[教育時評] 如何發展批判性思考?
We now know that critical thinking is needed to solve complex problems and that it can be defined as a set of skills, but how exactly do we develop it?
現在,我們知道解決困難的問題時需要批判性思考,而亦可將之視為一套技能,但我們該如何發展它呢?
來拿我們的【新聞英文+批判性思考: Marketing & Influencers 補充包】https://bit.ly/2YJPZvb
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One way is to use Bloom's taxonomy when learning something new. After you remember the information, see if you can move up the pyramid by using the key verbs listed in each step to facilitate discussion and higher-order thinking.
One does not need to carry out each of these steps in order (e.g., apply before analyze). However, learners typically need to "understand" information before they can "analyze" and "evaluate" it.
Bloom's taxonomy can be used individually or with teachers and peers. Use it when acquiring information or thinking about a complex issue.
當你在接收資訊時,布魯姆的分類法(Bloom's taxonomy)或許是其中一種可用之法。布魯姆分類法是美國教育心理學家班傑明・布魯姆(Benjamin Bloom)於1956年在芝加哥大學所提出的分類法,將教育者的教學目標分類,以便更有效地達成各項目標。在你記住所接收的資訊後,請檢視自己是否可以用下方金字塔中所列出的關鍵動詞來逐步遞進。
無需按順序執行這些步驟(例如分析可以在應用之前),只是人們通常需要先記住與理解資訊,然後才能對資訊進行分析與評估。布魯姆的分類法可單獨使用,也可以與老師及同儕一起使用。在學習或思考議題時請善用它。
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Can you use this taxonomy in English learning? Can you think critically when learning English?
你可以在英語學習中使用這個分類法嗎?學習英文時你能批判性思考嗎?
Yes, you can! Language is a tool for us to decode text, symbols, and sounds and find meaning. It enables us to receive and give information, or in short, to communicate. Once we receive information, we can take the next step and begin thinking critically. Doing so will enhance our understanding of new information and help us to decide what action to take.
當然可以!語言是我們解碼文本、符號與聲音並且找尋意義的工具。它使我們能夠接收並提供資訊,或者簡單來說就是得以與人交流。當我們藉由語言獲得資訊後,下一步便是批判性思考。批判性思考可增進我們對資訊的理解並幫助我們根據該訊息採取行動。
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Many beginning English learners think it is impossible to think critically when learning because they only understand a few words. However, a learner can use critical thinking even when learning the most basic words!
許多英語初學者認為,批判性思考與英語學習不可能並行,因為他們只會幾個單詞。然而,即便是學習最基礎的語言也可以引入批判性思考。
First, teachers can use the students' first language to help them understand higher-level concepts and facilitate thinking. Second, learners can break down the complex process of critical thinking into simple steps by using Bloom's taxonomy.
首先,老師可用學生的母語,來協助他們建立層次較高的概念並促進思考。接著,老師可使用布魯姆的分類法來拆解批判性思考的複雜過程。
例如,我們今天學了蘋果(apple)和橘子(orange)這兩個單詞:
在記住知識(remember)的階段,老師可以問:水果的顏色、形狀,甚至是哪一個比較大?
在理解(understand)的階段,老師可以問:哪一個的維他命C比較多?哪一個切開後的色澤較易改變?
在應用(apply)時,可以問該用什麼東西去除它們的果皮?看到蘋果有個洞時是否該吃它?
在分析(analyze)時,我們可以比較這兩個水果分別提供了哪些營養?
在評鑑(evaluate)時,則會問哪一個水果對我們比較好?為什麼這一個比較貴,另一個卻比較便宜?
最後,在創造(create)階段的我們可想像可以如何創造一個由蘋果跟橘子融合起來的水果。它會長成什麼樣子?在此可以去想像,去發揮、去創造。
如你所見,每當你接收任何資訊,甚至是基礎語言學習,都可以鍛鍊批判性思考。
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As you can see, you can develop critical thinking every time you acquire new information, even when learning a second language. Now you know what critical thinking is, how it can help you, and how you can develop it!
