【還原「物業帶動鐵路」的歷史時空】 #永續港鐵霸權 #7月專研
港鐵霸權一大核心就是長期壟斷「鐵路上蓋物業發展權」,今時今日香港土地問題走到如斯局面,與經常被吹噓為「國際成功模式」的「鐵路加物業」(Rail + Property) 不無關係,但服務大眾的鐵路公司搖身一變成為追求利潤的發展商,絕對不是一夕間發生的合理事情。「鐵路上蓋物業」的原意又與今日有沒有變化? 是次研究專題將會透過回顧過上千頁有關香港地下鐵發展的英國解密檔案,還原70年代「物業帶動鐵路」發展模式的源起及原意,將有助進一步理解現時逐漸扭曲的港鐵發展形態。
▌構思初現:初期鐵路物業的背景與概念
「以地養鐵」更早可以在日本找到相類似發展模式 (Murakami, J., & Gregory, K. I.,2012),然而最早「引進」香港的來源暫不可考。但從現有官方內部檔案中,可找到早於1970年交通諮詢委員會 (Transport Advisory Committee)提交的一份《集體運輸計劃總報告書》,報告中建議除了計劃興建已設計的4條鐵路路線,並分9期(nine distinct stages) 完成「理想」鐵路系統(preferred system)外,已有提及「發展上蓋物業」的構思。在報告提及鐵路系統的長期發展影響:
”Wherever subway systems have been built experience shows that property and land increase in value. This opens up the strong possibility that a part of the cost of providing station concourses could be met through arrangements which permit the private development of station superstructures and surrounds.”
當年報告所述,由於預視到鐵路系統的帶動下,當地物業及地價將會升值。因而報告提到有很大可能可以容許私人發展 (private development) 上蓋物業去補貼鐵路站的建設成本。值得注意的是,報告除了提出上蓋 (station superstructures)發展外,首次提到發展上蓋周邊 (surrounds) 的發展概念。可見,現時港鐵圈地/上蓋物業發展一早出現在早期鐵路系統構思之中。
70年代還有差點讓鐵路系統觸礁的財政艱難,更清晰定位鐵路中的「物業收益」有何功能。參考早期關於興建鐵路系統的英國解密檔案顯示,早於1972年,香港政府成立集體運輸臨時管理局(Mass Transit Railway Provisional Authority),打算先行興建較全面、工程單一批予日資財團(Japanese consortium)的早期系統(initial system),但後來石油危機爆發,日本經濟陷入危機,財團先是提出可否修訂興建成本價格上限由50億為60億,遭到管理局拒絕後則宣佈退出鐵路興建,檔案中可看到港英政府曾一度為此而與日資財團就賠償爭執,甚至有香港主要大班 (怡和除外) 都因財政理由反對繼續推展興建鐵路計劃。
當年港英內部評估1980年代交通系統會超負荷,即使鐵路系統已被日資延遲一年(have effectively delayed the MTR project for 12 months),連帶物料通賬的財政問題,但卻認為必須「頂硬上」,調整鐵路系統的財政預算、規模以及未來發展方向,於是臨急推出後來實現的修正早期系統 (Modified Initial System)。在1975年一份關於修正早期系統行政局內部文件,港英將會排除必要鐵路系統以外的多餘支出 (eliminate all expenditures not strictly necessary for resultant simpler system),不僅使整個鐵路規模「大縮水」,同時更建議以溢價債卷(Premium bond)作為融資措施,以及發展沿線上蓋物業(property development on lines)抵消(offset)財赤,皆為確保(safeguard)鐵路在任何情況下的財政可負擔性(the financial viability in any event),讓減少後規模的總興建成本能夠保持於49億的水平。可見,當初「鐵路加物業」發展的概念是在財政大緊縮的特定歷史脈絡生成,目的為防止鐵路興建所帶來財政不穩定情況的其中一法。
▌立業辟地:港鐵上蓋四小龍
直到1975年,為了確保鐵路系統的財政可負擔性以及應急儲備,集體運輸臨時管理局向政府申請批出四個鐵路上蓋物業的綜合發展權(comprehensive development)。而當時行政局內部討論中,一份十分詳細記錄有關批予集體運輸臨時管理局四個上蓋發展權的行政局文件顯示,最早期物業上蓋發展的具體情況:
—九龍灣車廠上蓋物業(現時德福花園):
當時除了作為首個利用鐵路車廠上蓋作物業發展的項目,而且亦成為物業上蓋住宅發展的先例,佔地165,800平方呎,打算興建大型屋苑,滿足18,000個人口的住宅需求。
—亞皆老站(即現今旺角站)上蓋物業(現時旺角中心第一期):
首個非鐵路站上蓋作物業發展,只是相鄰於(adjacent to) 鐵路站,為首個利用鐵路通風樓(ventilation shaft)的物業發展。
—金鐘站上蓋物業(現時海富中心):
佔地60,000平方呎的海富中心,當時金鐘站上蓋物業批地條例原來有列明非工業用途,包括興建酒店(non-industrial purposes which may include a hotel)。
—畢打/遮打站(即現今中環站)上蓋物業(Pedder/Chater)(現時環球中心):
當時批中環商業靚地予鐵路公司的理據明顯為商業利益最大化(maximum exploitation of the commercial possibilities),一來可以善用土地資源(物業建於鐵路站上蓋),二來物業及鐵路站同時興建,可以減少工程興建時發展阻礙(development disturbance)。
其後地鐵公司分別與恆隆、合和、長實多間發展商共合發展上述四個上蓋物業,作為「鐵路加物業」發展模式的雛型,當時內部估計以上物業收入將會佔地鐵公司總收益的20%。當年批出九龍灣車廠上蓋物業上公頃的市區發展土地,整體政府部門都相當歡迎,認為可以平衡當區公屋主導的房屋格局,與及能夠為該區提供額外設施的機會,甚至具體要求屋苑內有至少10戶1車位的發展條件 (XCC(75)52)。此四幅最早批出的上蓋物業發展,從通風樓到車廠、由單一大廈到綜合發展,已是奠定了日後鐵路物業發展的主要選址方式與發展類型。
▌誰主上蓋物業?
