綠能轉捩點到來?INFLECTION POINT FOR GREEN ENERGY(09/30/2020 Vogue Taiwan)
過度仰賴化石能源所造成氣候危機已不容忽視。隨著再生能源競爭力增強,全球能源結構正在加速邁向綠色低碳的未來。
文:AC LEE
今年以來石油產業波折重重。布蘭特原油現貨價從年初每桶66.25 美元一路下跌至4 月21 日的19.50美元, 為2002 年二月以來最低點。主要原因是COVID-19 疫情導致終端需求急凍,以及OPEC 和俄羅斯減產談判破裂。這些暫時性經濟因素目前雖已緩解,但在氣候變遷加劇,環保意識高漲,消費行為改變等壓力下,石油產業前景充滿挑戰。擁有全球五分之一石油儲量的沙烏地阿拉伯國營石油公司─沙烏地阿美 ( Saudi Aramco ),去年12 月首次公開招股( IPO ),募股總額為256 億美元,低於公司預期約15%。全球首家市值高達兩兆美元的公司,曇花一現。
現有能源結構不利永續發展
能源類型分為非再生能源及再生能源( 或稱綠色能源)。前者包含石油、天然氣、煤炭三種化石能源,以及核能;後者則涵蓋水力、風力、太陽能、生質能源等。根據英國BP 公眾有限公司 ( BP plc ) 分析2019 年全球初級能源使用量,石油和煤炭分別占33% 及27%,天然氣占24%。石油主要用於運輸,而煤炭和天然氣主要用於發電,分別供應全球36%及23% 電力,再生能源占26%,其中60% 為水力發電,而風力發電及太陽能則各占20% 與9%。
現有的能源結構並不利於環境永續發展,有限的化石燃料終會枯竭,汙染亦對生態環境造成極大的傷害。煤炭蘊藏豐富,可供人類使用約200 年。石油和天然氣已探明的蘊藏量估計只能供人類開採約51 ~ 53 年。三種化石能源中,天然氣的碳排放量最低,比煤炭低50% ~ 60%,然而其發電成本較高,以台灣為例,燃氣發電成本比燃煤高48%,而且開採、輸送、儲存的過程中存在燃料外洩的風險,若發生爆炸恐將釀成災害。核能發電穩定、成本低,且不會排放汙染物於大氣中;但有輻射外洩隱憂,且核廢料處置問題至今仍無解。為了減緩氣候變遷,全球能源結構勢必需要轉型,減少對化石能源的依賴,提高再生能源的使用。
綠能競爭力與日俱增
過去再生能源給人昂貴的印象,隨著技術成熟與裝置量增,產業競爭加劇,加上政府大力補貼,發電成本在過去十年間已大幅下滑。
根據國際可再生能源機構 ( International Renewable Energy Agency,IRENA )的資料,太陽能的發電成本從2010 年至今下跌超過80%,導致成本下降的主要原因是太陽能電池轉換效率從初期的4% 提升到目前的25%。陸上風電發電成本下跌39%,主要是占成本60% 以上的風電機組價格在十年間下降逾50%。離岸風電則藉由提升設備容量,發電成本下降29%。相較於水力及風力發電,太陽能發電的地理限制少,發電容量大及穩定度高,發展潛力大。根據投資銀行拉札德 ( Lazard Ltd. ) 以及IRENA 的分析,目前無補貼太陽能平均發電成本較燃煤發電高約30%,較風力發電高約20%。隨著成本持續下降,2021 年後新啟用太陽能廠運轉成本將比現有裝置少42%,將低於現有燃煤電廠及風力發電廠的運轉成本,換言之,太陽能將會成為未來再生能源的主流。
不過,太陽能電池的轉換效率已接近極限,需要新的技術提升效率。近期美國國家再生能源團隊利用三五族半導體開發出新型太陽能電池,轉換效率可以達到47.1%,是目前最高的紀錄。此外,太陽能屬於間歇性能源,太陽不可能時時刻刻照耀,夜晚、陰天則無法發電,需要搭配大規模的儲能系統使用。目前主流儲能系統為抽水蓄能電站,地理條件嚴苛。最新趨勢是使用鋰電池儲能技術,其建廠的地理限制少但成本高,且平均6 ~ 8 年即需汰換電池。產學界正積極研發新技術,例如改採用續航力更優異的氫燃料電池,或延長鋰電池的壽命。特斯拉 ( ESLA ) 近期申請的鋰電池專利,聲稱可延長電池壽命三倍之多。然而,新技術距離商業化仍有一段很長的路要走。
各國迥異的能源政策,為轉型埋下隱憂
聯合國環境規劃署估算,如果要達到巴黎協議中到本世紀末將全球升溫幅度控制於攝氏1.5 度之內的目標,從現在到2030 年,全球溫室氣體排放量每年需減少7.6%。然而各國能源政策大相逕庭,恐讓巴黎協議難以達成目標。
中國是全球最大碳排放國,排放量比排名第二的美國高出90%,主要是因為65% 的電力來自於成本低廉的燃煤發電,但人民卻深受霧霾之苦。為了改善空汙,政府原計畫以天然氣取代煤炭並加速發展再生能源。然而在歷經2019 年初因天然氣供應不穩所導致的缺電窘境,政府去年底宣布擴大使用化石能源來穩定能源供給,興建多座燃煤電廠,加大國內油氣開發力度,再生能源從政策核心退於配角。
在美國,前總統歐巴馬提倡增加綠能發電來減緩氣候暖化,而川普卻計畫擴大化石能源使用量,振興煤炭產業,增加頁岩油開採量。未來十年內,美國頁岩油日產量預估將增加近七成至1,400 萬至1,500 萬桶。然而,各州政府反其道而行,持續關閉老舊的燃煤電廠,提供各種政策及補貼發展綠能。美國能源資訊局預估,今年再生能源發電占比將首度超越燃煤達21%。