After all that, I am still not going to give you a simple definition of critical thinking. If I were to do so, then I would not be helping you to think critically.
You're welcome to leave your own definition below.
現在,你已瞭解何謂批判性思考、它如何幫助我們以及該如何發展它。但即便如此,我仍不會給出一個簡單的定義。若然,反倒會阻礙你進行批判性思考。
歡迎大家在下方留言與我們分享你的定義。
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參考文獻
Athanassiou, N., McNett, J. M., & Harvey, C. (2003). Critical thinking in the management classroom: Bloom's taxonomy as a learning tool. Journal of Management Education, 27(5), 533-555.
Facione, P. A. (2011). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts. Insight assessment, 2007(1), 1-23.
McPeck, J. E. (2016). Critical thinking and education. Routledge.
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Bonus question: What is the biggest difference between the steps "apply" and "create"?
Hint: You can find the answer in the picture.
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過361萬的網紅Dan Lok,也在其Youtube影片中提到,WATCH THIS Before You Ignore Social Media Marketing! If You're Not Using Social Media Grow Your Business, You’re Leaving A Lot Of Money On The Table… ...
journal of marketing management 在 李世淦-屏東縣議員 Facebook 的精選貼文
徵才機關
國立屏東科技大學
人員區分
教育人員
官職等
職稱
專任教師(森林/企管/農企/餐旅)
職系
名額
4
性別
不拘
工作地點
90-屏東縣
有效期間
107/06/26~107/08/20
資格條件
國立屏東科技大學107學年度第2學期徵聘「專任教師」公告 (自108年2月1日起聘) 公告日期:107年06月26日 ◆徵聘單位:森林系 ◆徵聘職稱:助理教授 ◆名額:1 ◆一般資格條件:具教育部認可之相關領域國、內外博士學位或具助理教授教師資格證書者。 ◆專長領域或特殊資格條件(含研究著作要求): 一、具備森林測計學、森林航空攝影測計學、森林地理資訊系統等之專業領域師資。 二、具英語授課能力。 三、具備三年以上之全職實務工作經驗。 ◆Department:Department of Forestry ◆Position:Assistant Professor ◆Vacancy:1 ◆General Requirement:The Ph.D. degree recognized by the Ministry of Education of the R.O.C. in relevant fields is required or an experience as an assistant professor with an official teaching certificate. ◆Specialization or Special Qualification(research and publication requirement included): 一、Professional fields should have the abilities to teach the courses of Forest Measurement, Photogrammetry and Measurement in Forest, and Geographic Information System in Forest. 二、The applicant should have the ability to teach in English. 三、The applicant should have at least 3-year working experience in industries. ================================================================== ◆徵聘單位:企業管理系 ◆徵聘職稱:助理教授(含)以上 ◆名額:1 ◆一般資格條件:具教育部認可之相關領域國、內外博士學位或具助理教授以上教師資格證書者。 ◆專長領域或特殊資格條件(含研究著作要求):一、數位行銷或服務科學。 二、須具備三年以上之全職實務工作經驗,具國際產業合作鏈結經驗尤佳。 三、須具有英文授課能力。 ◆Department:Department of Business Administration ◆Position:Assistant Professor(above) ◆Vacancy:1 ◆General Requirement:The Ph.D. degree certified by the Ministry of Education of R.O.C. in relevant fields or an experience as an assistant professor (or above). ◆Specialization or Special Qualification(research and publication requirement included): 一、Specialized in digital marketing or service science. 二、Required at least three years full-time practical work experiences, industry related international experiences preferred. 三、Must be able to teach in fluent English. ==================================================================
工作項目
◆徵聘單位:農企業管理系 ◆徵聘職稱:助理教授(含)以上 ◆名額:1 ◆一般資格條件:具教育部認可之國內、外相關系所博士學位或助理教授以上教師資格證書者。 ◆專長領域或特殊資格條件(含研究著作要求): 一、具備休閒農業或農產品行銷與貿易為專長領域者。 二、具備農企業相關業界三年以上全職實務經驗(自碩士畢業起計算)、良好產業關係、及能全英文授課與指導外籍學生專題、論文之研究與寫作者尤佳。 三、具備國際交流經驗,並且曾執行跨國研究計畫者尤佳。 四、檢具履歷、修課成績(含大學、碩士、博士)、近五年著作與研究計畫案目錄、未來五年研究發展方向或構想、曾任教科目與可任教科目。 ◆Department:Department of Agribusiness Management ◆Position:Assistant Professor (above) ◆Vacancy:1 ◆General Requirement:The Ph. D. degree certified by the Ministry of Education of R. O. C. in relevant fields or an experience as an assistant professor(or above). ◆Specialization or Special Qualification(research and publication requirement included): 一、The candidates with expertise and interests in any area of leisure agriculture or marketing and trade of agricultural products. 二、Preference will be given to candidates who have more than 3 year of full time working experience after obtaining Master degree in agribusiness, be able to teach and supervise special projects and theses in English. 三、The candidates with experience in international exchange program and transnational projects will be encouraged. 四、Doctoral degree diploma, curriculum vitae, transcripts of bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees, teaching experience and intended teaching courses, professional achievement and service in the last five years, and the research plan in the next five years are required.
