KINH NGHIỆM LUYỆN THI ĐẠT IELTS 8.0 VÀ TIP PHÒNG THI HỮU ÍCH
Tác giả: Nguyễn Thị Diễm Hằng
_______________
Chào các bạn, gần đây mình có thi lại IELTS và được 8.0. Thời gian ôn thi của mình khá gấp gáp, chỉ khoảng 2 tháng , tuy nhiên cùng với kinh nghiệm đã tích lũy được trong 5 năm nay đi dạy IELTS, mình có rất nhiều tip và chia sẻ hữu ích dành cho tất cả các bạn.
A. Kĩ năng nghe – Listening:
I. Tip luyện thi:
#1: Muốn nghe tốt phải phát âm đúng:
Lời khuyên đầu tiên đó là phải PHÁT ÂM ĐÚNG. Các bạn có thể phát âm chưa được hay, ngữ điệu chưa được “native” nhưng điều quan trọng là NHỮNG TỪ CƠ BẢN các bạn phải phát âm đúng (hoặc ít nhất là biết cách phát âm “correctly”). Đơn giản là vì nếu như các bạn phát âm sai một từ nào đó thì khi nghe người ta phát âm đúng các bạn cũng không thể luận ra được đó là từ gì. Chắc chắn có nhiều bạn đến khi xem đáp án rồi mới ồ lên “hóa ra là từ này à”, đúng không nào?
=> HÃY HỌC PHÁT ÂM TRƯỚC KHI LUYỆN NGHE
(cách học phát âm mình sẽ nói ở phần Speaking nhé!)
#2: Luyện đề nghe thì cần thời gian:
Ý mình không phải chỉ là 30 phút thôi đâu nhé! Sau khi làm xong 1 đề nghe các bạn đừng vội check đáp án luôn. Hãy cho bản thân cơ hội nghe lại lần nữa với những vị trí mà bạn chưa chắc. Nếu nghe đến lần thứ 2,3 mà bạn vẫn chưa biết phải điền/chọn gì thì hãy xem đáp án và đọc script (đọc kĩ để hiểu tại sao lại là đáp án này mà không phải đáp án kia.) Vậy là xong? Không, các bạn cần nghe lại 1 lần ko nhìn script, cố gắng nghe hiểu nhiều nhất có thể, sau đó nghe lại 1 lần nữa, vừa nghe vừa đọc script (lần nghe này các bạn nên nhẩm theo audio -> vừa luyện nghe vừa học được cách phát âm, ngữ điệu của người bản xứ siêu hiệu quả nha!
=> HÃY PHÂN TÍCH 1 ĐỀ NGHE TỈ MỈ ĐỂ TRÁNH CÁC BẪY TRONG BÀI NGHE
#3: Đọc kĩ câu hỏi trước khi nghe:
Tip này nghe có vẻ hơi “boring” nhưng lại vô cùng quan trọng! Hãy đọc, phân tích câu hỏi, các lựa chọn và DỰ ĐOÁN đáp án cho mỗi câu. Các bạn nên đặt câu hỏi cho bản thân như: vị trí này nên điền loại từ nào, loại thông tin nào, nếu là danh từ thì là danh từ số ít hay số nhiều, danh từ chỉ nơi chốn hay danh từ chỉ đồ vật…., có cần đơn vị không, có thể có những thông tin gây nhiễu như thế nào, PARAPHRASE…
Đến đây, nhiều bạn sẽ thắc mắc có mỗi 20-30s đọc trước câu hỏi mỗi phần, đọc còn chả kịp thì phân tích với dự đoán kiểu gì? Hãy nhớ là PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT, hãy luyện tập thật nhiều rồi các bạn sẽ thấy khả năng dự đoán của mình sẽ tăng lên đáng kể đó.
=> DỰ ĐOÁN CÁC ĐÁP ÁN CÓ THỂ TRƯỚC KHI NGHE
II. Tài liệu luyện nghe:
- Làm toàn bộ test Listening từ Cam 7 đến Cam 15, không thiếu 1 bài.
- Nếu còn thời gian, bạn có thể làm thêm Official Guide to IELTS, IELTS Test Plus 3, Improve IELTS Listening.
Làm hết chỗ này là đủ rồi nhé, không lo thiếu đâu 😊
III. Tip phòng thi:
#1: Concentration is a key.
Luôn luôn tập trung tối đa, không sao nhãng dù là 1s.
#2: KO NÊN DÀNH TOÀN BỘ THỜI GIAN CHECK ĐÁP ÁN CHỈ ĐỂ CHECK ĐÁP ÁN, THAY VÀO ĐÓ HÃY DÀNH NHIỀU THỜI GIAN ĐỂ ĐỌC TRƯỚC CÂU HỎI CỦA PHẦN SAU NHÉ!
#3: Take note:
Dù bạn thi hình thức nào, thi máy hay thi giấy thì cũng nên take note nhé! Đặc biệt là với những bài tập chọn đáp án, việc take note key word sẽ giúp bạn loại bỏ những đáp án sai và dễ dàng chọn đáp án đúng hơn đấy.
B. Kĩ năng đọc – Reading:
I. Tip luyện thi:
#1. Quản lý thời gian hiệu quả:
Trong bài thi IELTS Reading, sẽ có 3 bài đọc tương đối dài với độ khó tăng dần và bạn phải làm trong thời gian 60 phút. Vậy có phải chúng ta nên chia thời gian 20 phút cho 1 bài đọc?
Theo mình thì KHÔNG nhé, vì bài đọc số 1 thường là bài dễ nhất nên thay vì dành 20 phút cho bài này thì chúng ta chỉ nên làm trong 15 phút thôi còn bài đọc số 3 – khó nhất thì ta sẽ dành 25 phút.