這份行政局文件亦載有早期鐵路用地發展權的重要批地原則(principles to be adopted in respect to land grant to Mass Transmit Railway Corporation),是還原物業上蓋發展歷史一份重要參照。文件清楚列出,上蓋物業不一定是地鐵公司「囊中物」,鐵路物業發展權是否批出,或批給誰,完全是政府「話事」 (the grant of comprehensive development rights on land affected by railway installations will be discretionary)。
文件亦同時指出,程序上地鐵公司需要先向政府申請(formally apply)批地,政府可以基於實際考慮 (practical consideration) 決定如何運用這些鐵路上蓋用地的發展潛力 (for government to decide on how to dispose of any development potential remaining in the land over and above its Mass Transit usage) 。換言之,港鐵的上蓋發展絕對可以由政府主導及決定,包括根據現時的實際考慮(公營房屋供應長期落後及不足)用作興建公屋,不一定用於與發展商合作興建私樓供港鐵公司利潤最大化。
▌物業收益應急而起
70年代尾,鐵路系統打算擴建至荃灣區。翻查1978年有關鐵路擴建荃灣(Mass Transit Railway extension to Tsuen Wan)的行政局文件顯示,當時除了提及車廠上蓋物業發展的選址爭議外,亦有提及港英對發展上蓋物業的財政原則。物業發展的收入原本並不用作補貼鐵路成本 (revenue from property development was not originally envisaged as being used as a means of financing the capital cost of the railway itself),而是作為應急儲備及改善現金流(contingency reserve and to improve its cash flow)。而且更補充荃灣車廠上蓋物業發展的剩餘收入,可以用作應對以下4個應急情況:
—抵消「超支」建築成本(offset any excess construction costs)
—抵消收入財赤(offset any revenue deficiencies)
—加速還債(accelerate loan repayments)
—提早鐵路公司對港英政府的投資分股息的日子(bring forward the date when the Corporation begins to pay the Government as share holder on behalf of the public dividends on its investment)
可見,港英多次強調,鐵路上蓋物業收入為確保財政可負擔性(viability)及應急(contingency),而非像現時政府愈來愈恆常化送地予港鐵興建私樓賺錢。
引述法國城市學者Aveline-Dubach整理地鐵公司至其後港鐵自1980至2016年收入可見,明顯看見90年代末東涌綫及其後的將軍澳線所帶動的物業發展收入比例愈來愈重,已經超越鐵路票務收入,現時每年物業收益足足佔港鐵總收入四成。可見,透過重現當初的批地原意,更能突顯漸走向扭曲的港鐵發展形態,形成尾大不掉之勢。
▌賣樓補車費:明言物業發展利潤補貼車費
港鐵不應用上蓋物業賺盡的討論,亦見於地下鐵路公司條例的立法階段的重要討論。一份1975年討論地下鐵路公司草案(Mass Transit Railway Corporation Bill)的行政局文件,提及鐵路公司需要按照審慎商業原則 (prudent commercial principles)。鐵路作為公共交通工具,不應最大化其投資回報 (maximize its return on investment),只應賺取足夠(enough)收入作營運開支。
文件亦可見當年政府就發展上蓋物業項目的收益,會清晰公開回應指物業發展可為鐵路帶來的額外利潤,以維持一個「保守的車費政策」 (assist the railway by providing extra revenue to maintain a conservative fares policy)。比起今天已經與物業收益「脫勾」的「可加可減」車費制度,當日港英政府明顯認為物業收益有助更平宜的車費定價。
在40多年前的歷史時空,當初「鐵路加物業」發展模式跟現時已經不可同日而語,發展上蓋物業不論就其發展型態、財政狀況、規劃模式、補貼原意,明顯有其特定的歷史脈絡及原意。是次研究專題透過還原早期興建地鐵的歷史討論,帶出現時不斷被政府吹奏作為「國際級典範」—港鐵發展模式,並不是一套千秋萬世的發展方程式。
參考資料
1971 FCO 40 358 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong
1975 FCO 40 658 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong
1975 FCO 40 659 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong
1975 FCO 40 660 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong
1978 FCO 40 974 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong
Aveline-Dubach, N., & Blandeau, G. (2019). The political economy of transit value capture: The changing business model of the MTRC in Hong Kong. Urban Studies, 56(16), 3415-3431.