歐洲高度仰賴能源進口,因而積極發展綠能。2019 年再生能源( 含水力發電) 占總發電量達到37%,高於中國的27% 及美國的17%。去年12 月,歐盟頒布綠色新政綱要 ( European Green Deal ),並在今年3月公布氣候法草案 ( Climate Law ),目標到2030 年碳排放量將比現在減少50% ~ 55%,2050 年前要讓歐洲成為世界上第一個碳中和的大陸。歐盟也針對各產業詳細規劃能源轉型方案,提供金融工具支持企業採用綠能;若從碳定價不如歐盟的國家進口貨物,歐盟也考慮進行徵稅,將對全球貿易帶來巨大影響。中美是否會因此加速能源轉型,亦成為各方關注的焦點。
台灣綠能發展嚴重落後
如同歐洲各國,台灣90% 以上的能源仰賴進口。煤炭及天然氣發電占比分別達46% 及33%,再生能源只占4.9%。偏重於化石燃料的能源結構,使得台灣人均碳排放量高於全球平均,世界排名二十五,亞洲排名第一。為提升能源自主與兼顧環境永續發展,政府從2016 年開始推動能源轉型,目標到2025 年燃煤發電比重降到30%,核能退場,天然氣占比則提高至50%,再生能源比重增加到20%。再生能源裝置總容量需達27GW,其中20GW 來自太陽能,其餘為風力發電。
台灣位於亞熱帶,日照充足,且海岸狹長,東北季風強,具有發展太陽能及風力發電的潛力。然而,至今年三月,累積太陽能發電容量僅有3.9GW,風力發電容量只有0.8GW。導致進度嚴重落後的原因是政府缺乏全面性的規劃、複雜的土地變更及環評過程,加上鼓勵業者使用較昂貴的國產設備,降低業者投資再生能源的意願。再者,台灣電價為全球第三低,營業用電最低每千瓦新台幣2.12 元,民眾擔憂能源轉型會導致電價上漲。台灣應借鏡歐洲經驗,建構有系統且長遠的轉型政策,提供綠色金融工具及補貼吸引產業提高綠能使用量,並深耕綠色電力消費的宣導與教育,才能真正落實能源轉型。
近年極端氣候對全球威脅與日俱增,去年的歐洲熱浪、澳洲大火、加州野火到年底的威尼斯水災,氣候變遷所導致的災害越來越頻繁。為了環境永續發展,從政府到人民,都必須要做出改變。轉型雖然緩慢且艱鉅,但只要能增加綠能發電,就能減少對環境的威脅,期以順利邁向綠色低碳的未來。
(本文轉載自《INHERITAGE》2020年夏季號)
完整內容請見:
https://www.vogue.com.tw/lifestyle/article/greenenergy-2020
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🔆《夏天健康譜》SUMMER HEALTH GUIDE 🔆
(English version below)
每個季節,其實都有各自的美,各自的好。春天有溫暖的風,新年新氣象、新的展望、美好的開始。夏天有眾人爲之「瘋狂」的菓王「榴蓮」及其他夏熱帶水菓如:龍眼、山竹(菓后)、紅毛丹、荔枝、芒菓等等。秋天有中秋佳節,正所謂:月到中秋分外明,吃餅賞月千情趣。還有提燈籠及賞楓葉。冬天有吃湯圓過冬至,麻辣火鍋大派用場。哇!真是快樂得不得了。當然也有不好的一面,但這裡祇介紹好的,這器世間本來就是一體兩面。
是的,每個季節都有其健康譜,不是唯有夏天才有。那爲何師父您獨寫夏天,而不寫其餘三個季節呢?是這樣的,吾之因爲寫夏天的健康譜,那是因爲吾撰寫此文章時,正值夏天。另一個原因是因爲本國位處赤道,熱總多過於涼。或許不說妳你不知,我們的陽氣在夏天時,會由內向外拓展,這時若無善加調理「虛邪賊風」容易招惹,身體就易出現違和(生病)。請大家謹記於心,這是非常重要的保健,與養生之道,價值非凡啊!若妳你想把一輩子辛苦的積蓄,全部送給醫生的話,那就隨妳你。(一笑)
有哪些疾病會在這炎熱地帶,炎熱的季節來襲呢?且讓玳瑚師父爲妳你娓娓道來。心、肺、腸、胃及婦女病等等,是較易在這個季節病發的。因此,請大家多多注意生活及飲食習慣。在生活方面,可別太過享受空調哦!也別以爲在這炎熱季節裡,可以多吃冰淇淋,多喝冷飲,多吃或喝涼性湯類與食物哦!上段的文章吾已告訴大家,夏天時我們體內的陽氣,會由內向外拓展,因而這時,我們體內的陰氣是較多的,然後妳你再將大量的陰涼飲食往裡面送,很少不出毛病的。當然,煎、炸、烤、烘、燻等食物,也千萬不可以太過。
吾在這一兩年曾「放話」,若看了多位醫生,還治不好的病人,不妨帶她他來見吾。蓋撥除眾生的苦是吾,玳瑚師父,的發願之一,而不祇家父懂醫術,吾後面及頭頂上,皆有「大醫王」照著。從出道以來,吾治癒的疾病有:皮膚病、癌症、婦女病、口腔病、扁桃腺、前列腺、甲狀腺等等。懂得玄學的人都知之甚詳,越文明的國家,「文明病」越多。「文明病」到底是什麼?「文明病」即是科學所帶來的病。羅漢果、洋蔘菊花茶、冬瓜薏米水、綠豆湯、魚翅瓜湯、老黃瓜湯、西瓜、椰子、腐竹薏米、粥等等,是「夏天健康譜」的極品,悄悄告訴妳你。
.....................
Every season comes with its unique beauty and goodness. Spring brings about warm and comfortable breezes, ushering in the new year and inspiring new aspirations with new beginnings. In Summer, people go crazy over durians and other tropical fruits such as longan, mangosteen, rambutan, lychee, mango, etc.
