關於 how to increase market share ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

【創業大冒險】中小企業如何運用IP與網紅行銷讓產品市場知名度提升！

「N世代學苑」除了之前推出的 #數位轉型力課程之外，接著推出第二系列「IP與網紅行銷」課程，讓您了解什麼是IP與IP品牌化、網紅行銷操作的成功技巧和案例分享。

✨動動您的手指，立即參與課程! 😎
https://corelab.iiiedu.org.tw/sdil/portal
📞諮詢窗口/甘經理Russ@iii.org.tw
TEL：02-6631-6692

【Startup Adventure】How SMEs use IP and Internet celebrity marketing to increase product market awareness?

" NexTech Academy " in addition to the previously launched #DigitalTransformation course, and then launched a second series of "IP and Internet celebrity marketing" courses, let you understand what is IP and IP branding, and the successful skills of online celebrity marketing operations Share with the case!

✨Join our courses now! 😎
https://corelab.iiiedu.org.tw/sdil/portal
Contact : Russ Kan
email: russ@iii.org.tw

【還原「物業帶動鐵路」的歷史時空】 #永續港鐵霸權 #7月專研

港鐵霸權一大核心就是長期壟斷「鐵路上蓋物業發展權」，今時今日香港土地問題走到如斯局面，與經常被吹噓為「國際成功模式」的「鐵路加物業」(Rail + Property) 不無關係，但服務大眾的鐵路公司搖身一變成為追求利潤的發展商，絕對不是一夕間發生的合理事情。「鐵路上蓋物業」的原意又與今日有沒有變化? 是次研究專題將會透過回顧過上千頁有關香港地下鐵發展的英國解密檔案，還原70年代「物業帶動鐵路」發展模式的源起及原意，將有助進一步理解現時逐漸扭曲的港鐵發展形態。

▌構思初現：初期鐵路物業的背景與概念

「以地養鐵」更早可以在日本找到相類似發展模式 (Murakami, J., & Gregory, K. I.,2012)，然而最早「引進」香港的來源暫不可考。但從現有官方內部檔案中，可找到早於1970年交通諮詢委員會 (Transport Advisory Committee)提交的一份《集體運輸計劃總報告書》，報告中建議除了計劃興建已設計的4條鐵路路線，並分9期(nine distinct stages) 完成「理想」鐵路系統(preferred system)外，已有提及「發展上蓋物業」的構思。在報告提及鐵路系統的長期發展影響：

”Wherever subway systems have been built experience shows that property and land increase in value. This opens up the strong possibility that a part of the cost of providing station concourses could be met through arrangements which permit the private development of station superstructures and surrounds.”

當年報告所述，由於預視到鐵路系統的帶動下，當地物業及地價將會升值。因而報告提到有很大可能可以容許私人發展 (private development) 上蓋物業去補貼鐵路站的建設成本。值得注意的是，報告除了提出上蓋 (station superstructures)發展外，首次提到發展上蓋周邊 (surrounds) 的發展概念。可見，現時港鐵圈地/上蓋物業發展一早出現在早期鐵路系統構思之中。

70年代還有差點讓鐵路系統觸礁的財政艱難，更清晰定位鐵路中的「物業收益」有何功能。參考早期關於興建鐵路系統的英國解密檔案顯示，早於1972年，香港政府成立集體運輸臨時管理局(Mass Transit Railway Provisional Authority)，打算先行興建較全面、工程單一批予日資財團(Japanese consortium)的早期系統(initial system)，但後來石油危機爆發，日本經濟陷入危機，財團先是提出可否修訂興建成本價格上限由50億為60億，遭到管理局拒絕後則宣佈退出鐵路興建，檔案中可看到港英政府曾一度為此而與日資財團就賠償爭執，甚至有香港主要大班 (怡和除外) 都因財政理由反對繼續推展興建鐵路計劃。

當年港英內部評估1980年代交通系統會超負荷，即使鐵路系統已被日資延遲一年(have effectively delayed the MTR project for 12 months)，連帶物料通賬的財政問題，但卻認為必須「頂硬上」，調整鐵路系統的財政預算、規模以及未來發展方向，於是臨急推出後來實現的修正早期系統 (Modified Initial System)。在1975年一份關於修正早期系統行政局內部文件，港英將會排除必要鐵路系統以外的多餘支出 (eliminate all expenditures not strictly necessary for resultant simpler system)，不僅使整個鐵路規模「大縮水」，同時更建議以溢價債卷(Premium bond)作為融資措施，以及發展沿線上蓋物業(property development on lines)抵消(offset)財赤，皆為確保(safeguard)鐵路在任何情況下的財政可負擔性(the financial viability in any event)，讓減少後規模的總興建成本能夠保持於49億的水平。可見，當初「鐵路加物業」發展的概念是在財政大緊縮的特定歷史脈絡生成，目的為防止鐵路興建所帶來財政不穩定情況的其中一法。