=> Vậy chiến lược về thời gian của chúng ta ở đây là 15’-20’-25’ cho từng bài bạn nhé!
#2. Không dành quá nhiều thời gian cho 1 câu hỏi:
Chúng ta cùng thử làm 1 phép tính, các bạn cần phải làm 40 câu trong vòng 60 phút như vậy là chưa đến 2 phút cho 1 câu. Vậy nếu các bạn đã dành hơn 3 phút cho một câu nào đó mà vẫn chưa thể tìm ra đáp án thì lời khuyên của mình là hãy dừng lại và chuyển sang những câu tiếp theo ngay nhé. Tất nhiên các bạn có thể đánh dấu câu ấy và quay lại làm nếu còn thời gian!
#3. Skimming and scanning:
- Skimming: trước khi trả lời các câu hỏi các bạn nên dành thời gian đọc qua toàn bộ bài đọc để nắm được nội dung chính của cả bài cũng như là cấu trúc của bài đọc. Việc làm này rất quan trọng vì nó giúp các bạn hình thành trong đầu chủ đề, những nội dung chính, sơ lược nội dung của từng đoạn văn. Bạn sẽ thấy sau khi skimming thì bạn sẽ dễ dàng tìm thông tin cho mỗi câu hỏi nhanh hơn rất nhiều.
Nhớ là đọc qua, đọc lướt bài đọc chứ không phải cố gắng đọc hiểu tất cả từ cũng như toàn bộ nội dung của bài text đâu nhé!
- Scanning: Các bạn nên gạch chân hoặc highlight những key word trong câu hỏi và câu trả lời. Sau đó, scan (tìm) những từ/cụm từ đó trong bài đọc. Khi đã xác định được vị trí thông tin, các bạn không nên chỉ đọc mỗi câu chứa key word/ thông tin đó mà nên đọc những dòng xung quanh đó nữa nhé!
Đừng quên tập trung vào các key word như là tên, năm, ngày tháng, địa điểm…..nhé!
#4. Kỹ năng paraphrase:
Không cần nói chắc ai cũng biết Paraphrase là kĩ năng vô cùng quan trọng trong IELTS. Và cách để paraphrase thường được dùng nhiều nhất là synonym tức là từ đồng nghĩa. Tuy nhiên, vẫn còn nhiều cách khác nhau để viết lại câu trong bài đọc với ý nghĩa không đổi.
=> Vậy để đạt điểm cao, các bạn cần phải trau dồi vốn từ vựng phong phú, đồng nghĩa, trái nghĩa,.. và thuần thục kỹ năng paraphrase.
Ví dụ:
About 1900s
=> The early years of the twentieth century
II. Tài liệu luyện đọc:
(như phần luyện nghe)
III. Tip phòng thi:
#1: Làm đến đâu chắc đến đó:
Thông thường một đề đọc khá dài cho nên ít bạn có đủ thời gian để xem lại bài làm của mình, cho nên các bạn nên cố gắng làm đến đâu kiểm tra lại luôn tới đó nhé!
#2: Không cố gắng hiểu tất cả các từ:
Thay vào đó hãy chỉ tập trung vào các CONTENT WORDS (từ chứa nội dung) như danh từ, động từ, tính từ để đoán nghĩa của câu thôi nhé!
#3: Bỏ qua những gì bạn đã biết về chủ đề bài đọc:
Hãy chỉ tập trung vào nội dung bài đọc, ko chọn đáp án theo suy đoán hay hiểu biết cá nhân! Bài viết đôi khi được viết chủ quan theo quan điểm của tác giả, có thể đúng hoặc sai nên ko dùng “phán đoán” để làm, bất kì câu hỏi nào cũng phải dựa theo thông tin bài đọc cung cấp nhé!
C. Kĩ năng viết – Writing:
I. Tip luyện thi:
#1. Đọc và phân tích bài mẫu:
Mình để ý khi mình yêu cầu học sinh đọc bài mẫu, các bạn ý thường đọc rất nhanh khoảng 2-3 phút là xong. Tuy nhiên, điều quan trọng là sau khi đọc xong các bạn phải hiểu logic của bài viết ấy, mỗi câu có chức năng gì, tác giả có những luận điểm, luận cứ như thế nào, từ vựng, cấu trúc của bài đó có gì hay….?
Sau khi đọc xong, các bạn nên viết lại áp dụng những gì mình đã học được từ bài mẫu.
#2: Task 1: Học các cách diễn đạt khác nhau cho cùng một nội dung:
Ví dụ:
The amount of household expenditure has diminished significantly by 30% this year.
=> There has been a marked decrease of 30% in the amount of expenditure this year.
=> The figure for domestic spending has witnessed a remarkable decline to 20% this year.
Các bạn nên học các cách diễn đạt khác nhau cho cùng 1 ý (tăng/giảm/ko thay đổi/trái ngược...). Bên cạnh đó, bạn cũng nên note lại những cách diễn đạt đặc trưng cho mỗi loại hình task 1. (VD: Pie chart - “made up the bulk of, accounted for the majority of…”).
#3: Task 2: Học theo chủ đề:
Với Task 2, các bạn nên học idea và topic vocabulary theo những chủ đề sau:
- Advertising
- Animals
- Art
- Crime
- Education
- Environment
- Family
- Health
- Finance
- Technology
- Social problems
- Tourism
- Transportation
- Work – jobs
.....
II. Tài liệu luyện viết:
- Đọc bài mẫu của các Examiner: thầy Simon, cô Liz và thầy David Lang.
