SARS-CoV-2的疫苗研發製造的策略:
1.去活化病毒疫苗(inactivated virus vaccines):
病毒已經是被用物理的或化學的去活化(Viruses are physically or chemically inactivated),但是仍然保存病毒顆粒的完整性(preserve the integrity of the virus paticle),它們充當免疫抗原(immunogen)。
2.病毒類似的顆粒或奈米顆粒的疫苗(Virus -like particle or nanoparticle vaccines):
結構性的病毒的蛋白質已經被共同表現(structural viral proteins are co-expressed),,形成沒有感染性的顆粒(form non-infectious particles),來當作疫苗的免疫抗原(vaccine immunogen),它們類似真實的類病毒(real virions)但是缺乏病毒的基因體(lack the virus genome)。
3.蛋白質次單元的疫苗(Protein subunit vaccines):
這種策略只有包括關鍵性的病毒的蛋白質或胜太(only key proteins or peptides),它們能夠在細菌(bacteria)酵母菌(yeast)昆蟲或脯乳類細胞(insect or mammalian cells)中在人體外被製造(manufactured in vitro),目前最大多數的在臨床期和臨床前期階段登錄在案候選的SARS-CoV-2疫苗,都是根據這種策略研發製造的。
4.病毒引導導航導向的疫苗(virus-vectored vaccines):
編碼致病原抗原的基因(genes encoding pathogen antigen),是被導入非複製的或複製的病毒載體(cloned into non-replicating or replicating virus vectors)例如腺病毒(adenvirus),這些抗原在免疫化作用後,由被轉換的宿主細胞產生(the antigens are produced by transduced host cells after immunization)。
5.DNA和mRNA疫苗(DNA and mRNA vaccines):
DNA和mRNA疫苗(DNA and mRNA vaccines),有可以快速製造用來抵抗突現性的致病原的優勢(DNA and mRNA vaccines have the advantage of rapid manufacturing against pathogens),DNA 疫苗(DNA vaccines),藉由再重組的DNA 質體所編碼的病毒的抗原(viral antigens encoded by a recombinant DNA plasmid),在宿主細胞中經由次序性的轉錄到轉譯的過程產生(produced in host cells via sequential transcription-to translation process)。相反地,mRNA 疫苗(mRNA vaccines)是藉由在人體外的轉錄過程被合成(synthesized by in vitro transcription),它們經由在人體內的直接的蛋白質轉譯,在細胞質中產生病毒的抗原(they produce viral antigens in the cytoplasm through direct protein trsnslation in vivo)。
6.活的減毒的病毒疫苗(Live-attenuated virus vaccines):
在這種策略中,病毒是藉由在人體外或人體內的過程或反向的遺傳的突變的產生作用而被減毒(virus is attenuated by in vitro or in vivo passage or reverse genetic mutagenesis),這個結果病毒變成沒有致病性或變成弱的致病性(the resulting virus becomes non-pathogenic or weakly pathogenic),但是仍然維持保持類似活的病毒感染的免疫抗原性(retains immunogenecity by mimicking live virus infection)。
資料來源:
Viral targets for vaccines against COVID-19
Nature Reviews Immunology(2020)18 DEC 2020)
感謝 #Cheng_Sheng_Tai 醫師提供資料
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曾經寫過一篇文章:一顆蛋獲得全世界(舊文連結:http://mittyandpatty.pixnet.net/blog/post/303103135)
當時並沒有提到太多細節,只想簡單的呼籲大家,雞蛋不僅是對狗來說生物利用價值最高的蛋白質,而且從蛋黃到蛋白、蛋殼,從裡到外整整一顆雞蛋可以讓你的寵物得到所有完整的營養,各種必須胺基酸、維生素、礦物質一次滿足。我們身為關心寵物飲食的主人,都不得不學習在寵物三餐中巧妙運用「雞蛋」這樣的夢幻逸品。
然而又有研究徹底讓我們對雞蛋甘拜下風!那層不起眼的、包覆在蛋白跟蛋殼之間的蛋殼膜,原來也是非常好的營養補充品!
