📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth
✍️ 田少谷 Shao
📥 歡迎投稿: https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Outline
0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion
0. Intro
The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥
While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.
Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅
Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊
If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏
There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!
1. Uniswap & AMM recap
Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.
Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.
Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:
AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.
In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP
¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity
² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative
³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage
2. Tick
The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.
For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp
By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:
The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.
Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.
Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.
With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯
So, how is the price range of a tick decided?
This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.
The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.
Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.
However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.
This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.
As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.
For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.
p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001
See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?
Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052
But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?
Price range: max & min
To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.
24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:
1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341
1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943
I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌
⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.
How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?
Tick index from price
The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:
Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php
Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.
Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm
Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!
⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.
3. Concentrated liquidity
Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.
Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.
As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!
Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂
Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].
If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.
The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.
However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).
We can observe the following two points from the above example:
Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.
√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.
What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!
Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵
⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.
4. Range orders: reversible limit orders
As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:
current price < the targeted price range
current price > the targeted price range
current price belongs to the targeted price range
The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.
The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).
There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!
In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.
Range orders
To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.
The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.
For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.
With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!
Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).
The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.
The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.
If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.
Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.
What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].
This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.
…wut? 🤔
Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!
What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.
The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.
To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:
Only one token is required for range orders.
Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯
I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.
⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.
Reversible limit orders
As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.
We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].
Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.
The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.
As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:
When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸
When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸
A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!
⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.
5. Impacts of v3
Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:
Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.
The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.
LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏
In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.
After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔
Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!
6. Conclusion
That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂
There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅
If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!
Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟
Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
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i hope you find this information helpful 在 Chanwon Sweetie♥ Facebook 的最佳解答
#ChanwonTips on how to buy the correct mask in Japan 🇯🇵 In the previous article, everyone has a lot of questions about whether how to choose the correct mask to wear as some of you guys accidentally bought the wrong mask type which is specially made for pollen allergy people or some is just the normal and common beauty mask.
So in this post, I’m going to share more info other than ‘just get the 3ply mask’. Since I have been travel to Japan quite frequently for the past few years, I decided to share this info with you guys so you won’t bought the wrongly and it’s important to wear this during your flight in this period of time. There are many masks often sold in drugstores. Each for diff occasions and since N95 is too difficult to buy / for medical use, we should just get the right mask that help to prevent and resist the viruses.
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【我與可惡麥克風的故事】(English writing below)
我的 Blue Yeti 麥克風只用來錄一年的有聲書就掛了,而且是死在錄音要開始時。
我先生到百勝樓的Swee Lee詢問時,也既是我們買那麥克風的店,店員說類似這樣的話:「哦,你用了差不多兩年了,也是時候了。」
這是什麼話啊?不會吧???
把麥克風送回美國維修不划算。我也不確定是否要再花$210買回同一個可能比我還早死的麥克風。
於是,我花了很多個晚上來讀網路評價和觀看Youtube影片。坦白說,做後製時,我是聽得出Blue Yeti 錄音很多不足的地方。唯有搭配Voicemeeter Banana這音響軟件一起錄音,音質才會好很多。但這軟件只能使用在Windows. 我也花了很多個夜晚才搜索到這方法。
這些陌生的科技對我這門外漢而言真的很累人。我不是只是個風水師嗎?怎麼在看這些器材的資料呢?
但為了能把師尊的有聲書做的更好,我還是一頭栽進去這令人匪夷所思的音響器材世界裡。堂堂一個資訊科技的碩士生,我先生卻完全無法幫上忙。都說了嘛,現在做女人不容易呀!