- IELTS – Write Right (học cuốn này để hiểu các band điểm khác nhau ntn nhé)
- Kientran – 7.5+ Writing Guarantee (học cuốn này để hiểu logic của 1 bài viết nhé)
- Ngoài ra, các bạn có thể tham khảo: Academic Writing Practice for Ielts (Sam Mc Carter), A Solution to score 8.0….
III. Tip phòng thi:
#1: Lập dàn ý trước khi bắt tay vào viết:
Việc lập dàn ý sẽ giúp bạn định hướng bài viết của mình, tránh viết lan man, dàn trải, ko rõ ý. Các bạn có thể lập dàn ý trong đầu hoặc viết note! Thời gian lập dàn ý cho mỗi task ko quá 3’ nhé!
#2: Chú ý chính tả, ngữ pháp trong khi viết:
Đừng để mất điểm vì những lỗi sai không đáng nhé!
#3: Không dành nhiều thời gian cho Introduction:
Nên nhớ 1 Introduction “thần thánh” không đảm bảo các bạn được điểm cao đâu. Thay vào đó, với Task 1 – cố gắng viết 1 Overview tóm tắt những thông tin nổi bật nhất, 2 đoạn Body ko liệt kê mà tập trung vào so sánh, xu hướng chính, số liệu…; với Task 2: 2 đoạn Body cần mạch lạc, luận cứ mở rộng, đi sâu hơn từ luận điểm, ví dụ phải cụ thể và “support” trực tiếp cho luận cứ.
D. Kĩ năng nói – Speaking:
I. Tip luyện thi:
#1. Học phát âm trước khi luyện nói:
Các bạn nên học phát âm từng âm một (âm đơn, âm đôi phát âm như nào, khẩu hình ra sao, ghép vào từng từ như thế nào…). Các bạn dành thời gian mỗi ngày luyện phát âm 2-3 âm thật nhuần nhuyễn, kết hợp cả luyện âm (chú ý cả Stress các bạn nhé) và luyện nghe. Chỉ sau khoảng 1 tháng đều đẵn, các bạn sẽ thấy mình thay đổi rõ rệt. Tiếp đến các bạn hãy luyện nói theo ngữ điệu, học Chunking, Shadowing…
#2: Ôn thật kĩ bộ đề dự đoán:
Dù cho thời gian ôn luyện có gấp gáp đến đâu, các bạn hãy cố gắng ôn hết bộ đề dự đoán, ít nhất mỗi chủ đề Part 1, 2 nên tập trả lời 1-2 lần. Đặc biệt với những chủ đề là lạ thì hãy chuẩn bị vocab sẵn. Đừng để đến lúc vào phòng thi là “tim đập chân run” vì “chưa nghe thấy chủ đề này bao giờ luôn” nhé!
=> BÍ QUYẾT CỦA SỰ TỰ TIN LÀ CHUẨN BỊ THẬT TỐT
#3: Tập trung vào sự trôi chảy:
Luôn luôn nhớ rằng, giám khảo chấm “how you speak” chứ ko phải “what you speak”. Và để nói thật sự trôi chảy, các bạn cần luyện tập phản xạ, dẫn dắt những chủ để mình không biết về những chủ đề mình “có thể chém được”.
Trong part 1, các bạn nên học 1 số idea để có thể trả lời cho nhiều đề nhất.
Ví dụ:
? tại sao nó cần thiết/quan trọng => giúp tôi thư giãn/ kết bạn/ gia tăng hiểu biết….
? có thích ….ko? => ko bởi vì ko có tiền/ ko có thời gian/ thay vào đó thích cái khác…..
#4 : Ôn Part 2 hiệu quả :
Các bạn nên nhóm các đề giống giống nhau hoặc chia theo 5 chủ đề chính:
1. Describe a person.
2. Describe a place
3. Describe an object
4. Describe an activity/event/experience
5. Others
Hãy chuẩn bị 1 dàn bài chi tiết cho mỗi nhóm chủ để trên.
a. Ý tưởng: cái này nên lấy từ chính trải nghiệm của bản thân các bạn, hoặc tham khảo từ những nguồn script mẫu như sách của thầy Mat Clark hoặc nhờ cậy “ông chú Google”.
b. Từ vựng: Từ vựng thì gom nhặt từ bài mẫu hoặc trau dồi thêm từ 3 kĩ năng còn lại, đặc biệt là Writing nhé.
c. Ngữ pháp: Các bạn tìm đọc cuốn 31 High-scoring để có 1 cái nhìn khái quát về cách ăn điểm ngữ pháp cho 1 bài nói. Hoặc cố gắng “input” các cấu trúc như bị động, mệnh đề quan hệ, ...
II. Tip phòng thi:
#1: Hãy nói thật tự nhiên:
Đừng cố gắng nhồi nhét idiom hay từ khó mà hãy cố gắng sử dụng các cụm từ tự nhiên mà người bản xứ hay dùng.
Các trang Youtube các bạn nên subcribe:
Ieltsdragon
English Speaking Success
Accurate English
Một cách khá hay để luyện nói đó là ghi âm và nghe lại. Lần 1 bạn sẽ nói rất đơn giản và mắc nhiều lỗi, hãy nghe lại và bắt đầu sửa dần những lỗi bạn mắc, kèm theo triển khai thêm vocab. Cứ liên tục như vậy chắc chắn bạn sẽ tiến bộ.
#2: Phát âm rõ ràng, tốc độ vừa phải
#3: Topic Vocab, Collocation, Paraphrase
Chú ý dùng nhiều topic vocab, collocation và tránh lặp từ. Luyện tập Paraphrase câu hỏi nữa nhé!