▌立業辟地：港鐵上蓋四小龍

直到1975年，為了確保鐵路系統的財政可負擔性以及應急儲備，集體運輸臨時管理局向政府申請批出四個鐵路上蓋物業的綜合發展權(comprehensive development)。而當時行政局內部討論中，一份十分詳細記錄有關批予集體運輸臨時管理局四個上蓋發展權的行政局文件顯示，最早期物業上蓋發展的具體情況：

—九龍灣車廠上蓋物業(現時德福花園)：

當時除了作為首個利用鐵路車廠上蓋作物業發展的項目，而且亦成為物業上蓋住宅發展的先例，佔地165,800平方呎，打算興建大型屋苑，滿足18,000個人口的住宅需求。

—亞皆老站(即現今旺角站)上蓋物業(現時旺角中心第一期)：

首個非鐵路站上蓋作物業發展，只是相鄰於(adjacent to) 鐵路站，為首個利用鐵路通風樓(ventilation shaft)的物業發展。

—金鐘站上蓋物業(現時海富中心)：

佔地60,000平方呎的海富中心，當時金鐘站上蓋物業批地條例原來有列明非工業用途，包括興建酒店(non-industrial purposes which may include a hotel)。

—畢打/遮打站(即現今中環站)上蓋物業(Pedder/Chater)(現時環球中心)：

當時批中環商業靚地予鐵路公司的理據明顯為商業利益最大化(maximum exploitation of the commercial possibilities)，一來可以善用土地資源(物業建於鐵路站上蓋)，二來物業及鐵路站同時興建，可以減少工程興建時發展阻礙(development disturbance)。

其後地鐵公司分別與恆隆、合和、長實多間發展商共合發展上述四個上蓋物業，作為「鐵路加物業」發展模式的雛型，當時內部估計以上物業收入將會佔地鐵公司總收益的20%。當年批出九龍灣車廠上蓋物業上公頃的市區發展土地，整體政府部門都相當歡迎，認為可以平衡當區公屋主導的房屋格局，與及能夠為該區提供額外設施的機會，甚至具體要求屋苑內有至少10戶1車位的發展條件 (XCC(75)52)。此四幅最早批出的上蓋物業發展，從通風樓到車廠、由單一大廈到綜合發展，已是奠定了日後鐵路物業發展的主要選址方式與發展類型。

▌誰主上蓋物業？

這份行政局文件亦載有早期鐵路用地發展權的重要批地原則(principles to be adopted in respect to land grant to Mass Transmit Railway Corporation)，是還原物業上蓋發展歷史一份重要參照。文件清楚列出，上蓋物業不一定是地鐵公司「囊中物」，鐵路物業發展權是否批出，或批給誰，完全是政府「話事」 (the grant of comprehensive development rights on land affected by railway installations will be discretionary)。

文件亦同時指出，程序上地鐵公司需要先向政府申請(formally apply)批地，政府可以基於實際考慮 (practical consideration) 決定如何運用這些鐵路上蓋用地的發展潛力 (for government to decide on how to dispose of any development potential remaining in the land over and above its Mass Transit usage) 。換言之，港鐵的上蓋發展絕對可以由政府主導及決定，包括根據現時的實際考慮（公營房屋供應長期落後及不足）用作興建公屋，不一定用於與發展商合作興建私樓供港鐵公司利潤最大化。

▌物業收益應急而起

70年代尾，鐵路系統打算擴建至荃灣區。翻查1978年有關鐵路擴建荃灣(Mass Transit Railway extension to Tsuen Wan)的行政局文件顯示，當時除了提及車廠上蓋物業發展的選址爭議外，亦有提及港英對發展上蓋物業的財政原則。物業發展的收入原本並不用作補貼鐵路成本 (revenue from property development was not originally envisaged as being used as a means of financing the capital cost of the railway itself)，而是作為應急儲備及改善現金流(contingency reserve and to improve its cash flow)。而且更補充荃灣車廠上蓋物業發展的剩餘收入，可以用作應對以下4個應急情況：

