It was Taiwan's 1st dismemberment murder case.
Two plastic bags containing about 6 pieces of body parts were found along the Dahan River.
DNA tests were non-existent then.
Dr Yang was called in, and his examination showed that the body parts belonged to the same person. He also provided the victim's age and possible identity at a reporters' conference, where he displayed the body parts on a table, and listed 10 areas of identification.
Including, the mammary glands were not enlarged, proof that the woman had never been pregnant.
And how the woman was possibly murdered and mutilated.
The police soon tracked the murderer to a ex-convict, who put up a false hiring notice, to trick young ladies.
.
2. 1990. The murder of a young Japanese undergraduate.
The body could not be found till a year later.
The young lady came to Taiwan for solo free and easy travel. She got onto a taxi, with a friendly driver who showed her around Taiwan. Iguchi Mariko agreed to staying at the driver's home for the night, when she could not find accommodation.
Her body was mutilated into 100+ parts and buried under a big tree. Her head was thrown into a rubbish bin.
When the police caught the taxi driver, Dr Yang provided scientific evidence that the taxi driver washed his home walls with strong chemicals and the water usage during the month of murder was 5 times the usual amount.
While the bones were too damaged to be tested for DNA, Dr Yang could piece them together that they belonged to the same person.
This case shocked both Taiwan and Japan.
3. 1993. The dead Marine Captain Yin Ching-feng (尹清楓)
The Captain was discovered dead along the coast of Yilan. The military claimed it was suicide by drowning. Dr Yang examined the corpse and discovered many wounds. There was no ocean debris in the lungs or other drowning symptoms.
Dr Yang announced that the Captain was murdered before being disposed into the ocean.
His honest words unscrambled a huge military scandal in Taiwan and caused many high-ranking officials to lose their jobs.
.
楊日松法醫:「法醫學是人權保障醫學。」
Dr Yang was also involved in the examination of 17-year-old Bai Hsiao Yen's mauled body. During the examination, Bai Bing Bing, the famous Taiwanese actress, mother of the victim, requested to be present.
Calling Dr Yang a Bodhisattva to the family of the victims, Bai Bing Bing was deeply moved by Dr Yang's comforting words to her:
我只能幫你瞭解真相。我沒有辦法再騰出我的手,再來救一個萬一昏倒的人。妳放心,妳信任我,我等一下一定會給妳最清楚的答案。
(I can only help you find out the truth. I am unable to lend another hand, to save a person who might faint. Don't worry. Trust me. Later I will definitely give you the clearest answer.)
Due to the nature of his work, Dr Yang contracted a skin disease, which caused great itchiness. Two months of seeing the doctor and injections did not help. Eventually, Dr Yang learnt of using rice water to wash his skin. Neighbours and Taiwanese who knew of Dr Yang's condition would bring rice water all the way to his home. It took 6 months before Dr Yang's skin ailment was under control.
#好人有好報
.
楊日松法醫:「對屍體要誠實。沒有誠實的人,不要來當。」
There were many cases that Dr Yang solved, with supernatural help.
Once, when he was on a car together with his friends, he spotted a lady sitting beside him. He kept quiet as he assumed she was the friend of one friend. Later on, the car was stopped at a roadblock, where the officer told Dr Yang that he was needed at a crime scene. By then, the lady had mysteriously disappeared.
When Dr Yang reached the scene, he saw that the corpse looked exactly like the lady in the car. He knew immediately it wasn't a suicide case, as seen from the surface.
Another time, Dr Yang was at home when there was a knock on his door. He opened the door and saw a lady in a tracksuit with her head down. The lady sought Dr Yang's help to examine her injury. Dr Yang replied that he didn't have his equipment right now and asked the lady to go to the police station tomorrow. The next morning, during an autopsy, Dr Yang saw a body which didn't have clear facial features, as the body was rescued from the river.
He asked for the police to show him the clothes the body was found in. It was the EXACT same tracksuit as the lady who knocked on his door last night.
One day after work, Dr Yang's car was flagged down by a lady standing by the road. It was pouring heavily. Dr Yang got the chauffeur to stop his car and the lady asked to hitch a ride. Dr Yang agreed. The lady remained silent and kept her head down throughout. Dr Yang found her vaguely familiar.