工作地址
================================================================== ◆徵聘單位:餐旅管理系 ◆徵聘職稱:助理教授(含)以上 ◆名額:1名 ◆一般資格條件: 一、具教育部認可之國內外餐飲、旅館管理相關博士學位,或具餐飲、旅館管理專長背景之助理教授以上教師資格證書者。 二、具研究、教學及服務等項目有卓越表現者。(請檢附詳實資料) ◆專長領域或特殊資格條件(含研究著作要求): 一、發表(或已被接受刊登)於SCI(含EXPANDED名單)、SSCI、TSSCI(含正式及觀察名單)或其他國內外期刊之學術著作,具研究潛力者。 二、具主持學術或產學研究計畫經驗,具有國外留學經驗且能以英文授課者,優先考量。 三、具備三年以上餐旅管理相關領域專業業界實務工作經驗,以旅館相關工作為優先(附工作職位年資正式證明)。 四、具學校或相關專業訓練單位旅館管理課程實際教學經驗者,優先考量。(以上均需檢附具體證明文件) 五、檢附個人論文著述清單,以及代表性論文或著作等。 ◆Department:Department of Hotel and Restaurant Management ◆Position:Assistant Professor(or above) ◆Vacancy:1 ◆General Requirement: 一、Ph.D. degree recognized by the Ministry of Education of the R.O.C. in a hospitality management relevant field is required or an experience as an assistant professor (or above) with a lecturer's certificate. 二、An important selection criteria is acquiring the excellent performance in research, teaching and service. (Supporting documents are required.) ◆Specialization or Special Qualification(research and publication requirement included): 一、Having journal publication in the list of SCI, SSCI, TSSCI index and other refereed journal or possessing research potential is required. 二、Experience in project (academic research or corporate cooperation) management is preferred. Study-abroad experience and good English proficiency to teach related professional disciplines in hospitality are preferred. 三、Working experience in hotel and restaurant management related fields over 3 years, and hotel management field is preferred. (with proof of job title and length of service). 四、Practical teaching experience of hotel management courses in school or related professional training institutes is preferred (with written proof.) 五、A list of personal papers, books, essays, and representative works in recent years.