「大家都知道一顆蛋可以提供幾乎所有身體所需的營養,蛋白質、維生素、礦物質。但包在雞蛋外面的那一層蛋殼膜,有著更讓人驚訝的營養價值,可以維繫我們的健康快樂」--thealternativedaily.com
蛋殼膜含玻尿酸、軟骨素、膠原蛋白、彈性蛋白、葡萄糖胺、生長因子-b等。對於維持骨骼、關節、軟骨的功能、心肌、皮膚的彈性、結締組織的韌性等都非常有幫助。
「蛋殼膜可以減緩膝關節疼痛和僵直,而且不像一般NSAID類止痛藥(非類固醇性止痛藥),長期使用並不會造成任何副作用」-- livestrong.com
可惜一旦這層膜加熱之後,營養就會流失。國外的生食推動風潮下,建議直接將蛋殼膜取下、洗淨之後,加入寵物食物裡生吃。生吃所面臨的最大挑戰就是細菌,沙門氏菌的風險要如何避免?理論上只要雞但是新鮮、母雞沒有生病而雞蛋是完整的,大多數的細菌是可以被蛋殼屏蔽在外。
所以尋找令人安心的健康、衛生雞場、學會挑選新鮮雞蛋與生吃前適當的清潔工作變得尤其重要。
BEFORE TOSSING OUT YOUR EGGSHELLS, YOU MAY WANT TO CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING FIRST! (which can help heal you and your pets' joints!)
“An egg is known to be a nutritional powerhouse, packed with protein, vitamins and minerals in both its yolk and white, but the membrane that surrounds a developing embryo may possess even more amazing qualities that can benefit health and well-being.” - thealternativedaily.com
What is the eggshell membrane?
The most annoying part of the egg when trying to peel it, of course! The rubbery membrane, which can actually be the extremely beneficial according to researchers and their studies!
“A 2009 study published in the Journal of Clinical Interventions in Aging found that a supplement of natural eggshell membrane was effective for reducing knee pain and stiffness related to the condition without causing side effects that are known to result from long-term use of traditional treatments, like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications.” - livestrong.com
However this membrane needs to be offered at the raw, uncooked stage and not the boiled stage as heat can destroy the beneficial properties.
“Eggshell membranes contain substances with known benefits to joint health, including glucosamine, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin and collagen.”- published on the Insider Health, February 2011.
To further stroke this membrane’s ego, according to Doctor Karen Becker:
“Eggshell membrane contains a number of natural substances for today’s pets, including:
• Collagen - A fibrous protein that supports cartilage and connective tissue strength and elasticity.
• Elastin - A protein that supports skin, cardiovascular, cartilage, and spinal health. Elastin gives tissue its elastic tension and ability to resume its shape after stretching.
• Desmosine and isodesmosine - Two little-known amino acids responsible for elastin’s elastic or “rubbery” properties.
• Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - Includes glucosamine, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid - vital polysaccharides that are structural components of connective tissue, interstitial fluids and skeletal structure.
• Transforming growth factor-b - A protein that plays a crucial role in cellular differentiation and immune function.”
The tricky part of course is actually peeling the membrane away from the eggshell. Crack the organic egg from your local farmer, use it as normal, and then attempt to peel that white rubbery skin-like membrane away from the eggshell. Then feed it direct to your pet or fire on top of their food!
The peeling may seem tough at first, but with a little bit of practice, you can turn what normally goes into your trash into a super nutritious healing machine for you and your pets.
(If you want to find out what you can do with your eggshells, visit here - http://ow.ly/QM3Xe )
Rodney Habib - Pet Nutrition Blogger
"An educated, informed and well-researched community of pet owners can only put more pressure on the pet food industry to be better! When pet owners know better, they will only do better!"
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