📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth
✍️ 田少谷 Shao
📥 歡迎投稿: https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Outline
0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion
0. Intro
The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥
While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.
Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅
Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊
If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏
There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!
1. Uniswap & AMM recap
Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.
Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.
Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:
AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.
In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP
¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity
² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative
³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage
2. Tick
The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.
For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp
By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:
The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.
Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.
Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.
With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯
So, how is the price range of a tick decided?
This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.
The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.
Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.
However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.
This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.
As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.
For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.
p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001
See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?
Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052
But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?
Price range: max & min
To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.
24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:
1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341
1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943
I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌
⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.
How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?
Tick index from price
The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:
Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php
Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.
Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm
Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!
⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.
3. Concentrated liquidity
Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.
Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.
As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!
Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂
Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].
If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.
The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.
However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).
We can observe the following two points from the above example:
Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.
√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.
What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!
Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵
⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.
4. Range orders: reversible limit orders
As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:
current price < the targeted price range
current price > the targeted price range
current price belongs to the targeted price range
The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.
The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).
There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!
In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.
Range orders
To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.
The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.
For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.
With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!
Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).
The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.
The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.
If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.
Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.
What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].
This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.
…wut? 🤔
Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!
What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.
The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.
To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:
Only one token is required for range orders.
Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯
I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.
⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.
Reversible limit orders
As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.
We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].
Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.
The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.
As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:
When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸
When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸
A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!
⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.
5. Impacts of v3
Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:
Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.
The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.
LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏
In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.
After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔
Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!
6. Conclusion
That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂
There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅
If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!
Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟
Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌
同時也有4部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過6萬的網紅Sweets Life by kurashiru,也在其Youtube影片中提到,※With subtitles※ The video comes with subtitles for the amount and notes on how to make it. Please turn on the subtitles before viewing. Kurashiru Ap...
「form and function are one」的推薦目錄:
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- 關於form and function are one 在 CheckCheckCin Facebook 的精選貼文
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form and function are one 在 CheckCheckCin Facebook 的精選貼文
【享受露營樂】首先要擬定露營用品Checklist
⭐露營用品可買可租
⭐迷上露營的話通常裝備越買越多
#星期二提升正能量
野外留宿初體驗
即Check必備露營用品
受疫情困擾的日子,大家都想走向大自然,到郊野地方活動一下,去露營的念頭油然而生。作為露營初哥,對於露營要帶甚麼沒有概念?今日就同大家數一數必備露營用品!如果你的露營用品是租賃或問朋友借用,記得出發前先熟習操作方法,尤其帳篷、天幕等打開和收納方式,以免到荒山野嶺時手忙腳亂。
.帳篷
選擇帳篷需要留意重量、大小及季節,一般來說越輕的帳篷價錢越貴,但的確可以為行裝減輕不少負擔。帳篷大小要按使用人數而定,建議以[人數+1]去選購,即是2人用三人帳篷,因為空間與舒適度成正比,再加上需放置隨身物品,尤其冬天行裝多需要空間就更大。春夏天的帳篷物料宜透氣、有窗口甚至蚊網;秋冬天則講求帳篷保暖防風。
.睡袋
睡袋一般分為木乃伊式和信封式兩種,木乃伊式包覆性比較高,較為保暖,但不適合喜歡轉身的「反瞓」人士;而信封式睡袋將拉鏈拉開可以當被子用。購買時要注意保溫範圍 (Temperature Rating),說明睡袋適合哪種溫度使用。如果想提升睡眠質素,可以加上充氣床墊,在野外都有一夜好眠。
.天幕
天幕看似可有可無,但其實它可以為露營者帶來舒適的起居空間,因為它能遮風擋雨,亦能隔熱防曬,在天幕下煮食、用餐、嬉戲都很寫意。
.照明設備
在戶外過夜照明設備是必需的,燈具選擇視乎行程和露營場地,如果會在晚上行山的就需配備頭燈或其它行動電源照明燈,方便空出雙手活動。部份燈具還附有滅蚊、風扇等功能,亦要帶備手電筒以防不時之需。
.摺疊桌椅
不想坐在草地或石頭上開餐,就要自備桌椅,選擇時首重輕身及堅固。如果桌子和椅子並非一套購買,記得購買時要配合兩者高度。
.煮食工具
露營用的煮食工具都以輕便為主,想節省空間宜選摺疊式鍋具,通常一個平底鍋加一個湯鍋已可做到煎、炒、煮、烤、燉、蒸等功能。亦可以準備多功能的燜燒鍋,燜煮時可同時準備其它菜式。
.充電器
現代人生活離不開智能電話,所以記得攜帶大容量的充電器,尤其如果會攜帶平板電腦、充電式燈具、風扇等電器,需要用電的情況遠比你想像的多,充電器搭配太陽能充電功能就更理想。
留言或按讚👍🏻支持一下我們吧!❤️ 歡迎 Follow 我們獲得更多養生資訊。
Getting ready for your first camping trip
A checklist for you
We have all been trapped at home for months during the pandemic, and many of us would love to get closer to nature. Hence, the idea of camping outdoors might pop up in our minds. As someone without camping experience, where do you start?