—抵消「超支」建築成本(offset any excess construction costs)

—抵消收入財赤(offset any revenue deficiencies)

—加速還債(accelerate loan repayments)

—提早鐵路公司對港英政府的投資分股息的日子(bring forward the date when the Corporation begins to pay the Government as share holder on behalf of the public dividends on its investment)

可見，港英多次強調，鐵路上蓋物業收入為確保財政可負擔性(viability)及應急(contingency)，而非像現時政府愈來愈恆常化送地予港鐵興建私樓賺錢。

引述法國城市學者Aveline-Dubach整理地鐵公司至其後港鐵自1980至2016年收入可見，明顯看見90年代末東涌綫及其後的將軍澳線所帶動的物業發展收入比例愈來愈重，已經超越鐵路票務收入，現時每年物業收益足足佔港鐵總收入四成。可見，透過重現當初的批地原意，更能突顯漸走向扭曲的港鐵發展形態，形成尾大不掉之勢。

▌賣樓補車費：明言物業發展利潤補貼車費

港鐵不應用上蓋物業賺盡的討論，亦見於地下鐵路公司條例的立法階段的重要討論。一份1975年討論地下鐵路公司草案(Mass Transit Railway Corporation Bill)的行政局文件，提及鐵路公司需要按照審慎商業原則 (prudent commercial principles)。鐵路作為公共交通工具，不應最大化其投資回報 (maximize its return on investment)，只應賺取足夠(enough)收入作營運開支。

文件亦可見當年政府就發展上蓋物業項目的收益，會清晰公開回應指物業發展可為鐵路帶來的額外利潤，以維持一個「保守的車費政策」 (assist the railway by providing extra revenue to maintain a conservative fares policy）。比起今天已經與物業收益「脫勾」的「可加可減」車費制度，當日港英政府明顯認為物業收益有助更平宜的車費定價。

在40多年前的歷史時空，當初「鐵路加物業」發展模式跟現時已經不可同日而語，發展上蓋物業不論就其發展型態、財政狀況、規劃模式、補貼原意，明顯有其特定的歷史脈絡及原意。是次研究專題透過還原早期興建地鐵的歷史討論，帶出現時不斷被政府吹奏作為「國際級典範」—港鐵發展模式，並不是一套千秋萬世的發展方程式。

參考資料

1971 FCO 40 358 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong

1975 FCO 40 658 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong

1975 FCO 40 659 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong

1975 FCO 40 660 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong

1978 FCO 40 974 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong

Aveline-Dubach, N., & Blandeau, G. (2019). The political economy of transit value capture: The changing business model of the MTRC in Hong Kong. Urban Studies, 56(16), 3415-3431.

Murakami, J., & Gregory, K. I. (2012). Transit value capture: New town codevelopment models and land market updates in Tokyo and Hong Kong. Value capture and land policies, 285-320.

研究自主 月捐撐起最新專研系列：https://liber-research.com/support-us/
FPS ID：5390547
HSBC PayMe 捐款支持：https://bit.ly/32aoOMn
戶口號碼：匯豐銀行 640-198305-001 (LIBER RESEARCH COMMUNITY (HK) COMPANY LIMITED)
義工招募：https://bit.ly/2SbbyT3

📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth

✍️ 田少谷 Shao

📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium

Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Outline

0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion

0. Intro

The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥

While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.

Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅

Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊

If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏

There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!

1. Uniswap & AMM recap

Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.

Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.

Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:

AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.

In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP

¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity

² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative

³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage

2. Tick

The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.

For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp

By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:

The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.

Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.

Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.

With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯

So, how is the price range of a tick decided?

This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.

The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.

Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.

However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.

This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.

As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.

For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.

p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001

See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?

Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052

But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?

Price range: max & min

To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.

24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:

1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341

1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943

I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌

⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.

How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?

Tick index from price

The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:

Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php

Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.

Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm

Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!

⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.

3. Concentrated liquidity

Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.

Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.

As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!

Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂

Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].

If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.

The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.

However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).

We can observe the following two points from the above example:

Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.

√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.

What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!

Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵

⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.

4. Range orders: reversible limit orders

As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:

current price < the targeted price range

current price > the targeted price range

current price belongs to the targeted price range

The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.

The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).

There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!

In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.

Range orders

To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.