電子地圖
聯絡E-Mail
聯絡方式
(含檢具文件)
================================================================== ■備註︰ 一、以上應徵之「一般資格條件」,須於公告截止日前(107年8月20日)已具有博士學位或教育部核頒助理教授以上教師資格證書。。 二、以上應徵之「專長領域獲特殊資格條件」中有關「實務工作經驗」之審核,本校將依教育部訂定公布「技專校院專業科目或技術科目之教師業界實務工作經驗認定標準」規定辦理。 三、報名期間︰自公告日起至107年8月20日止截止收件。 四、報名方式︰一律採書面方式報名,收件至報名截止日止。 (一) 郵寄方式報名:以郵戳為憑,請寄送至91201屏東縣內埔鄉老埤村學府路1號,國立屏東科技大學人事室收。 (二) 親送方式報名:以本校人事室「職缺收件章」收件日期為憑,請於報名截止日前之本校工作日期間親送至本校行政中心二樓人事室,交由人事人員收執,並加蓋「職缺收件章」。 ※ 應檢附之證件不齊或逾期者,均不予受理。 五、聯絡電話︰08-7703202轉6112本校人事室蘇先生。 六、應徵信封右上角請務必註明「應徵者姓名」及「應徵單位/領域」;符合資格者由徵聘單位通知甄試,不合者恕不另行通知及函覆;如未獲錄取而需返還書面應徵資料,請附足額回郵信封以利郵寄。 七、獲聘為本校教師後,如學校因教學需要調整教師任教單位時,應無異議接受。 八、報名需繳送表件︰(各徵聘單位另有資料需求者,請依其需求辦理) (一)個人基本資料表(請詳細註明通訊位址、聯絡電話、行動電話及fax)。 (二)新聘專任教師應徵人員資料簡表。 (三)最近五年著作一覽表。 (四)最高學歷畢業證書(含教師證書)影本,畢業學校如係國外學歷須為教育部所認可且經我國駐外單位驗證有案者。 (五)最高學歷歷年成績單影本,畢業學校如係國外學歷須為教育部所認可且經我國駐外單位驗證有案者。 (六)檢附相關實務工作經驗之證明文件影本。 (七)其他有利於聘審之資格證明文件。 九、獲得本校系(所、中心、室)教評會推薦聘任,但未具教育部核頒擬聘任職級之教師資格證書者,請俟系(所、中心、室)電話通知後,備齊「取得送審前一等級教師資格後之專門著作(作品、成就證明及技術報告),含代表著作及參考著作合計至多五件(送審講師、助理教授資格者,尚得以學位論文代替代表著作)。」合訂本一式五份,並寄送至本校辦理外審作業;未依通知時限繳送著作辦理外審者,不予聘任。送審後著作恕不退還。 十、前述第八項(1、2款)所需之「個人基本資料表」、「新聘專任教師應徵人員資料簡表」表格,刊登於本校首頁(網址:http://www.npust.edu.tw/)點選「徵才資訊」及人事室網站首頁(網址http://personnel.npust.edu.tw/bin/home.php)最新消息、徵才求職,請自行下載相關表格使用;其中有關「新聘專任教師應徵人員資料簡表」,請另行以E-mail方式逕傳送以下相關系、所承辦人: 項目 系所 郵件信箱 (二) 森林系 mark@mail.npust.edu.tw (三) 企業管理系 ba@mail.npust.edu.tw (四) 農企業管理系 abm@mail.npust.edu.tw (五) 餐旅管理系 hrm@mail.npust.edu.tw 十、應徵者之個人資料將用於本校此次徵聘教師之各項相關業務;且錄取後,將其個人資料供校務行政之用。 十一、本校聘用前依性侵害犯罪加害人登記報到查訪及查閱辦法第14條之規定,應申請查閱有無性侵害犯罪紀錄。 十二、本公告同時刊登於下列網站: (一)行政院人事行政總處網址http://www.dgpa.gov.tw/點選「事求人」。 (二)本校首頁網址http://www.npust.edu.tw/index.aspx 點選「求才資訊」。 (三)本校人事室網址http://personnel.npust.edu.tw/bin/home.php點選「最新消息」/「徵才求職區」。 (四)全國就業通網址https://www.taiwanjobs.gov.tw/Internet/index/index.aspx 點選「找工作」。 (五)104人力銀行網址https://www.104.com.tw/index.cfm點選「找公司」。 (六)教育部全國大專教師人才網網址https://tjn.moe.edu.tw/index.php點選「職缺訊息」。 <詳細內容及相關報名表格請至本校人事室網頁參閱、下載。 網址:http://personnel.npust.edu.tw/bin/home.php 點選「最新消息」>
journal of marketing management 在 Dr 文科生 Facebook 的精選貼文
直線抽擊偽科學系列《九》 — 順勢療法學會怪異的論文
早前有讀者比順勢療法學會的傳送門文科生,一睇之後發現了傳說中的論文。