Let us go through a checklist together! If you plan to rent camping gears or borrow them from friends, make sure you learn how to use them, particularly the tent and canopy tent. Learning the proper way of installing and keeping these items can help you avoid a lot of unnecessary troubles.
.Camping tent
Do consider the weight and size of the camping tent, and if it is appropriate for the season. Tents that are lighter in weight are generally more expensive but they can significantly reduce the campers’ burden.
Determine the size of the tent based on the number of campers. We recommend you to follow the formula ‘number of campers +1’, meaning two campers to share a three-person tent. This will give everyone enough space to store his or her items and to chill, particularly during winter.
Opt for tents that are made from breathable materials when camping in spring and summer, and ensure they come with windows and proper mesh to allow air circulation and prevent insects from entering. During autumn and winter, opt for tents with good insulation.
.Sleeping bag
It is generally divided into two types: the mummy and the envelope. The mummy type can retain more heat as it is closed and form fitting, but it is not suitable for individuals who are used to tossing and turning during their sleep. The envelope type is more basic, as one can use it as a blanket once he or she unzips the sleeping bag.
When purchasing a sleeping bag, do take note of its temperature rating, as it will give you a hint of its ability to retain warmth. If you wish to improve your sleep quality, add another layer of inflatable mattress beneath the sleeping bag.
.Canopy tent
Canopy tent may seem negligible, but it will bring great comfort because it can protect campers from wind and rain and function as a shade screen. It would be an enjoyment to cook, dine and play beneath the canopy.
.Lighting equipment
This is exceptionally important for night use, and we should choose the right equipment based on the itinerary and the campsite condition. Headlamps would come in handy for night hiking. While some can repel insects, some even come with a fan to cool users down. It is also good to bring along a torchlight in case of emergency.
.Folding tables and chairs
If you do not wish to eat on the ground or rock then it is wise to prepare your own tables and chairs, which should be sturdy and lightweight. If they do not come from the same set, make sure they are all of the same height.
.Cooking utensils
Opt for portable and foldable lightweight utensils. All you need is just a pan and a stock pot for soup, and they can all be used for frying, cooking, grilling, stewing and steaming. If necessary, bring along a multifunction stew pot so you can prepare more dishes at one go.
.Power banks
It is a known fact that city folks cannot live without smartphones so make sure you prepare high-capacity power banks. If you are planning to bring items that consume high electricity such as notebooks, rechargeable light equipment, and fans, do consider using solar power banks instead.
Comment below or like 👍🏻 this post to support us. ❤️ Follow us for more healthy living tips.
#男 #女 #露營 #露營用品
form and function are one 在 KAKA LAM 嘉嘉 Facebook 的精選貼文
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form and function are one 在 Sweets Life by kurashiru Youtube 的最讚貼文
※With subtitles※
The video comes with subtitles for the amount and notes on how to make it.
Please turn on the subtitles before viewing.
Kurashiru App
▼ iOS app
https://app.adjust.com/npk6jm1
▼ Android application
https://app.adjust.com/vz3y2u7
Check the app for detailed instructions!
There are many other sweets recipes in the app!
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This is an introduction to Eclair, which is a stylish looking product made by squeezing plenty of bitter chocolate cream onto chocolate puff pastry. How about a snack today? Eclair has a difficult image, but if you get the hang of it, you can make it at home. I put pistachio dice this time, but it's also delicious if you put fruit between it if you like. Please try making this opportunity.
Cooking time: 200 minutes
Cost: around 500 yen
【material】
10 pieces
----- Eclair fabric -----
Salted butter 50g
Water 100ml
Soft flour 50g
Cocoa powder 10g
Beaten egg (M size) for 2 pieces
----- Chocolate cream -----
Fresh cream 200ml
Bitter chocolate 100g
Iced water suitable amount
----- Toppings -----
Coated chocolate 100g
Hot water (for hot water), appropriate amount
Dice Pistachio Appropriate amount
【procedure】
1. Put salted butter and water in a pan and bring to a boil over medium heat. When salted butter melts, remove from the heat.