The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.

For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.

With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!

Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).

The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.

The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.

If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.

Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.

What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].

This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.

…wut? 🤔

Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!

What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.

The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.

To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:

Only one token is required for range orders.

Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯

I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.

⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.

Reversible limit orders

As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.

We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].

Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.

The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.

As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:

When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸

When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸

A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!

⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.

5. Impacts of v3

Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:

Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.

The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.

LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏

In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.

After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔

Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!

6. Conclusion

That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂

There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅

If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!

Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟

Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌

Blood cockles - colloquially known as see hum or si hum - were really cheap back in the days. They used to be 50 cents (Singapore dollars) for a kilo but now it's about S$14 per kilo. See the difference? According to Channel News Asia, cockles are becoming more expensive because of pollution and over-harvesting. Hopefully with aquaculture, the supply of cockles can once again be bountiful. Due to the surge in pricing, usually it will cost you quite a bit if you were to order this at a food centre or restaurant. That's why we decided to share this recipe with you so that you can easily make this dish whenever you see cockles being sold at a market near you. If you are a fan of cockles from Putien Restaurant, you may want increase the amount of sugar used because their version is a lot sweeter than ours.

See the ingredient list below for your easy reference. Hope you can recreate this yummy dish in the comfort of your home. Happy cooking!

Thanks for dropping by our channel. Please subscribe to stay tuned to our home cooking videos.

Stalk us!
Youtube: www.youtube.com/spicenpans
Facebook www.facebook.com/spicenpans/
Instagram www.instagram/spicenpans
Blog: www.spicenpans.com

Chat with us!
info@spicenpans.com

Thanks for watching! See you soon.
------------------
Teochew Style See Hum (Cockles) 潮州咸蛤

Ingredients:
Serves 8 pax
-------
2kg blood cockles
125ml light soy sauce
1 teaspoon sugar
1 tablespoon oyster sauce
125ml hot water
60ml black vinegar
12 chilli padi (chopped)
2 bulbs of garlic (chopped)
A handful of coriander leaves (chopped)
1 tablespoon sesame oil

===
Don't know where to get the ingredients or don't know how they look like? See the links below.
Light soy sauce https://amzn.to/3quCbRX
Oyster sauce https://amzn.to/3jfwNPu
Black vinegar https://amzn.to/3s5wbQ9
Sesame oil https://amzn.to/3dkVLwj
Clam opener https://amzn.to/3jTCaoa

----------
Looking for similar cooking equipment like the one we used in the video? These might interest you:
Honeycomb wok: https://amzn.to/2E9hzMj
FYI - the one used in the video is La Gourmet Galactic Wok

-------------
Filming equipment:
iPhone 11 Pro Max (Get from Amazon https://amzn.to/3eA24tz)
Microphone: Sennheiser AVX digital wireless microphone system

Get Sennheiser microphone in Singapore:
https://singapore.sennheiser.com/products/avx-mke2-set-3-uk?_pos=2&_sid=adb86a9d8&_ss=r

Get Sennheiser microphone from Amazon:
https://amzn.to/2NILqMR
-----------------------------------
If you like this recipe, you might like these too:

Super Easy Famous Singapore Black Pepper Crab Recipe 黑胡椒螃蟹 Singapore Seafood / Food Recipe
https://youtu.be/2v2nNZhEBuo

Forget Black Pepper Crabs. Try this Garlic White Pepper Crab! 蒜蓉白胡椒螃蟹 Singapore Zichar Crab Recipe
https://youtu.be/Prb-vw-rp7g

Party Perfect! Super Easy Seafood Boil in One Pot Recipe • How to Make Cajun Crab & Shrimp in a Bag
https://youtu.be/xgQjEiwZsAk

-----------------------------------

Disclaimer: Spice N' Pans is not related to these products and cannot guarantee the quality of the products in the links provided. Links are provided here for your convenience. We can only stand by the brands of the products we used in the video and we highly recommend you to buy them. Even then, preference can be subjective. Please buy at your own risk. Some of the links provided here may be affiliated. These links are important as they help to fund this channel so that we can continue to give you more recipes. Cheers!

In this week's market analysis, I walk you through my take on Aud/usd and how I'm looking to short it.

Also I share with you 2 trading guidelines to increase the probability of counter trend trades.

Thanks for watching!

FOLLOW ME AT:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/forextradingwithrayner
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/rayner_teo
My YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/tradingwithrayner