#4: Bình tĩnh và phải thật bình tĩnh:
Hãy coi giám khảo như 1 người bạn để nói chuyện và trao đổi, đừng lo lắng quá. Chúng ta sẽ không thể trả lời tốt nếu như run bần bật đúng ko nào. Hãy tập nói chuyện với mình trong gương hoặc quay video nếu cần nhé!
Còn rất nhiều điều mình muốn chia sẻ thêm với các bạn, các bạn hãy follow hoặc kết bạn với mình nhé! Và nếu có thắc mắc gì đừng ngần ngại inbox cho mình nha! Chúc tất cả các bạn đạt được mức điểm IELTS như ý!
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同時也有15部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過142的網紅Shawniez,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Today's vlog is a little more serious (nervous for me), thought I'd bring you on this journey of my FIRST DAY OF TEACHING! 1 teaching practice down, 8...
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How long does it take to reach C1 (advanced) in a language you're learning? 💭
🤔Someone asked this on Twitter today and it got me thinking. I wonder why questions like these are so common. It's good to have a broad understanding of how long it might take, but there are way too many factors at play, making it impossible to have a single answer to this question.
📚If you're fluent in Dutch and learning Afrikaans, it might take you a few months or years, depending on the time you put in to learn and practice, to become fluent. The two languages are that similar.
🤠But if you're a native French speaker learning Korean, for instance, the two languages are very different in terms of grammar, pronunciation, sentence structure and even writing system. It would require hours and hours more effort than the above example.
🗻In another instance, 2 native English speakers could both start learning Japanese. Person A spends hours weekly studying, getting speaking practice in, listening and getting immersion down, and works hard. They could reach N3 (intermediate) level in a year and a half if they put in a ton of effort and if Japanese is all they focus on. Person B might even live in Japan, but if they don't put in the work and just rely on some weekly classes and barely do their homework, they might never even reach N5 (beginner) despite living in Japan. 🤔
As you can see, it's really impossible to ask these questions and have a cookie-cutter answer for each person and each language. Let's rather put time in to be immersed in languages rather than get stressed about how long the process might take. What do you all think? 💖🥳
how to practice english writing 在 當張仲景遇上史丹佛 Facebook 的精選貼文
TCM Treatments of COVID-19
Written in Chinese by Dr. Andy Lee, March 7, 2020 (http://andylee.pro/wp/?p=7660)
Translated to English by Dr. James Yeh, March 13, 2020
I published an essay “From SARS to Novel Coronavirus” in Chinese on January 21, 2020 (http://andylee.pro/wp/?p=7169). At that time, I tried to discuss possible Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatments of Novel Coronavirus based on my clinical experience of treating many severe cases of pneumonia caused by various influenza and other diseases. Since then, I have directly and indirectly participated in treating patients of Novel Coronavirus successfully, had discussions with many doctors fighting the epidemic at the front line and many researchers conducting related researches, and read many reports on this subject. Although the “Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia” has been renamed to “COVID-19” (coronavirus disease 2019) and the name of the virus has officially named from “2019-nCoV” to “SARS-CoV-2”, I now firmly believe that my original judgment, views, and interpretations are correct. For the sake of easiness for people to read and share, in this essay, I am reorganizing my previous discussions and including some explanations on certain confusions as well.
First, there are numerous provinces and cities in China using TCM to fight the “COVID-19” (I will use the term “Coronavirus” from now on.) No matter whether the treatments were primarily using TCM or the combination of TCM and the methods of Western medicine, there have been a significant amount of positive outcomes. On the other hand, the views of how to use TCM to treat and the use of corresponding herbal formulas vary quite a bit. Even when TCM remedies were effective, why did some patients fully recover and were discharged from the hospitals but other patients still could not get the virus-free “negative confirmation” from virus DNA tests?
Many TCM doctors participating in the treatments and discussions often look at the Coronavirus issue from a single “Point” or the condition of the patient at that specific moment. Some interpreted the disease as “Dampness” (濕), “Dryness” (燥), “Cold” (寒), or “Heat” (熱). (Translator’s note: These interpretations are often the opposite ends of the spectra, like Dampness is opposite to Dryness; and Cold is opposite to Heat.) From the clinical practice point of view, those treatments based on such conflicting interpretations all had positive effects to some degrees. Then, which interpretation is the “correct one”? In fact, those simple interpretations all have some merits but don’t fully cover the subject in hand. Although TCM is based on “Dialectical Treatment” (辯證論治), i.e. treatment is derived from “observation and diagnosis” of patients’ complex symptoms, the most important thing is that disease shouldn’t be viewed as an isolated problem at a specific time, but the whole development of symptoms along a timeline. Not only we need to observe and diagnose the current ailment but also we have to understand the development history of the disease and to project how the disease will develop in the future. For a single patient, we might be able to focus on the clinical results of this patient. But for epidemics, we have to look at a bigger picture and take into account how this Coronavirus develops health issues inside the human body from TCM’s perspective. And, in clinical treatments, we also need to consider many variants caused by each patient’s preconditions and one’s strength to fight off the disease.
From my experience of curing many patients who were inflicted with flu-induced pneumonia and complications, and the recent participation in treating and curing Coronavirus patients, it is proper to summarize that no matter whether the virus is Coronavirus, bird flu, swine flu, or the “common” flu, we found that the bodily deterioration caused by the virus, in general, follows the description from the TCM theory first covered in the ancient literature “Treatise on Cold Damage on Miscellaneous Disease ” (傷寒雜病論). However, the progressions of the disease from such special viruses are much faster, more severe, and/or more persistent than that of the common flu. Patients’ own original “health” condition also complicates the progression. (Translator’s note: For example, the infliction rate of young children is much smaller than that of adults for Coronavirus.)
