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日本人を悩ませる冠詞(a/an/the)の使い分け
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英語で会話やメールをするとき、名詞の直前にくる冠詞が「a」なのか「an」、それとも「the」なのか迷う方も多いのではないでしょうか。実際のところ、ネイティブも間違えることがあり、慣れるまでは大変かとは思いますが、今日はなるべく分かり易く「a/an」と「the」の使い分けについてご説明しようと思います。
〜 「a / an」の使い方 〜
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1) 不特定名詞
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“a/an”は数えられる単数名詞に用いられ、(ある一つの)人や物、場所を表す時に使われます。例えば「I went to a park yesterday.(昨日、公園へ行きました)」は、具体的に特定の公園を示しているのではなく、単に公園に行ったことを表し、聞き手もどの公園に行ったかは分かりません。
✔基本的に子音(c, d, f, g…等)の前は“a”、母音(a, e, i, o, u)の前は“an”になりますが、「a university」「a unique」「an hour」「an honor」のように、必ずしも単語の頭文字によって使い分けが出来るわけではありません。子音と母音のそれぞれの「音」を基準にするようにしましょ。
<例文>
I watched a movie last night.
(昨晩、映画を見ました。)
※具体的に何の映画を見たか聞き手は分からない。
I’m going to a convenience store.
(コンビニへ行きます。)
※具体的にどのコンビニに行くか聞き手は分からない。
I bought an English book.
(英語の本を買いました。)
※具体的にどんな英語の本を買ったか聞き手は分からない。
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2) 人、物、場所について初めて話題にする時
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会話やメールにおいて、何かの物事や自分のアイデアを初めて人に紹介する時にも“a/an”が使われます。例えば「I have a cat.(私は猫を飼っています)」は、相手に新しい情報を紹介することになります。もし、「I have the cat.」と言うと「あの猫、飼って(預かって)いるよ」というニュアンスになり、相手は「どの猫?」と混乱をするでしょう。
<例文>
I have an older brother and a younger sister.
(私は兄と妹がいます。)
I’m going to a concert tonight.
(今夜コンサートへ行きます。)
I bought a brand new car.
(新車を購入しました。)
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3) その他
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その他、以下の単語と一緒に組み合わせて使われます。
✔職業:
a teacher, a doctor, an engineer
✔数量:
a little, a couple of, a few, a pair of
✔What a _____:
What a nice day! / What an awesome book! / What a shame!
<例文>
I’m an English teacher.
(私は英語の先生です。)
I’m a little tired.
(ちょっと疲れています。)
What an amazing movie!
(素晴らしい映画ですね。)
〜 「the」の使い方 〜
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1) 特定できる名詞
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“the”は数えられる名詞、数えられない名詞、単数形と複数形、全てにおいて使われ、話し手と聞き手がお互いに話の内容が分かっている時に使われます。例えば、「I went to the park yesterday.」と友達に言った場合、その友達は具体的にどの公園に行ったかが分かります。(友達がオススメした公園や、事前に友達にどの公園に行くかを伝えてある理由などから。)
<例文>
I watched the movie last night. It was really interesting just like you said.
(昨晩、あの映画見ました。あなたの言っていた通り超面白かったです。)
※聞き手は話し手が何の映画を見たか分かっている。
I’m going to the convenience store. Do you want anything?
(コンビニに行きますが、何か入りますか?)
※聞き手は話し手がどのコンビニに行くか分かっている。
I bought the English book. This is it right?
(あの英語の本買いました。これですよね?)
※聞き手は話し手がどの本を買ったか分かっている。
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2) 人、物、場所についての話題を2度目以降に話す時
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会話や文章で初めて紹介する物事の場合は、“a/an”が使われると上記で説明しましたが、2回目以降は“the”を使って表します。例えば「I have a cat. The cat is 3 years old.(私は猫を飼っています。その猫は3歳です。)」のように、紹介した後は、聞き手もどの猫について話しているのか認識しているので“the”が使用されます。
<例文>
I ran a marathon last week. The marathon had a lot of hills.
(先週マラソンに出ました。坂が多いマラソンでした。)
I’m going to a concert tonight. Do you want to come to the concert with me?
(今晩コンサートへ行きます。一緒にコンサートへ行きませんか?)
I bought a brand new car. I got a really good deal on the car.
(新車を購入しました。かなりお得な値段で購入しました。)
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3) その他
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その他、以下の単語と一緒に組み合わせて使われます。
✔海、湾、川、砂漠の名称:
The Pacific Ocean, The Gulf of Mexico, The Mississippi River, The Sahara
✔ホテル、博物館、美術館の名前:
The Hilton, The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum
✔(世界に)一つしかない物:
The sun, the moon, The president(大統領はその国に一人しかいない、社長もその会社に一人しかいない)
✔最上級:
The biggest, the richest, the oldest
<例文>
I’ve never been to the Sahara Desert.
(サハラ砂漠に行ったことがありません。)
I’m staying at the Hilton.
(私はヒルトンに泊まっています。)
Who is the oldest person in the world?
(世界最年長者は誰ですか?)
〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜
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https://hapaeikaiwa.com/mailmagazine/
〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過24萬的網紅Kyle Le Dot Net,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Follow Samantha on IG @sammiimartin Seleena @vnmesesisi Thomas @thom.as.allan Shayla @shaylaallan Kyle @kyleledotnet This video contains a bonus reu...