如果你去了他們的專頁,你會發現他們很會marketing,首先他們會動輒加「教授」呢個title。須知道在香港要拿「教授」呢個title你無返咁上下建樹都唔洗諗。但順療協會就輕鬆幫你加冕教授名銜。
文科生本著科學的精神去仔細研究了香港順療協會創辦人杜先生(oh please, 我先唔會稱呼佢做教授)一篇順療治療二型糖尿病的論文。
等我簡單介紹下杜先生這項研究的methodology
這是一個non randomized retrospective cohort study
研究將病人分為兩個群組
1. 27個使用順勢療法+傳統抗糖尿病藥物的病人
2. 40個使用標準傳統抗糖尿病藥物的病人(公開數據裡找出來的40個病人)作control arm
非常有趣的地方是杜先生找來的27個服用順勢療法+傳統抗糖尿病藥物的病人在治療前的空肚血漿血糖指數(FPG)以及量度三個月裡平均血糖指數的HbA1C均比組別二的control arm高出很多。
常識告訴我們,如果在研究前的Baseline有顯著分別的話,成個研究根本唔能夠叫做”controlled study”。
我搵一班發燒到41度的病人餵退燒藥+順勢療法再搵發燒38.1度的病人去餵退燒藥,一定會係班41度高燒的病人降溫降得多,我就算唔放順療,淨用退燒藥都會降得多d啦。
論文的平均空肚血漿血糖值
群組1為10.34
群組2為7.3
平均HbA1C
群組1為8.82%
群組2為7.04%
我想講,群組2的血糖控制係非常好,long term goal係將HbA1C控制到少於7%(美國糖尿病協會建議)。即是話群組2(control arm)從baseline開始已經唔需要再特別減,佢地的臨床management係將血糖維持不變
呢個只係其中一個荒謬之處
另外一個荒謬的地方是,論文聲稱用「個人化的順勢療法」,但其實無解釋點樣個人化法。我搵個營養師幫病人做個人化的diet + exercise control一樣會有控制血糖效果。如果順療既個人化治療原來係包埋糖尿病的教育,那麼就不能attribute所有的效果到順療藥劑身上。
第三,用作control arm的40個病人服用的抗糖尿病藥和劑量無資料(論文無提及),而該27個同時服用順療+傳統藥物的病人一樣欠缺他們所用的藥物資料,淨係有講順療組別的病人無加到抗糖尿病藥的劑量。
如果每個病人用緊的是不同而且不同劑量的糖尿病藥物,咁你到底control緊乜野?
在個研究結論你會見到篇論文不斷提及順療+傳統藥物組別的血糖指數降得比傳統藥物組別多。但我想再重申,傳統藥物組別個baseline mean HbA1C係7,根本唔洗再降既時候,你順療+傳統藥物組別緊係會降得比較多。
講到口水都乾,順療發的論文永遠都係佢地自己搞既刊物(homeopathy)。點解?因為methodology flawed成咁既論文,任何impact factor高既刊文都係唔會受理。
Reference
Ka Lun Aaron To et al. Individualized homeopathic treatment in addition to conventional treatment in type II diabetic patients in Hong Kong – a retrospective cohort study. Journal of homeopathy. Retrieved from
https://www.thieme-connect.com/…/10.1016/j.homp.2017.02.002…
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如果喜歡文科生的文章的話請慷慨給個讚和分享給身邊的朋友,讓文科生更有動力寫文啊啊啊
記住把文科生set做see first就可以時常睇到文科生的小故事啊
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journal of marketing management 在 Dan Lok Youtube 的最讚貼文
WATCH THIS Before You Ignore Social Media Marketing! If You're Not Using Social Media Grow Your Business, You’re Leaving A Lot Of Money On The Table… Click Here To Discover More Of Dan's Secrets To Business Success And Significance: http://socialmediasales.danlok.link
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