As I explained before, the TCM theory discussed that for the common flu or “catching a cold”, the disease starts with “Exterior Deficiency or Weakness” (表虛). That is, the “exterior” of the body is invaded by the “External Pathogen” (外邪), like virus, and has adverse reactions. (Translator’s note: Here the exterior doesn’t mean just the outside surface of the body like the skin, but all the surfaces topologically exposed to the outside like lining of throat, nose, and bronchus of the body.) This is the first stage of the whole episode and often can be effectively treated with the herbal prescriptions such as “Gui Zhi Tang” (桂枝湯). If the patient is not properly treated, the body fluids within the surface and muscles could not function properly. It will cause the transition to the next stage “Exterior Excess” (表實). (Translator’s note: The word Excess has various meanings: excessive reactions all the way to neoplasm, excessive wasteful things, etc.) Viral infection at this stage is matched to one of the several syndromes named with the corresponding herbal remedies such as “Ge Geng Tang” (葛根湯), “Ma Huang Tang” (麻黃湯證), and others. The TCM theory calls this stage “Exterior Coldness” (表寒). In history, many TCM doctors considered this stage as the body being hurt by outside coldness (傷於寒) or in plain words “Catching Cold”. However, that is a misunderstanding. While outside coldness is one of the causes leading to the stage “Exterior Coldness”, it is not the only cause. When the body fluids could not function properly, the normal body fluids which had proper fluidity to circulate and to fulfill vital functions (活水) became a pot of “Dead Water” (死水), i.e. wasteful water which can’t fulfill vital functions. In other words, the ancient literature “Treatise on Cold Damage on Miscellaneous Disease” (傷寒雜病論) is much beyond the simple interpretation of how to treat the ailment caused by “cold damage”, but a classical literature of explaining both the physiology and pathology of human body functions.
Normally, the ailment or symptoms of the common flu would be limited at this stage of “Exterior Coldness”. Even without any treatment, the human body often could fight off the virus with an immune response and fully recover. But when the effects of Exterior Coldness started to penetrate into the interior of the body, the first common organs to be affected will be the organs that have a short path to the outside. (Translator’s note: Topologically, trachea and lung are only a membrane distance away from the outside air.) Then the Exterior Coldness gets transformed into the next stages such as “Interior Coldness” (裡寒) and “Lung Coldness” (肺寒). (Translator’s note: Here “Lung” means the whole respiratory system, not only the lung organ.) Clinically, the patients start to show symptoms of the syndrome named after its herbal remedy “Xiao Qing Long Tang” (小青龍湯). At this stage, the patients have serious coughing and running nose. When the respiratory system is “affected by the coldness”, the body fluid function of the respiratory system gets affected. Just like when the cooling system of a car malfunctions, the engine would overheat. The circulation function of the lung becomes “Dry and Overheated” (燥热). This would lead to the next stage of “Heated Interior” (入裡化熱) and often be matched to its herbal remedy “Da Qing Long Tang” (大青龍湯). At this stage, it does not mean that the whole lung is “dry and heated”. In fact, many pneumonia patients exhibit “mixed coldness and heat” (寒熱夾雜) in the lung. For example, while the upper part of the lung is “dry and heated”, the lower part of the lung might suffer excessive mucus of a high density. Pleural effusion and hydronephrosis might start to develop quickly.
Such a complex situation was extensively discussed in Chapter 7 of the ancient literature “Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber” (金匱要略肺痿肺癰咳嗽上氣病脈證治第七篇). At this complex stage, the illness development varies significantly among patients of different preconditions and other variants. It is no longer the situation that a simple herbal remedy can be applied to all the situations. The TCM theory illustrates various treatments by those herbal remedies such as “She Gan Ma Hung Tang” (射干麻黃湯), “Ting Li Da Zao Xie Fei Tang” (葶藶大棗瀉肺湯), ”Ze Qi Tang” (澤漆湯), “Xiao Qing Long Jia Shi Gao Tang” (小青龍加石膏湯), and others. It doesn’t mean that one of the herbal remedies should be selected to treat a patient directly. Instead, the TCM Theory used these herbal remedies to teach its practitioners how to “think” and create a proper herbal remedy based on the conditions of a specific patient.
For example, the Coronavirus has quite a puzzling situation that many Western medicine doctors haven’t yet fully understood. Some severely affected patients exhibited fibrosis of the lung like the SARS phenomenon. Other severely affected patients did not have SARS-like lung fibrosis but had massive liquid cumulated in the lung, which even “drown” some patients to death. From the TCM point of view, it is not strange at all. Fibrosis of the lung is the typical following stage of Heated Interior matching to “Da Qing Long Tang” (大青龍湯). It was named as “Lung Atrophy” (肺痿) in the TCM theory. And the situation that one suffers from massive dense liquid accumulation is matched to symptoms of severe development after the stages matched to “She Gan Ma Hung Tang”( 射干麻黃湯) , “Ting Li Da Zao Xie Fei Tang” (葶藶大棗瀉肺湯), and others as discussed earlier. The TCM theory called it “Lung Abscess” (肺癰). In the TCM theory, Lung Atrophy and Lung Abscess are two progression paths of this virus depending on which path develops faster or even simultaneously. From the past and current reports, SARS virus tilts toward the path of Lung Atrophy, while the Coronavirus tilts a little more toward Lung Abscess.