Murakami, J., & Gregory, K. I. (2012). Transit value capture: New town codevelopment models and land market updates in Tokyo and Hong Kong. Value capture and land policies, 285-320.
研究自主 月捐撐起最新專研系列:https://liber-research.com/support-us/
FPS ID:5390547
HSBC PayMe 捐款支持:https://bit.ly/32aoOMn
戶口號碼:匯豐銀行 640-198305-001 (LIBER RESEARCH COMMUNITY (HK) COMPANY LIMITED)
義工招募:https://bit.ly/2SbbyT3
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過14萬的網紅Mars Hartdegen,也在其Youtube影片中提到,?? On August 1, Keppel Land Limited opened its retail mall in Saigon Centre in Ho Chi Minh City, anchored by the country’s first Takashimaya departmen...
「land development corporation」的推薦目錄:
- 關於land development corporation 在 本土研究社 Liber Research Community Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於land development corporation 在 Dr Mohd Daud Bakar - Shariah Minds - Minda Syariah Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於land development corporation 在 本土研究社 Liber Research Community Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於land development corporation 在 Mars Hartdegen Youtube 的最讚貼文
land development corporation 在 Dr Mohd Daud Bakar - Shariah Minds - Minda Syariah Facebook 的精選貼文
SIGNING TRIPARTITE MOU BETWEEN MTDC, EAC & MYFINB
At 1030am this morning, the above session started to manifest the signing of MOU. In my speech, I outlined 10 potential areas that MyFinB will collaborate with MTDC. Here is the excerpt of my speech.
"MyFinB and EAC partnership with MTDC via the CEAI@Co9P, will see more than 10 AI-based projects - around half of them are in technology readiness level (TRL) 9 - that will be spun off into new Malaysian start-ups by this year.
The projects focus on the application of AI on Supply Chain, Counselling, School Dropouts, Dialysis Treatment, Financial Planning, Waqf Land Optimisation, Integrated Reporting, Cooperatives, Audit Practice Platform, Start-Up Potential, Capital Markets and SSM Business and Financial Analysis.
This initiative forms part of the CEAI's core business model of technology development, capacity building and venture building programme. With the right support and nurturing, we can create new employment and create a new talent pool of data analysts and researchers in the AI field in Malaysia. My vision is for Malaysia to create a more technology inclusive ecosystem through the centre, especially in the AI and analytics field.
Strategic partnership with MTDC can enable all teams to bring the best of our combined talents and strengths forward. It is my hope to see how doing so generates functional and creative solutions for industries in Malaysia. MyFinB’s aim is to develop AI technologies that can help businesses broaden their relevance and increase their addressable market; customers benefit from the strengths and offerings each organization brings to the table; and employees can expand their development opportunities by being exposed to new perspectives and expertise. Plus, deepening ties between complementary businesses fosters collaboration and longevity, and allows Malaysian companies to offer services and solutions that help their customers become more successful". ( end of speech)
Thank you Dato' Nurhalim Yunus, the CEO of Malaysian Technology Development Corporation, the MTDC and EAC for having this collaboration to drive both A.I technologies and A.I. economies. I personally like the latter more than the former. In any case, they are inseparable.
MDB
Chairman of MyFinB
land development corporation 在 本土研究社 Liber Research Community Facebook 的精選貼文
【從前有間屋】旺角豉油街12號鬼城重生?
很多人未必知道,市建局租給社聯作「共住」基層房屋的旺角豉油街12號,其實是以往土地發展公司 (市建局前身,簡稱「土發」)為重建計劃影響的住戶提供的特惠租金單位,據土地發展公司年報豉油街12號大廈1994年興建,約二百多個單位,希望把當時受附近重建計劃影響的的家庭,安置到環境較佳及廉租的房屋,當年還有陳太到場「剪綵」,展示出重建政策不一定起豪宅。
市建局願意拿出部分空置單位給社福團體當然不是壞事,但不可忽視的是這類安置大廈為何會長期空置? 據過往統計空置率7成3有多 (2014),拿14個單位其實只佔整體單位數據約5%。必須追問的是,市建局是否有更大空間可以拿出更多的單位讓基層居住,還原本身租住大廈的安置功能,不會只淪為純粹政績宣傳項目?