長話短說,後來我向 Sennheiser 買了個Neumann TLM102 的麥克風。今天,我購買了一台 Universal Audio Apollo Twin Duo Core。這些器材其實應該在四月時就買,但當時太忙而且舉棋不定,而最近器材的價錢都掉了幾百塊。
當初考慮了很多不同價格的麥格風和音頻接口。你知道的,只要一開始閱讀亞馬遜的網路評價和觀看Youtube影片時,就如同走進一間超大的糖果店,而裡頭的一塊巧克力可能就是自己一個星期的薪資,甚至一整個月的血......汗錢,
Sinamex員工的產品知識非常的好,人也很主動熱心。他示範了各品牌的音頻接口如 Apogee DUO, Audient and of course, Universal Audio。其實還沒踏進店裡時,我就已想買Universal Audio這品牌了。聽過店員的解說後,更慶幸沒有在網路上買Focusrite or Apogee。
據員工說,這 Universal Audio Apollo Twin 也是新加坡音樂創作者們 Dick Lee、 林俊傑、Jonathan Koh 許偉強和 Sydney Tan (2019年國慶慶典的音樂總監)。#六度分隔理論 #又與俊傑拉近一度
希望回到家後能夠學會如何操作這非同凡響的器材。我還需要到蘋果買個Thunderbolt電纜。這器材也適合用在Windows的電腦。
感謝師父做這次器材更新的大財主。
我有多次差一點又買回Blue Yeti,因為覺得這些科技太難懂,太麻煩了。但老娘怎麼說也是個新加坡人,怕輸怕死的血液在我身體流著,怎可能笨到同樣的錯誤犯兩次。😁
改變有時真的滿痛苦的,尤其是要花錢、花時間和花精神時,而偏偏這些資糧都不夠。說自己害怕改變,比說自己太驕傲太懶惰不要改變,來得好聽,因為前者能贏來同情,而後者則是輸給了命運。我們新加坡能夠有今天,絕對不是因為我們的建國一代一成不變,而是我們都願意去進步、去爭取、去拼搏、去吃苦。
這個國慶日,讓我們都不要忘記這股勇於嘗試和承擔的精神。新加坡,生日快樂,我以您為榮!謝謝您給予我和我家人的一切!🎉
......................
My Blue Yeti died after one year of weekly usage for audiobook recording, and it died just when our recording session was about to begin.
The Husband asked Swee Lee @ Bras Basah about it. That was where we bought the USB mic. The store staff said something like: “Oh you used for about two years. It’s about there already.”
I was like “what the duck”...
Sending the mic back to USA for repair doesn’t make financial sense. And I’m not sure I want to burn another $210 on a metal mic that is going to die before me.
So I spent nights reading online reviews and watching YouTube videos. To be honest, I hear a lot of inadequacies in the Blue Yeti recording. It only sounds better when I use it with Voicemeeter Banana, an audio application software that can only be used for Windows. Even that took me nights of Googling to find this solution.
It was exhausting. Thought I’m just a Feng Shui practitioner...why am I looking at mics and audio interfaces?
But for the sake of my Grandmaster’s audiobooks, I threw myself head first into this whole alien world of audio tech. The Husband, with a MASTERS in Information Technology, was of ZERO help. #toughbeingawomannowadays
Long story short, I bought a Neumann TLM102 from Sennheniser SG and today I purchased an Universal Audio Apollo Twin Duo Core. I was lucky because I should have bought all these in April, when my mic died but I was so busy with work and couldn’t decide what was most suitable. Then the prices went down by a couple of hundreds.
There were many mics and audio interfaces I was considering. You know how it’s like when you start reading Amazon reviews and watching YouTube videos. Macham like walking into a candy store where one piece of chocolate can cost you one week of salary, and some, your entire month of blood supply.
The Sinamex staff was very knowledgeable and helpful. He demonstrated the various audio interfaces like Apogee DUO, Audient and of course, Universal Audio. I had my eyes on UA even before I entered the store. After his explanation, I was glad I didn’t buy the Focusrite or Apogee.
According to the gentleman, the Universal Audio Apollo Twin is also used by Dick Lee, Lin Junjie, Jonathan Koh and Sydney Tan (NDP 2019 music director). #sixdegreelaw #onedegreeclosertoJJLin
I hope I can figure out how to operate this impressive machine back home. I still have to buy a Thunderbolt cable from Apple. This also works with Windows by the way.
All credit goes to Shifu, for being the generous man that lays out the moolah for both the mic and audio interface. He lets me decides what to buy because in his words, a high-level Master doesn't bother himself with all these. Only a low-level one will. Okay, fine, that's me. 😀
There were many times I almost went back to buy a Blue Yeti. It was too difficult and troublesome to figure out all these tech stuff. But hey, I’m a true blue Singaporean. The kiasu and kiasi blood run deep in my veins. How can I be so dumb to make the same mistake twice? 😁
Change can be really painful and uncomfortable, especially when it involves money, time and effort and all these 3 resources are scarce. It’s easier and socially more acceptable to say we are afraid of change, instead of saying we are too proud or too lazy to change. Because the former will win you sympathy while the latter will make you a loser to your own Destiny.