The above explained the progression of flu and other epidemic virus infections. Now you might understand how different TCM doctors had different views or treatment methods, but all of the treatments had some partially positive effects. If a TCM doctor’s diagnosis at one particular moment was slight hotness of the lung, some mild herbs to “clean up the heat” (清熱解毒輕劑), often used by the “Southern School” doctrine (溫病派), might relieve the patient’s symptoms. But if a TCM doctor’s diagnosis at a different point of the progression was massive mucus accumulation, heavy dosage of strong herbs, often used by the “Northern or Classic School” doctrine (經方派) might be needed to treat Lung Abscess (肺癰). That is why we saw some reports that the “Pneumonia Formula One” (肺炎一號) used in Guangzhou city, which was based on mild herbs to reducing the “heat”, had some positive effects in Guangzhou but not so effective in Shanghai. In Shanghai, many TCM doctors had to switch to stronger herbal ingredient often found in “Da Qing Long Tang” (大青龍湯) and “She Gan Ma Hung Tang”( 射干麻黃湯) as discussed earlier. This was due to different weather patterns and different patients, i.e. different progression paths described in the previous paragraphs. In other words, from the specific moment of the doctor’s diagnosis, both views were correct. But neither of them grasped the progression timeline of this severe illness.
Another point raised earlier was why did some patients fully recover while others did not? According to the information given by the doctors on the front line, there were so-called “Western medicine and TCM combined treatments” in which Western medicine drugs were continuously given to the patients and TCM herbs were used as supplements. When adding TCM herbs had a positive effect and made a speedier recovery, it was all goodness. But when adding TCM herbs did not have positive results, then what? According to the doctors on the front line, the medical team did not really think through the stages of disease progression as discussed earlier and switch to different TCM remedies, but only increased the dosage of Western medicine drugs such as Interferon (干擾素), Chloroquine phosphate (磷酸氯喹) used to treat malaria (抗瘧疾藥物), Arbidol (阿比多爾) used to treat influenza (抗流感藥物), and others. Heavy dosages of such drugs had severe side effects and sequelae. In those “combined” treatments, the medical teams didn’t have enough TCM expertise to make sound decisions on herbal remedies. Instead, they simply used TCM herbs as “extra help”.
How about treatments primarily with TCM remedies? The chief Western medicine expert who leads the fight against the Coronavirus, Dr. Nanshan Zhong, admitted under political pressure that TCM was useful against light or even medium threat situations of Coronavirus but insisted that TCM could not cure severe cases. His statement was based on his belief that there is no ingredient in TCM herbs that could kill Coronavirus. I am sorry to say that Dr. Zhong is incorrect in this aspect. With solid patient cases as proof, TCM can actually cure severe cases of Coronavirus infection and other flu-related infections. When it did not, it is the particular TCM doctors who had not mastered the whole theory and methodology of TCM. But one thing that Dr. Zhong said correctly was that no ingredient in TCM herbs can “kill” the virus. However, the TCM treatment isn’t based on the ability to kill the virus. (Translator’s note: Western medicine drugs could not kill the virus either.) Many people still have the level of limited understanding that TCM can only improve the immunization ability or some herbs such as the root of Isatis tinctoria (板藍根) has some natural antibiotic chemicals. Such understanding is unfortunately poor and very limited. Although modern medical science still could not fully comprehend TCM theory and its clinical outcome, against Coronavirus, the better explanation is that TCM remedies can “improve the internal environment of the human body”. (Translator’s note: So that the patient would not fall into the adverse conditions that the organs fail to function.) In plain words, when the virus causes more mucus, TCM remedies reduce the mucus. When the virus causes fibrosis, TCM remedies reduce the “heat level” of the lung. TCM remedies tend to push the body and organs back to the original healthy states. Once the environment is unfriendly for the virus to keep replicating, the patients will have higher chances to eradicate the virus by themselves and recover. One can probably say that this explanation and method is similar to the idea of using Western medicine Interferon but without severe side effects. That is, TCM can cure not because it has the ability to “kill” virus by some ingredients but to help to restore patients’ “internal environment” to healthier conditions that prevent the virus from replicating quickly. (Translator’s note: If one buys the same argument made by Dr. Zhong that a medication needs to have ingredients to kill the Coronavirus, then all the medications used today would not qualify. Then do we give up? In fact, why TCM was not selected to treat severe cases was because those stronger and less commonly used herbs were not applied properly or the TCM doctors at hand had less confidence for doing so. )
Now, we can go back to discuss how clinically TCM can treat and cure Coronavirus patients. For light to mild cases, most of the different TCM treatment methodologies could help. For medium to severe cases, as I discussed in my previous essay, we need to utilize the strength of certain herbs:
- Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏): To reduce heat inside the lung (清肺熱) and enhance the liquid circulation in the respiratory system (加強肺津液運作)
- She Gan (Belamcanda chinensis, 射干)、Zi Wan (Aster tataricus, 紫菀) 、Kuan Dong Hua (Tussilago farfara flower, 款冬花)、Sheng Ban Xia (Pinellia ternate, 生半夏)、Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶)、Da Ji (Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., 大戟), etc.: To reduce accumulation of excessive mucus and wasteful fluids inside the respiratory system (去肺下方濃稠痰飲、肺積水、胸腔積液等)
- Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica Stapf., 麻黃), etc.: To enhance the lung function (宣肺、發陽)
- Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicas, 麥門冬)、Xing Ren (Prunus armeniaca, 杏仁): To moisturize the lung (潤肺)
That is, we need to combine the theory and targeted responses of the various herbal remedies such as “Da Qing Long Tang” (大青龍湯), “She Gan Ma Hung Tang” (射干麻黃湯) , “Ting Li Da Zao Xie Fei Tang” (葶藶大棗瀉肺湯), ”Ze Qi Tang” (澤漆湯)“, etc. as discussed earlier, and properly adjust the dosages and ratios of ingredients to fit the requirements of individual patients based on their conditions. In addition, if the patients have other ailments, those conditions need to be taken into account also, such as:
- For “Coldness and Wetness of the Middle and Lower Abdomen“ (中下焦寒濕) or “Deficient Kidney Function” (腎陽不足): Add Bao Fu Zi (processed Aconitum carmichaelii Debx root, 炮附子)、Xi Xin (Asarum sieboldii, 細辛), etc.