And we have the Mid-Autumn Festival comes Autumn As the Chinese saying goes, “The longing of our kin exacerbates during the festive season. The moon on Mid Autumn is especially clear and pristine. Eating moon cakes and appreciating the full moon bring wondrous delights in life.” So do carrying lanterns and appreciating the sights of maple leaves. In Winter, we eat glutinous rice balls for Winter Solstice and now is the right time for Mala hotpot! Wow, isn't this wonderful! Of course, I only mentioned the good side of things. In this material world, there is always duality.
Yes, every season, not just Summer, comes with its health- booster guide. Why do you think I only write the guide for summer, and not the other 3 seasons? The main reason being it is Summer right now, as I write this article. Secondly, since we are in the tropics, and very near to the equator, we will experience more hot weather than cold. You may not know this, but during summer, the Yang energy in our body radiates outwards, and if we do not take care of our health, "evil winds" (a term used in Traditional Chinese Medicine) will invade our bodies, and cause our bodies to be unwell and fall sick. Please remember this valuable point by heart. This is a very important health tip and regimen for a healthier life. Its value is priceless! If you wish to "gift" your life savings to the doctor, be my guest! Ha ha ha!
What kind of common ailments are usually seen in tropical countries and summer weather? Let me share with you. Medical issues concerning the heart, the lungs, the intestinal and stomach organs, female health, etc, are common place during the hot summer months. Therefore, please be very aware of your lifestyle and dietary habits. Don't overindulge in air-conditioning and think it is ok in this hot weather to consume a lot of ice cream! Likewise for cold drinks and other "cooling" food and drinks! I mentioned above that the Yang energy in our body disperses outwards, resulting in more Yin energy in our body in summer. Over-consumption of "cooling" food or drinks would only exacerbate this imbalance, resulting in sickness. Of course, do not go to the other end of the scale by over-eating on food that is fried, deep-fried, roasted, baked, smoked, etc.