Singapore is where she is today not because of our resistance to change, but for our ready willingness to strive relentlessly, to fight, to endure the pains, etc.
As we celebrate our 54th National Day, let us not forget this spirit of bravado and the quest for new frontiers.
Happy birthday, Singapore! I am so proud to be a Singaporean and thank you for all that you have given me and my family!
i hope you find this information helpful 在 Nora Hsu- Barrel Leaf Youtube 的最讚貼文
想聊這個想很久,所以 ... 來聊聊吧!
(▼ Click to open ▼)
這是一個似乎沒有很多人注意到的話題,但我想帶起有關這個的意識。我不再用"無油"或"無糖"等這些字眼來標註我的食譜,因為我覺得這是引起現代許多人飲食失調,沉入健康飲食痴迷症的潛在原因。每個人是要去找適合自己的飲食沒有錯,但不要被食物綁架了。我們活在一個充滿 diet culture 、資訊爆炸的世代,重要的是有獨立思考、判斷是非、自行查證可靠來源的能力。希望我們能夠一起朝著沒有利益所造成的傷害、負面影響、與 diet-free 的理智世界前進。
I've stopped using "oil-free" or "sugar-free" in my recipes cus I think it's one of the triggers to eating disorder and orthorexia. Yes, we need to find the right diet for ourselves but don't go down to the "clean" rabbit hole. I feel this diet culture has become toxic and almost out of control in Taiwan. I hope one day we could live in a sensible world without cruelty and diet urges.
be true to you and to myself,
always,
❤ Nora 葉子
✗ 我的食譜電子書 - http://bit.ly/ebook-mellow-with-plants
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CONNECT WITH ME
• Instagram: barrelleaf
https://www.instagram.com/barrelleaf/
• E-mail: nora@barrelleaf.com
• Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/barrelleafstoastnotebook
• Webstie - https://www.barrelleaf.com/
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有關 Gluten-free 無麩質相關研究&討論
• https://celiac.org/about-the-foundation/featured-news/2014/02/9-things-you-should-know-before-going-gluten-free/
→ "More people than ever are buying, cooking and eating gluten-free foods — not that they all require the diet. Gluten-free living appeals to about 30 percent of American adults — but seems to still be widely misunderstood."
簡譯:許多人開始購買無麩質的食物和食譜,但是他們並不需要採取無麩質飲食。在美國約有 30% 的人受無麩質飲食吸引,但是無麩質飲食似乎被大多數人誤解。
• https://oregon.providence.org/forms-and-information/t/three-reasons-to-go-gluten-free-and-three-reasons-not-to/
→Three reasons NOT to go gluten-free (3 個你不需要採取無麩質飲食的原因)
• https://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j1892
→ Long term gluten consumption in adults without celiac disease and risk of coronary heart disease
有關 Diet Culture 極端飲食文化
• https://edrdpro.com/its-time-to-drop-out-of-diet-culture/
• https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/blog/recognizing-and-resisting-diet-culture
• https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-london-46816517/body-positivity-ditch-the-diet-and-rethink-your-body
Some books that might be what you need on my affiliate amazon page
http://bit.ly/barrelleaf-book
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WHAT I USE {BARREL LEAF KITCHEN} (2019)
• Food processor - https://amzn.to/2WyvG0N
• Blender - https://amzn.to/2WXFKBY
• Blender Container - https://amzn.to/2PIjGHG
• Sauté Pan - https://amzn.to/2ntgnLc
• Air-tight containers - https://amzn.to/2K87U9V
• Mason jars - https://amzn.to/2WPofUj
常用器具 (2019)
• 調理機 - https://amzn.to/2WXFKBY
• 小調理杯 - https://amzn.to/2PIjGHG
• 食物處理機 - http://bit.ly/nora-magimix
• 不沾炒鍋 - http://bit.ly/woll-28-pan
• 密封盒 - https://igrape.net/2U_TZ
• 密封罐 - https://ibestfun.net/2Q_aC
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» My Journey with Eating Disorder 我的厭食+暴食旅程 - https://youtu.be/zbt638hsyLc
» Why I became a Vegan 我如何變成全植飲食者 - https://youtu.be/Jtjf87f7s4Y
Watch More Vegan Recipes:
Lazy Vegan Breakfast Ideas 懶人全植早餐點子 - https://youtu.be/4olnFHAEZao
2 Vegan Black Sesame Snacks 全素黑芝麻點心 - https://youtu.be/vN3ChJDBNLk
12 Days Away from Home 離家 12 天 全植飲食 - https://youtu.be/lGjo20x8OM0
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HELPFUL LINKS
