關於 ming dynasty taiwan ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

臺灣的戒嚴時期，還是在1996年政府決定鎮壓幾個團體的時候，還是在中國大陸，當局不認可的宗教和心靈團體都被貼上了 #邪教 的標籤。這個說法在英文中常被翻譯成 “cult(異端的宗教信仰或崇拜)”，或 “xie jiao(邪教)”，但翻譯並不準確，而且有些不合時宜。
　　　
There is, however, another possibility. Both in Taiwan, during the Martial Law period and when the government decided to crack down on several groups in 1996, and in Mainland China, religious and spiritual movements the authorities do not approve of are labeled xie jiao. The expression is often translated in English as “cults,” or “evil cults,” but the translation is not precise and somewhat anachronistic.
　
倫敦大學研究員吳俊卿發表了多篇關於邪教概念歷史的研究，包括《曼達林與異端》（Leiden：Brill，2017）一書。其他學者將邪教作為一個政治和法律範疇可以追溯到明代，而吳曉波則表明，它最早出現在 #唐代 要求消滅佛教的傅毅（554-639）的著作中，具有 “異教 “的含義。此後的宋（960-1279年）、元（1279-1368年）兩朝，則以「白蓮教」為 #共同標籤，呼籲消滅被禁止的新宗教運動。到了明朝（1368-1644年），邪教成為一個法律概念，並開始編制邪教名單，清朝（1644-1912年）、民國、共產黨都延續了這一做法，也影響了臺灣。
　　
Wu Junqing, a research fellow at London University, has published several studies on the history of the notion of xie jiao, including the book Mandarins and Heretics (Leiden: Brill, 2017). While other scholars date the introduction of xie jiao as a political and legal category to the Ming era, Wu shows that it first appeared, with the meaning of “heterodox teachings,” in the writings of Fu Yi (554–639), who called for the eradication of Buddhism during the Tang dynasty. In the subsequent Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1279–1368) dynasties, xie jiao was used to call for the destruction of new religious movements banned under the common label of “White Lotus.” With the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), xie jiao became a legal concept, and lists of xie jiao started being compiled, a practice continued by the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), Republican, and Communist China, and which also influenced Taiwan.
　　　　　
https://act1219.org/raising-goblins-a-bizarre-accusation-against-asian-spiritual-minorities/

［天篷元帥］

天篷元帥原本是道教中的位高權重的護法神，到中國明朝時期因為名著「西遊記」的誕生，所以民間都將天蓬元帥和西遊記中的豬形象聯想在一起。

在西遊記中天蓬元帥又名為豬八戒，豬八戒角色性格貪婪好色，因此他就成了八大行業所膜拜的對象，又被稱為豬哥爺。

豬哥爺的神像通常放在暗室，特種行業的女子穿的越裸露去拜，豬哥爺越開心，越開心就會越靈驗，供桌上除了擺一般的供品外還可以放色情雜誌，但是禁拜豬肉。

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［Tiānpéng Yuánshuài］

Tiānpéng Yuánshuài was originally a powerful dharmapala in the Taoist religion. Because of the depiction in the well known novel “Journey to the West” published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty, folks started making the connection of him with the pig image.

In “Journey to the West”, Tiānpéng Yuánshuài is also called Zhu Bajie, and has the propensity for lusting after pretty women. Because of that tendency, he then became the subject of worshipping for sex industry in the modern days. He is also called Zhū gē yé.

His deity statue is often kept in a dark room for worshipping. When women from sex industry dressed revealing to go worship him, he would be entertained and happy. The more these women reveal, the happier he gets, and the happier he gets, the more efficacious he become. When leaving offerings on his desk, it’s encouraged to not only leave normal offerings but also adult magazines. Also, be aware that no pork is allowed because of his namesakes.

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[玄天上帝]

玄天上帝為台灣常見的道教神明之一。玄天上帝是中國明朝的護國神明，也是中國武當山上的主神。他被視為北極星的化身，是屬於自然崇拜演變出來的神祇，也是統理北方的神明。北方在五行中屬水，所以也能管理海上的事務。北方代表星宿為玄武，玄武的形象為龜和蛇，正是玄上帝腳下所踩踏的生物。

另外在民間傳說中，玄天上帝原本是個屠夫，因為受到觀世音菩薩的指點，深覺自己因屠宰動物罪孽深重，所以切腹取出腸胃丟入河中洗滌自己的罪孽，因此而得道升天成為玄天上帝。但之後在河中的腸和胃分別變成龜精和蛇精，並在人間作亂，於是玄天上帝向呂洞賓借劍，收伏二精並踩踏於腳底。也因為這則民間傳說玄天上帝又被視為屠宰業的守護神。

關於這個傳說另外一種揣測是因為玄天上帝是明朝的守護神，清朝為了將玄天上帝信仰淡化所以才有了屠夫化身的說法。

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[Xuántiān Shàngdì]

Xuántiān Shàngdì is one of the most commonly seen Taoist deities in Taiwan. Since the usurping Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty claimed to receive the divine assistance of Xuanwu during his successful Jingnan Campaign against his nephew, he had a number of Taoist monasteries constructed in the Wudang Mountains of Hubei, where Xuanwu allegedly attained immortality.

He is also treated as the metaphor of the North Star as the deity of natural worshipping. Great Deity of the Northern Peak, one of the cosmological "Five Forms of the Highest Deity"

As one of the five forms of cosmological representations, north significance water, therefore it makes Xuántiān Shàngdì capable of being in charge of sea affairs. Also, the representations of the north constellation happen to be the black tortoise or black turtle. As one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations. It is usually depicted as a turtle entwined together with a snake, and these animals happen to be the ones Xuántiān Shàngdì is stepping on.

In folklore tail, Xuántiān Shàngdì was originally a butcher and the goddess Guanyin showed him his sins. To redeem his sins, he dug out his own stomach and intestines and washed them in the river. Because of that, he then became immortal ascended to heaven with the title of Xuántiān Shàngdì.

After he became an immortal, his stomach and intestines absorbed the essence of the earth. His viscera transformed into a demonic turtle and a demonic snake, who started to hurt people. No one could subdue the demonic animals. Eventually, Xuanwu returned to earth and he borrowed the sword from Lü Dongbin to subdue them. After defeating them, he later used them as his subordinates. Due to this folklore tail, Xuántiān Shàngdì is also treated as a patron god of slaughter industry.

Another speculation about this folklore tail is that because Xuántiān Shàngdì is the guardian god of Ming dynasty, and Ching dynasty wanted to weaken the gasp of the Xuántiān Shàngdì belief so had the story of the butcher transform made up.

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