2. Sift soft flour and cocoa powder and mix quickly with a wooden spatula.
3. Heat over medium heat again, mix thoroughly for 1 minute 30 seconds to 2 minutes so that the dough does not burn, and when the dough becomes a lump and a thin film forms on the bottom of the pan, remove from heat and place in a bowl. I will move it.
4. Add beaten egg little by little and mix each time. Adjust the amount of beaten egg while observing the dough until it becomes firm enough to slowly drop when you lift the wooden plate.
5. Put it in a squeezing bag containing a round mouthpiece, and squeeze it out to a length of about 12 cm while leaving a space on the top plate lined with cooking sheets.
6. Sprinkle water on the back of the fork to shape it and bake in an oven at 200 ° C for 8 minutes. Without opening the door, lower the oven temperature to 180 ℃ and bake for 15 minutes. When it's cooked firmly, take the heat of coarse heat.
7. Put fresh cream in a small pan, heat over medium heat until just before boiling, put in a heat-resistant bowl with bitter chocolate, mix, and melt the chocolate well.
8. Whisk the ice water for 8 minutes with a whisk and put in a squeeze bag with a star base.
9. Make chocolate for coating. Put the coated chocolate in a heat-resistant bowl and melt it with hot water.
10. Make a notch on the top of 6, apply 9, apply diaspistatio, and squeeze 8 when the chocolate for coating dries to complete.
[Cooking Tips]
Add soft flour, knead well, and continue mixing thoroughly for about 1 minute 30 seconds. It's done when the film begins to form on the bottom of the pan.
Adjust the amount of eggs while checking the condition of the dough. When the rubber spatula is lifted and the dough is dropped, it is good that it falls into an inverted triangle and slowly falls.
If you cool the dough after you squeeze it, it will not swell, so please work quickly.
Do not open the door until you finish baking the shoe batter. If you open it halfway, cold air will enter and the fabric will deflate and not expand.
Be sure to preheat the oven before baking.
If the oven does not have a preheating function, set the temperature, heat for 10 minutes, and then start baking.
There may be an error in the heating power depending on the model of the oven you are using and the years of use. Be sure to adjust the baking time as a guide.
This time I am using a heat resistant rubber bellows. Depending on the rubber spatula used, it may melt, so please use a heat resistant one.
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This is a channel dedicated to sweets. The recipe is posted on kurashiru!
Here are some simple and delicious sweet recipes!
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form and function are one 在 ochikeron Youtube 的精選貼文
Thick leftover curry is perfect for Karē Pan filling!
I recommend this Keema Curry:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfzL8SoqMdE
Please watch 0:30-2:49 for the basic bread dough.
http://youtu.be/DqEtH38kW7Y?t=30s
---------------------------------
Yaki Karē Pan (Baked Japanese Curry Bread)
Difficulty: Medium
Time: 90min-120min
Number of servings: 8
Ingredients:
200g (7.0oz.) bread flour
20g (0.7oz.) butter
1 tbsp. sugar
1 tsp. dry yeast
100ml warm water *30C/86F
20g (0.7oz.) beaten egg
1/2 tsp. salt
A
* 150g (5.3oz.) leftover curry *retort-packed one is OK
* 1 chopped boiled egg
* 25g (0.9oz.) pizza cheese
4 sausages
beaten egg
Panko (bread crumbs)
olive oil if you like
Directions:
((Kneading))
1. You want all the ingredients at room temperature.
2. Mix warm water, salt and beaten egg together.
3. In a large bowl, place bread flour, butter, sugar, and dry yeast. Keep the dry yeast away from butter as the salt (in the butter) will kill the dry yeast.
4. Gradually mix in the warm water mixture. Use your hand to mix together until formed.
5. Transfer the dough to the counter, stretch the dough for a few times using your palms, fold it in half, turn it around (90C), and stretch again. Repeat and knead until smooth, without adding any extra flour for 10-15 minutes). The dough should be very elastic which when stretched becomes almost translucent.
((1st Proving / Proofing / Rising))
6. Lightly oil a large bowl. Form the dough into a ball and place it in the bowl seam side down. Cover the bowl with plastic wrap (to keep the surface of the dough from drying out), and leave to proof in a warm place (30C/86F) for 30-60 min or until it has doubled or tripled in size. (In winter, you can use the proof function on your home oven!)
((Finger Test))
7. Coat your finger in flour and poke the dough. If the hole stays, it's ready. If the dough springs back, it needs to proof more. If the dough shrinks, it is over proofed. In this case, you'd better flatten out and make a pizza...