• 常用器具 & 食材 - https://www.barrelleaf.com/shop/
• 常見問答集 FAQ - https://www.barrelleaf.com/recipe-measurement/
• iHerb 購物初體驗︱經驗&開箱 - https://www.barrelleaf.com/iherb-first-buy/
• iHerb 購物 9-95折折扣碼「MOK5777」- http://www.iherb.com/?rcode=MOK5777
• My Kitchen Staples - https://www.barrelleaf.com/shop/
• FAQ - https://www.barrelleaf.com/recipe-measurement/
• My iHerb Haul- https://www.barrelleaf.com/iherb-first-buy/
• iHerb 5-10% Off Code「MOK5777」- http://www.iherb.com/?rcode=MOK5777
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ABOUT THIS VIDEO
• 相機:
- 食譜攝影 - https://product.mchannles.com/2VR_w
- Vlog 攝影 - https://pinkrose.info/2VR_u
• Cameras:
- For Recipe Video & Photography - https://amzn.to/2WBUIxj
- For Vlog - https://amzn.to/2QA1WPD
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*not sponsored
*Note: This page contains affiliate links. Purchasing via the affiliate links supports more great content at no additional cost to you.
*此頁面含聯盟連結,有關詳細資訊,請至 barrelleaf.com 的 Discloser 頁面。謝謝你們的支持讓我繼續創作! :)
#dietculture #eatingdisorder #norahsutalks
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/BRTJkjG1LE0/hqdefault.jpg)
i hope you find this information helpful 在 JyJosephine Youtube 的最佳解答
Happy New Year! I hope you find this video helpful and gives you an insight of what makes me, me.
This video is in collaboration with a brand I have been using since I was 13 years old! I'm beyond excited to be a part of this campaign with ACUVUE®️ DEFINE®️ for the launch of their new 1-DAY ACUVUE®️ DEFINE®️ Radiant Chic™️ lenses. Not only do their lenses provide long-lasting comfort with their Lacreon technology, making them perfect for a long day out, these new Radiant Chic™️ lenses also do not hide my eye colour, but instead allows me to be my natural self by enhancing the beauty of my eyes naturally. We are all different in our own unique ways, and ACUVUE®️ embraces that.
ACUVUE®️ is currently having a really worthy promo, where you can get your hands on an RM60 Clinique gift voucher when you purchase 4 boxes of 1-DAY ACUVUE®️ DEFINE®️ lenses! Promotion ends 31st January 2019. For more information about the campaign, you may visit
https://www.acuvue.com.my/experienceacuvue#DefineChic
Thank you so much for watching!
My social media account:
Instagram: http://www.instagram.com/jyjosephine
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/jy.josephineyap
Videographer: Jeremy Lai
https://instagram.com/jayremylai?utm_source=ig_profile_share&igshid=13ft8l7j60qkt
Talent: Jessica Chaw
https://instagram.com/jessicachaw?utm_source=ig_profile_share&igshid=1q6fcmyd3k0uz
Cafe: Anther & Stigma
https://instagram.com/antherstigma?utm_source=ig_profile_share&igshid=zkq8ukja9hag
Gown store: Glamedge
https://instagram.com/glamedge.co?utm_source=ig_profile_share&igshid=hlzbqhom2s47
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/VYUXeNh1M48/hqdefault.jpg)
i hope you find this information helpful 在 Evelyn Ting Youtube 的最佳解答
HEY GUYS!
Here's my skin care routine that I do in the evening. I NEVER EVER go to sleep without doing my skin care routine..NEVERRRRR! I will always make time for it and do it no matter how late it is or how tired I am haha
I've been asked about my skin care many times over the past years and so I thought I'd share some information on what I do. I currently live in a humid, tropical climate so my skin care routine in this video caters for my environment :)
I really hope that you find this video informative and helpful and if not, then I hope that you at least enjoyed watching!
Thank you so much for your support. I hope that you're doing well and that you have an amazing week ahead :)
Love,
Evelyn xx
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/IcvCXc_5w_g/hqdefault.jpg)