After she disembarked, for some reason, Dr Yang's chauffeur got lost and could not find his way home. For over an hour, his car kept turning around the same spot.
Feeling something was amiss, Dr Yang headed back to Yilan, and re-examined the corpse. He had initially deduced that the corpse had committed suicide by drinking pesticide. On his 2nd examination, he discovered that the pesticide was found in the lungs. Usually for such suicide case, pesticide would be present in the esophagus. But if one was forced to drink it, the pesticide would leak into the lungs. Dr Yang amended his autopsy conclusion of suicide to murder.
Many supernatural incidents like these had alerted Dr Yang to correcting his initial findings, and solving mysterious cases.
.
Yet, there were times when Dr Yang was unable to reach a conclusive result despite many rounds of autopsy.
Then, Dr Yang would pray to the "Floating Head" in his autopsy laboratory. It belonged to a murdered victim, whose case was also resolved by Dr Yang. For some reason, the family/friend didn't want to claim the head. The head had been preserved in a glass container of formalin for 50 over years and its hair and moustache would grow. It was the Guardian Protector of Dr Yang and his team.
Each time after Dr Yang prayed to it, he would gain new insights into the case on hand.
During the Hungry Ghosts' Festival, Dr Yang would lead his entire team to pray to the "good brothers" and made many offerings. He had never missed a year of prayers.
While most educated people turn their noses up at the talk of ghosts and gods, this is one Doctor who will bow humbly before them and ingrain into his team the importance of respect.
.
Dr Yang told my Grandmaster that in his past life, he was the confidential secretary to the King of Hades. Hence in this lifetime, he took on the role of a forensic expert, helping murdered victims to redress the injustice they suffered.
Dr Yang's Bazi was an interesting revelation to his life and character, and why his occupation suited his Bazi to a T.
During his time, there were less than 10 forensic experts in the whole of Taiwan.
His integrity, courage, care to minute details, diligence, quest to find the truth and dedication are qualities I deeply admired. The same qualities my Shifu had been drilling into me for the past 11 years to be a very competent practitioner.
In this era where most people worship the famous and the rich, it is very rare to find a noble character like Dr Yang, who also respected the spiritual world.
Before he passed on due to colon caner, Dr Yang had expressed no regret over his career choice. The only thing he felt bad about was not being to provide more for his children, as public servants in Taiwan earned much less than doctors.
But Dr Yang, your heroic legacy is one that your children and descendants can speak proudly of for decades. The merits you left for them can guarantee them a better life than money ever can buy.
Dr Yang was born on 23 November, 1927. He passed away on the same day, in 2011.
I wanted to post this article yesterday, on his birthday and death anniversary. I took too long to write and am a day late. But I still wish to share Dr Yang's great life story with you.
Congratulations on your promotion to be the righteous City God. You totally earned it. 🙏
城隍境主楊日松法醫,Happy Belated Birthday, Dr Yang. 🙇🏻♀️
.....................
Photo credit to Apple Daily, TVBS Taiwan, and respective owners.
You can learn more about Dr Yang and his work on Youtube by searching for "楊日松".
To read my post where I posted my Grandmaster's article on Dr Yang, link in comment.
captain bones 在 ふらむChannel Youtube 的最佳解答
Captain Bones: Prologueというゲームです。
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captain bones 在 ふらむChannel Youtube 的最佳貼文
Captain Bones: Prologueというゲームです。
気になった人はプレイしてみよう!
2021単発動画リンク再生リンク
https://bit.ly/3naaCLl
2020単発動画リンク再生リンク
https://bit.ly/3b2bZ9Y
2019単発動画リンク再生リンク
https://bit.ly/2JzR81R
無料ゲーム2再生リンク
https://goo.gl/PeLN9o
無料ゲーム 再生リンク
https://goo.gl/D7uDkd
スマホアプリ再生リスト
https://goo.gl/IdEi21
スマホアプリ2再生リスト
https://goo.gl/IP3sLC
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twitter
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captain bones 在 翔龍 Youtube 的最佳解答
骨頭船長 生存遊戲 ➽我要成為骨頭王【翔龍】
我要成為海賊王...啊不對,我要成為骨頭王
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