土發時代,受重建影響的住戶最後揀選安置比補償為少,然而政策安排較現時人性化得多。只需在人口凍結前登記,證明恆常居住,然後聲明沒有其他可選擇的居住和家庭收入水平,毋須提供收入文件證明,便可安排入住安置大廈。[1]
但市建局成立後把安置的政策改頭換面,改為由房委會處理市建局的安置責任,同時亦把安置的入息資產的門檻改為申請公屋的標準,奪去很多受影響住戶得到安置的選項,餘下只有接受現金賠償的「選擇」,令過往土發公司的安置大廈在公眾認知中完全消失。
到今天仍然遺留下來的四棟安置大廈,分別為:
1. 順成大廈, 西環德輔道西466號 (22層)
2. 旺角豉油街12號 (24層)
3.必發臺, 大角咀必發道68-72號 (15層)
4. 麗珠大廈, 大角咀荔枝角道163-165號 (13層)
市建局坐擁的強拍的法定權力,又有極低補地價優惠的政府資助,體制上已預留財政空間改善安置安排和社區環境,現在卻淪為把安置大廈空置,資源集中在建豪宅、商場的謀利機器,這大廈倒過來揭穿了重建就必須要自負盈虧建豪宅的發展謊言,市建局亦無法只租出14個單位予社福機構,就能搖身一變成為「良心業主」,將這段曾經出現過的房屋發展模式遺忘掉。
既然要做「好心」,不如我們重新開始,重建時興建更多安置廉租大廈?
[1] Lo, Y. K. (2004). Choice of domestic tenants in urban renewal projects launched by the Land Development Corporation and Urban Renewal Authority. 香港大學學位論文, 1-0.
圖 1 陳方安生到豉油街12號探訪 (1994)
圖 2 豉油街12號空置狀況的紀錄 (2014)
圖 3 豉油街12號照片 (2015)
#從前有間屋
推動民間房屋研究 支持本土研究社
http://liber-research.com/donation.html
land development corporation 在 Mars Hartdegen Youtube 的最讚貼文
??
On August 1, Keppel Land Limited opened its retail mall in Saigon Centre in Ho Chi Minh City, anchored by the country’s first Takashimaya department store.
With a wide and exciting array of fashion, lifestyle, and food and beverage offerings, Saigon Centre is poised to be the shopping and lifestyle destination in Ho Chi Minh City.
According to Keppel Land’s CEO Ang Wee Gee, as a pioneer foreign real estate investor that has grown to be one of the largest players in Vietnam, Keppel Land has been privileged to play a part in transforming the country’s cityscape.
“Today marks an important milestone, as we open our retail mall in Saigon Centre, which has become a landmark of Ho Chi Minh City’s central business district,” Gee said.
He added that the company will build on its experience and expertise to develop iconic mixed-use developments, creating vibrant and sustainable live-work-play environments of enduring value in Vietnam.
Integrated with the revamped first phase of the mall, the new seven-storey retail unit forms part of the second phase of Saigon Centre and is 100 per cent committed, with a total gross floor area of 55,000 square metres.
The mall houses more than 400 international and local brands, as well as leading Japanese retailer Takashimaya Department Store’s 15,000 square metre flagship outlet.
Tatsuo Yano, managing director of Takashimaya Singapore, said that Ho Chi Minh City is the group’s fourth overseas department location.
“This development has come about through years of cultivated retail experience between Japan and Singapore. We aim to create a store that will become a sought-after shopping destination for our customers in Ho Chi Minh City,” said Yano.
About 25 per cent of the tenants in Saigon Centre’s retail mall are entrants to the market. Such onternationally renowned brands debuting in Vietnam include luxury and fashion labels Carolina Herrera, Kenzo, Moschino, Stuart Weitzman, and Armani Exchange.
Close to 30 per cent of Saigon Centre’s retail mall has been set aside for F&B, presenting diners with a wide selection of about 50 restaurants, cafes, and food kiosks.
Shoppers can look forward to exciting upcoming events and promotion events at the 500-square metre atrium, as well as relax at the rooftop garden above the retail podium once Phase Two of the office tower, currently progressing on schedule, is completed by the end of 2017.
Saigon Centre Phases One and Two are jointly owned by Keppel Land, Toshin Development Co., Ltd., and Vietnamese partners Southern Waterborne and Transportation Corporation and Saigon Real Estate Corporation. Keppel Land holds a 45.3 per cent stake in the development.