((Knock-Back & Bench Time / Resting))
8. Place the dough onto a floured surface and punch out the air with your palm.
9. Divide it into 8 equal pieces using a bench scraper or a knife. Quickly form them into balls.
10. Place them on a baking sheet, cover with plastic wrap (to keep the surface of the dough from drying out), and rest for 10 minutes. The dough is surprised because you punched, so please let them rest for a while before you start shaping.
---Up to here, please watch the Burger Buns video (0:30-2:49)---
((Shaping))
11. Cut sausages in half diagonally. Mix A very well. If the curry is too runny, simmer it down until it becomes thick, then cool completely before you use.
12. Flatten out the dough with your hand. Place the curry mixture and sausage, pull and pinch the dough to seal like making a dumpling. Make sure you don't pinch it with curry, otherwise it won't stick together.
13. Dip in beaten egg, and coat with Panko.
((2nd Proving / Proofing / Rising))
14. Place rolls seam-side down on the baking sheet. Cover with plastic wrap (to keep the surface of the dough from drying out), and leave to proof in a warm place (30C/86F) for 20-30 min or until they have doubled in size. (In winter, you can use the proof function on your home oven!)
15. Preheat the oven to 200C (392F).
((Baking))
16. Sprinkle with olive oil if you like.
17. Bake at 200C (392F) for about 10 minutes. OR Deep fry in oil at 170C (338F) for about 5 minutes until golden brown.
* To keep the surface of the dough from drying out, a wet towel is okay but plastic wrap is easier!
* This recipe is for 8, so make 4 Kare Pan and 4 Ham and Corn Buns to enjoy 2 flavors at once!
Ham and Corn Buns Recipe is here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8cqftxE1bo
↓レシピ(日本語)
http://cooklabo.blogspot.jp/2014/01/blog-post_17.html
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form and function are one 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最讚貼文
先日のTV出演のDVDを受け取りに、遊びに来てくれました、
夜なんで、少し見えにくいですが、
Dio was classified mainly by 6 generations, and two stroke engines were adopted in a model of first - the third generation, and it was changed to four water cooling stroke engines adopted than the fourth generation by Giorno Clare. The model was born by positioning called the cheap edition in the same way for the fifth generation when I adopted the air-cooled engine on the toe day that was an inexpensive motor scooter from 2003, and it was done the fourth generation and 併売 at one time for period.
There is a name called "SK50" on the vehicle of two stroke generations from a release start as an official car name. The name that I included a pet name of every each generation in and the form number are as follows.
RVF(NC35)
HONDA RVF400
HONDA RVF400
Same as above(The side)
Same as above(The side)
The last racer replica which was released as a succeeding model of VFR400(NC30) in January, 1994. A frame is a diamond frame of the character sectional structure of the newly-designed mesh, and engine suspension, each department hardness balance are changed of to NC30. The shape of the exhaust port, the structure of the carburetor, 1-3 speed gear ratios, a front fork, a swing arm, a rear suspension are changed 吸 else. In addition, with works RVF750 of the last year and same shape-shaped appearance, I become development with RVF/RC45 of 750cc at the same time. The official car name (the maker notation, popular name) is RVF and does not gain 400 to express displacement volume. It is designed with RVF to decoration graphic, but there is not the thing expressing displacement volume. Because a luxurious part is treated to, the selling price rises than the vehicle of the class, but the completeness is high only for departure from racer replica last. But the cost that depended on a function part becomes the form called the simplification (I change the part which was ABS resin conventionally in AES resin and omit the painting) of the decoration part, and crazing by fading and the deterioration may trouble an owner in the future.
I put the side, and, for a fault, the heat problem that is the fate of the V-type engine, maintenance-related badness is inherited. In addition, a spark plug is special size, and a part price is high. The headlight shape becomes special H4R type, and versatility is low, and light quantity is small at 35/30W (a wiring is burnt when I just use a commercial high efficiency valve).
Because it is very likely that malfunction occurs in レギュレートレクチファイア from the structure that is easy to be full of heat, an engine may stop suddenly unless I change it for measures product (with a radiation of heat fin).
In the U.K., demand for RVF400 was higher than RVF/RC45 among the generations who were particularly young by an insurance regime by the displacement volume.
Honda / CBR1000RR (the double are that I do not make sea B are) is four parallel cylinders of the CBR series done of release [1] as a succeeding car from March 31, 2004 of CBR954RR of Honda Motor, a motorcycle of 998cc cubic centimeter displacement. A pet name of Fireblade( fire blade) is given the export model.
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0LMJ4FOmP18/hqdefault.jpg)