In the last 1-2 years, I have been sending out words to those who have been suffering from ailments, despite seeing many doctors to come see me. Eradicating the sufferings of sentient beings is one of my aspirations. Besides my own Father who was a medical practitioner, I myself have the backing of the "King of Healing". Since I started on this path, I have provided remedies and reliefs for sickness such as skin diseases, cancer, female health issues, oral diseases, tonsils issues, prostate issues, thyroid issues, etc. Those who know Chinese Metaphysics will be clearly aware that the more developed a society is, the more urban diseases there will be. What are urban diseases? They are diseases that arise due to the fast adoption of science and urbanisation.
Hush hush, let me tell you discreetly the premium food items to boost your health this summer: Luo Han fruit, Ginseng Chrysanthemum tea, Barley with winter melon drink, green bean soup, shark's fin melon soup, old yellow cucumber soup, watermelon, coconut, barley with beancurd skin dessert, porridge, etc.
www.masterdaihu.com/夏天健康譜/
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17 TIPS KEKAL KURUS SIHAT DI HARI RAYA
Tips #1
Jangan tak beraya pulak!
...Continue Reading17 tips to stay healthy on Hari Raya
Tips #1
Don't celebrate Raya!
After fasting for 30 days, what's wrong with us celebrating raya with family and friends on Hari Raya. The reward of self is still necessary. There's no problem to eat but don't eat too much..
Enjoy the dishes of lemang, Rendang, cakes etc but let it be in simplicity.
But don't celebrate raya for 30 days!
Yes, it's considered celebrating raya throughout the month of syawal but that doesn't mean you have to eat without limits every day.
After give yourself on the first 1-2 Raya, make sure you care more about the choice of food & drinks when visiting open houses.
Tips #2
Remember the rules of 20 minutes!
That's the time it takes to feel keyang after the first feed. Here, eat slowly or set the size of food so that you don't eat
Too much.
Like the Sunnah of the prophet, stop eating before full.
Eat a little bit..
When visiting an open house, the house host will always ask you to add, add and add more. Again if it is
You spend a few hours in their house. Here, eat a little, stop sekietika, eat a little more and repeat. This will satisfy the host's heart and also reduce the amount of calories intake.
Hari Raya or aidilfitri is the day to celebrate the victory against and educate lust. Continue the education in Ramadan, according to the guidance and teachings of the Quran, which calls for us to be simple, full of gratitude celebrating aidilfitri.
Tips #3
Remember... compulsory to have a healthy and balanced breakfast first!!
Why do you want to have breakfast? Wait for it to eat more??
Isn't it adding more calories?
Yes and no! Breakfast is the most important meal time. It provides our stomach to be full so it helps to control the lust and amount of calories intake.
This is important again when you are on the way back to the village or on the highway.
Tips #4
Don't start with dessert / sweets!
This is my practice for every open house. I will always start with a balanced meal (real food, not process food) first before eating cakes and raya cookies.
With this method, I make sure there are good benefits before eating bad calories. Remember, keserderhanaan is important.
Tips #5
Identify Your Hari Raya favourite menu calories!
To Avoid weight loss this raya season, you need to identify your favorite food calories.
Why? If not, it's hard to control the amount of calories intake. Now you have a feeling of 'Self-aware'
Source of calories? Refer back to the food calories that coach always gives. Or can google or ask in coaching group 👍
Tips #6
How Many Raya cookies do you want to eat?
Ah Yes, the raya cookies are really interesting!! All sorts of shapes, colors, order and taste 😍
Don't want to eat at all right?? The important thing is here is the quantity of quantity
A Biscuit Full of fat + a simple sugar + it doesn't satisfy - from the type of bad calories, high fat!
For example:
1 X Raya cookies contains 40 calories, if you eat 10
400 kcal. That's just one house.
If 50 houses are breaking fast throughout the month of syawal, it's already 20,000 kcal or 2.6 kg! 😱🙈
Tips #7
Concept of 10:20 days
This turns to the concept of self-reward on Hari Raya. Choose the first 10 days only for self-give (usually the first 2-3 days of raya only and the weekend that is usually full of open houses).
20 days left of syawal month, let the day be the most important of choice
Healthier Food and lifestyle 👌
Tips #8
The Word " is enough..."
As a guest, we are often stressed to try all the dishes and cakes provided. But actually don't have to eat everything that's available.
Some Tips:
• Ask the host about the number of dishes that are about to be served. This allows you to plan and budget the amount of intake for every meal.
Don't forget to ask about dessert. If there is, it will be a budget too.