- When the liver function is weak or damaged by heavy dosages of Western medicine drugs such as interferon: Add Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix, 柴胡)、Huang Qin (Scutellaria baicalnsis Geprgi root, 黃芩), etc.
There is no question that it is very challenging to fight off the Coronavirus. The clinical treatments will seriously test TCM doctors’ thorough understanding of TCM and their ability and courage to call the right shots under a great amount of pressure. On the other hand, it is also a good time to prove that TCM can be effectively used to fight various viruses in a superb and speedy fashion with little sequelae and at a much lower cost.
For fighting such a new and aggressive virus epidemic, there is no single TCM herbal formula that can treat all situations. One must have deep knowledge of the stages of the disease, along with close examinations on patients’ preconditions, so one can use the most effective prescription to intercept and turn the symptoms around. On the other hand, many provinces and cities in China provided TCM guidelines on Coronavirus treatments and pre-fixed herbal formulas to address people’s demands on a herbal remedy for “common usage”. Among them, I found the current recommendation from the Chinese National TCM Administration the most appropriate for a good percentage of Coronavirus patients. The herbal remedy was recently named as “Qing Fei Pai Du Tang” (清肺排毒湯), which could probably be translated to “clean up the lung and get rid of the toxic”. In line with the discussion above, this specific herbal formula includes Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica Stapf., 麻黃), Zhi Gan Cao (processed Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., 炙甘草)、Xing Ren (Prunus armeniaca, 杏仁)、Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏)、Gui Zhi (Ramulus Cinnamom, 桂枝)、Ze Xie (Alisma orientalis, 澤瀉)、Zhu Ling (Polyporus umbellatus, 豬苓)、Bai Zhu (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., 白朮)、Fu Ling (Poria, 茯苓)、Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix, 柴胡)、Huang Qin (Scutellaria baicalnsis Geprgi root, 黃芩)、Jiang Ban Xia (Pinellia ternate, 薑半夏)、Sheng Jiang (Ginger, 生薑)、Zi Wan (Aster tataricus, 紫菀)、Kuan Dong Hua (Tussilago farfara flower, 款冬花)、She Gan (Belamcanda chinensis, 射干)、Xi Xin (Asarum sieboldii, 細辛)、Shan Yao (Dioscorea oppositifolia, 山药)、Zhi Shi (Citrus aurantium, 枳實)、Chen Pi (Citrus reticulata Blanco, 陳皮)、and Huo Xiang (Pogostemon cabin, 藿香). Since such an herbal remedy was designed for “common usage”, it has to consider all degrees of disease severity. Therefore, the dosages can’t be too heavy, as the majority of the patient cases are light to mild. As the result, “Da Qing Long Tang” (大青龍湯) discussed earlier became a lighter herbal formula named as “Ma Xing Gan Shi Tang” (麻杏甘石湯). The stronger herbal ingredients such as Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶) and Da Ji (Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., 大戟) to treat pleural effusion and hydronephrosis are not included. Hence, for severe cases, the herbal remedy from the Chinese National TCM Administration needs to be enhanced with additional ingredients and larger dosages.
In summary, as long as the TCM doctors have sufficient knowledge and clinical experience, by applying the proper methodology, TCM alone is capable of dealing with severe Coronavirus infections. (Translator’s note: There is much to do to develop a comprehensive diagnostic and treatment methodology which can help many TCM doctors to pinpoint the patient’s condition and stages of the infection to make the proper decision, especially when fully qualified TCM doctors are of short supply.) At this moment, there is no “special drug” in Western medicine to cure Coronavirus, but to resort to cortisone, antibiotics, interferon, anti-malaria, anti-flu drugs to maintain the lives of patients and passively wait and hope that the patients’ bodies can find their own way to turn the situation around. Even then, the Western medicine drugs mentioned above all potentially have significant side effects and sequelae. Patients with severe cases might be able to get out of the deathbed but most likely live with some permanent damages to the body. Dr. Zhong, China’s chief Western medicine expert on the Coronavirus epidemic, also warned that the current path of developing the “special drug” would most likely lead to severe sequelae to the patients. Given that is the case, why don’t we put much more effort to fully develop the TCM treatment of viral infection, not just for Coronavirus but also for future viruses which will bound to happen in the future?
(Translator’s note: As China is getting good control of the virus spread and gradually recovers from this epidemic, the knowledge learned will be invaluable to the rest of the world. Europe and the United States are on the exponential rise of new cases as of the writing on 3/14/2020. Various models predict that in the US alone Coronavirus infections can reach millions, as discussed in the Opinion Column of New York Times, “How Much Worse the Coronavirus Could Get, in Charts” by Nicholas Kristof and Stuart A. Thompson, March 13, 2020. China should continue to put efforts to develop TCM diagnostic and treatment methodology so that millions of people in the rest of the world can be helped and saved. TCM is not just for science, it is for humanity.)
(http://andylee.pro/wp/?p=7729)
#當張仲景遇上史丹佛
how to practice english writing 在 Shawniez Youtube 的最佳解答
Today's vlog is a little more serious (nervous for me), thought I'd bring you on this journey of my FIRST DAY OF TEACHING! 1 teaching practice down, 8 more to go haha.
Year 2, Sem 2, Week 5, Day 1.5 (not a mistake, its really one point five)
"Counting my days and making it count. These are days that I'll never be able to get back. It isn't the easiest and the kind of days that I would say 'memorable', but it's what I got. Maybe sometimes, we just gotta make the most out of what we have."
? Hi there! If you're new here, welcome!! I'm Shawn, a 2nd Year English and Media student at Swansea University, Wales! I'm studying remotely from home, Malaysia which explains the weird hours for all my uni vlogs. If you're from Swansea University too, drop a hello down below! And for all the CELTA peeps out there, hang in there! They say the struggle is worth it, I'm not there yet so I can't say that to you...
Not my links but if you're interested,
How to write a Lesson Plan: https://cambridgecelta.org/2016/04/06/celta_planning/
Stage plan template: https://en.islcollective.com/english-esl-worksheets/skill/writing/celta-course-above-standard-lesson-plan/837
Timestamps:
0:00 - 1:02 Intro
1:03 - 1:53 Preparation before Teaching Practice
1:54 - 2:32 What Supervisors will tell you before Teaching
2:33 - 3:00 Preparation before the Class
3:01 - 3:27 My Stage Plan
3:28 - 3:54 My Runsheet / Teaching Slides
3:55 - 4:52 The Calm before the Storm
4:53 - 6:33 The TP Session Starts & My Multiple Countdowns.
6:35 - 6:48 Snippet of my teaching
7:10 - 7:47 Short feedback for my part!
7:49 - 9:04 Wrap & Conclusion.
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/VGMVGpzV7Y0/hqdefault.jpg)
how to practice english writing 在 Lindie Botes Youtube 的精選貼文
A highly requested video - a results reveal! Stay tuned as I tell you which level I got despite planning for another level, and how I honed in certain skills to work on so that I could pass the TOPIK 2 exam on my first try.
? Here's the textbook I used https://geni.us/TOPIK2prep
TL;DR: Blog post about how I passed TOPIK https://lindiebotes.com/2020/08/24/how-i-passed-the-korean-topik-2-exam-on-my-first-try-with-results-reveal/
? More TOPIK related videos:
How I study Korean grammar for TOPIK https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XM-0jlPj8RY&vl=hi
Study with me - TOPIK writing practice https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0jvG-poJPY
How I study vocabulary & make a study schedule https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2p8DhcnMDk
Useful tips for taking the TOPIK + how it went https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RV1FJuMVGwg
Get $10 italki credits free after you book your first lesson → Sign up here! https://go.italki.com/LindieBotes
Timestamps
00:00 Results reveal day 결과 나온 날
00:40 Do results even mean anything?
01:55 Still a long way to go
02:25 TEXTBOOK RECOMMENDATION
03:10 My study methods
03:50 Improving my writing
04:20 My tutor on italki
05:14 Longer essay writing
05:33 OVERALL TIPS FOR TOPIK
06:18 How often I had lessons
06:47 ENGLISH SUMMARY
This video is not sponsored, I'm just a big fan of italki :D
✨Thanks for all the support and encouragement during the studying process - and congratulations to everyone who took the TOPIK!
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Welcome to my channel! My name is Lindie and I share my love for languages through my polyglot progress and language learning tips here. South African by birth, I spent most of my life in France, Pakistan, the UAE and Japan. Now I work as a UI/UX designer in Singapore. I'm a Christian and strive to shine God’s light in all I do. May this channel inspire you to reach your language goals!
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Korean Grammar in Use Intermediate → https://geni.us/KoreanGrammarUse
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how to practice english writing 在 Lindie Botes Youtube 的最佳解答
One of my goals for 2020 is to improve my French and I’m so grateful I have my friend Ally who is helping me progress. In this video we talk about the three ways I learn French curretly (without textbooks). The methods are for upper intermediate/advanced learners, so they might not work if you are a beginner.
My amazing friend Ally has an inspirational study instagram account at @ari_noyume !
How I currently learn French:
Weekly French conversations
Dictations
Diary writing practice
Everyone’s way of learning is different but I know this was a requested video, so I hope it’s helpful to see how I do it at the moment.
Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
00:24 My current French level
01:38 My French sucks & we are suffering
02:38 THE GOAL
04:18 Method 1 is Conversation
05:22 Method 2 is Dictation
06:22 Doing a dictation
07:18 Translating to English
08:23 Method 3 is Writing
09:37 Qualms with online tutors
11:04 End
11:29 BLOOPER REEL
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✨GOODIES
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10% off Du Chinese (my favorite app!) enter LINDIE10 at checkout → https://www.duchinese.net/
All discounts → http://lindiebotes.com/discounts
All language resources → https://lindiebotes.com/language-resources/
Merch → https://society6.com/lindiebotes
?ABOUT
Welcome to my channel! My name is Lindie and I share my love for languages through my polyglot progress and language learning tips here. South African by birth, I spent most of my life in France, Pakistan, the UAE and Japan. Now I work as a UI/UX designer in Singapore. I'm a Christian and strive to shine God’s light in all I do. May this channel inspire you to reach your language goals!
New here? Best videos → https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRCVN94KILKXGx45JKaVBSpPkrpXhrhRe
FAQ → https://lindiebotes.com/faq/
?BOOKS I USE
Practical Chinese Grammar → https://geni.us/PracticalChineseGram
Japanese for Busy People on Amazon → https://geni.us/JapaneseForBusy1
Advanced Japanese for Busy People → https://geni.us/JapaneseForBusy3
Korean Grammar in Use Intermediate → https://geni.us/KoreanGrammarUse
Korean TOPIK exam prep → https://geni.us/TOPIK2prep
Short Stories in Spanish → https://geni.us/spanishshortstories
?EQUIPMENT
Camera → https://geni.us/CanonPowerShotG7
Mic → https://geni.us/RodeSmartLavMicr
Tripod → https://geni.us/ManfrottoTravel
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Some links are affiliate links, and a percentage goes towards supporting my channel.
Collabs & partnerships: hello@lindiebotes.com
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