• The word " Enough ". If you feel satisfied and enough with the number of taking of dish served, it is not wrong we say " enough ", but the one who asked it will be your mother-in-law 😬😆
Tips #9
Drink Plain water
For me, the specialty and the of Hari Raya is located on original food such as ketupat, lemang etc and not on a colorful drink of sugar and flavor.
So to avoid wasting calories from drinks, drink plain water
Or drinks that are not calorie
Like Coffee-O-empty, Tea-O-empty, green tea etc.
About:
If you drink 2 x
Sweet Water Glass in every open house (total calories 1 x glass say
In 60 kcal), if 50 houses are open = 6,000 kcal or almost add 1 KG.
Tips #10
Remember protein!
I believe that 99 % of open houses will be a dish of beef rendang which is a good source of protein. Only it comes with fat because of the way it's cooked 😅
But it doesn't mean that it's only from rendang. The most important thing is to try to increase protein intake when visiting an open house.
Why?
• Protein is more satisfying.
• in many delicious Hari Raya Food, are berkarbohidrat (Lemang, ketupat, biscuits / flour, cakes, cakes etc)
But if possible, choose the rendang part that is
Less fat and if you have chicken, choose the chest part.
Is there a hose for fish during raya? 🤔
Tips #11
Don't add the gravy.
If you are love rendang meat try to avoid intake of "gravy" because it is rich with coconut milk that is full of fat.
Even if you eat soup, reduce "gravy" if it feels salty because of your excessive salt intake levels of body water - the result is fat.
All sorts of gravy will be served, Soto the gravy, gravy with sambal, peanut sauce to eat with satay or ketupat rice himpit, and more.
Tips #12
5-7 meals / open house a day
If it's the coach's day, the coach encourage it
You eat 5-7 small meals every day in a meal plan and this is not different from the festive season.
If you visit 5 open houses one day, make it
Every visit is as a meal (it's free). So the distance between every open house may be 2-3 hours. But anything starts with a balanced meal.
But even if it's limited, make sure you know how to adapt. An example of eating 5 x compared to 7 x, the amount of calories a day is still the same. So even for an open house, make sure you have a budget of calories all day to avoid eating too much.
Planning is important!
Tips #13
Workout at home open!
How is that?? If food is a source of energy, we need to find a way to remove the relevant energy so that it will not be kept as fat.
Here, try to practice the following "exercises" to burn as much as possible calories:
• Walking around the house.
• Standing while socializing with guests.
• Play with the little kids.
• Park your car is a little far away. This will definitely make you home later (no car stops your car)
• Try to help the host with what can be helped.
• Playing Firecracker (heart heart adrenaline)
• laughter burns calories.
Tips #14
Fasting six
This turns to the concept of 10:20 (TIP #7) where you celebrate (Self-give) for 10 days throughout the month of syawal and only 20 days left for a better choice.
So here, the fasting 6 is suitable for inserted in the 20 days of that good choice.
Even you get a reward, insyaallah. That's great.. Take this opportunity!
Tips #15
Bored?
Eating vegetables!
Sometimes we eat not because we're hungry but because we're bored or entertaining the conversation.
That's where our hands are itchy to eat what's in front of our eyes.
Here, try to "flirt" with vegetable food (Cucumber, carrots etc) because it is not only rich with fiber but also very low calories.
More Fiber & fiber.
Essential Fiber intake controls the digestion rate of blood glucose and also helps to control the appetite.
An example of food that is berfiber? Vegetables, fruits, bijiran oats and wholegrain. Dates are also a good source of fiber. But don't eat too much because other than vegetables, it's all calorie too.
Tips #16
Start your fitness program!
If you're like me, during my fasting month I rarely exercise, so I'm sure to kickstart the fitness program ASAP. Sometimes as early as the second eid is better.
This directly gives the spirit to control the whole diet because if not, make sure your efforts are working hard to spend time sweating and exercise.
Tips #17
Ramadhan Vs Raya
If you manage to reduce 3 kg throughout the month of Ramadhan, try not to add more than 3 kg throughout the month of syawal. If you succeed, then the combination of Ramadhan + Syawal should help you control the weight.
Love if the effort to decrease the weight of the fasting month is removed so easily with the aidilfitri celebration.
But don't celebrate Raya!
Unless you are looking forward to sports events like sportsman and athletes, Hari Raya is not a diet day or day to start a workout program.
Let us enjoy a glorious day with our beloved family and delicious dishes.
But most importantly, don't go overboard and remember the simplecity and self-Health.
Selamat Hari Raya Aidilfitri!
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