「old older, oldest」的推薦目錄:
old older, oldest 在 Mr. Muscular - 你的網上健身百科全書 Facebook 的最讚貼文
年紀和肌肉發展的關係
年紀大等於較小訓練效果⁉️
🤔🤔🤔
頂級運動員退休的原因是他們太老嗎?
頂級運動員年齡平均值為20多歲[10]。而奧林匹克舉重選手的年齡平均值為26歲 。[9]但我們細心想想,頂級運動員退休的原因通常都是傷患、有關藥物使用的風險(drug-related health risks)、較佳的工作機會等等...
當我們更加深入探討有關力量和肌肥大的時候,我們會發現健力運動員都會在35歲(平均值)時達到最佳的狀態[11]。而有關健美運動員的研究不多,但當我們細心觀察那些傑出的健美選手時,會發現他們達到職業巔峰的時期通常都是在30-40多歲。
例子:Ronnie Coleman, Phil Heath, Dorian Yates, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jay Cutler...
💪🏻💪🏻💪🏻
標題: Association of age with muscle size and strength before and after short-term resistance training in young adults [2]
圖2
研究背景
研究對象為18至39歲的男性和女性,使用磁力共振掃描(MRI)檢測肱二頭肌橫截面面積和測試肘屈肌群的一下最大力量(1RM),然後進行為期12星期的單邊手臂(非主用手)重量訓練。
訓練期結束後,再次使用磁力共振掃描(MRI)檢測肱二頭肌橫截面面積和測試肘屈肌群的一下最大力量。對比訓練前和訓練後的結果,最後得出當中的改變。
圖2A, 對象的肱二頭肌經歷12星期的重量訓練後,都有所增長。而各年齡層的肌肉增長沒有實際分別。在成年初期,年齡不會影響肌肉對重量訓練的反應。
圖2B,
年紀和二頭彎舉一下最大力量(1RM)有着負相聯的關係。
標題: Epidemiology of Sarcopenia [1]
研究背景及設計:
在明尼蘇達州的人群研究 (population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota)
年齡層抽樣方式提取數據 (Age stratified sample of men and women from the community)
😨😨😨
大眾而言,肌少症在大約20歲開始。不論性別,隨着人們年紀的增長,肌肉量都會穩定地下降。
既然肌少症在20歲開始...但是為什麼健力和健美運動員會在30~40多歲時達到運動表現的巔峰?
流失肌肉量·真正的成因⁉️
研究要點✅
1️⃣引致肌少症的主要成因,包括缺乏運動的生活方式和營養不良。[7]
2️⃣年紀令肌肉機能弱化,不使用(遺棄 disuse)肌肉會加劇這個問題 [8]
3️⃣要點:長期不使用肌肉(chronic disuse),是肌肉量流失和力量下降最主要的成因,並非老化(aging) [6]
4️⃣年紀不影響肌肉對力量訓練的反應 [4]
5️⃣年輕和老年的女性有着差不多的肌肥大及力量增長 [5]
6️⃣年輕和老年的個體有著差不多的肌肥大增長 [3]
CrMenno Henselmanselmans
🔥🔥🔥
「年紀是心靈勝於物質的問題,如果你不在乎,就無所謂。」 Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter.
如有興趣深入了解各研究的背景,可以參閱Reference部份中的文章‼️
Reference
1. III, L.J.M., Khosla, S., Crowson, C.S., O'Connor, M.K., O'Fallon, W.M. and Riggs, B.L. (2000), Epidemiology of Sarcopenia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48: 625-630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04719.x
2. Lowndes J, Carpenter RL, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Moyna NM, Price TB, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman EP, Thompson PD, Angelopoulos TJ. Association of age with muscle size and strength before and after short-term resistance training in young adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Oct;23(7):1915-20. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b94b35. PMID: 19749605; PMCID: PMC4103410.
3. Ivey FM, Roth SM, Ferrell RE, Tracy BL, Lemmer JT, Hurlbut DE, Martel GF, Siegel EL, Fozard JL, Jeffrey Metter E, Fleg JL, Hurley BF. Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Nov;55(11):M641-8. doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.11.m641. PMID: 11078093.
4. Mayhew DL, Kim JS, Cross JM, Ferrando AA, Bamman MM. Translational signaling responses preceding resistance training-mediated myofiber hypertrophy in young and old humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;107(5):1655-1662. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91234.2008
5. Loenneke, J.P., Rossow, L.M., Fahs, C.A., Thiebaud, R.S., Grant Mouser, J. and Bemben, M.G. (2017), Time‐course of muscle growth, and its relationship with muscle strength in both young and older women. Geriatr Gerontol Int, 17: 2000-2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13010
6. Andrew P. Wroblewski, Francesca Amati, Mark A. Smiley, Bret Goodpaster & Vonda Wright (2011) Chronic Exercise Preserves Lean Muscle Mass in Masters Athletes, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 39:3, 172-178, DOI: 10.3810/psm.2011.09.1933
7. Kim JS, Wilson JM, Lee SR. Dietary implications on mechanisms of sarcopenia: roles of protein, amino acids and antioxidants. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Jan;21(1):1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.06.014. Epub 2009 Oct 1. PMID: 19800212.
8. Venturelli M, Saggin P, Muti E, Naro F, Cancellara L, Toniolo L, Tarperi C, Calabria E, Richardson RS, Reggiani C, Schena F. In vivo and in vitro evidence that intrinsic upper- and lower-limb skeletal muscle function is unaffected by ageing and disuse in oldest-old humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2015 Sep;215(1):58-71. doi: 10.1111/apha.12524. Epub 2015 May 28. PMID: 25965867; PMCID: PMC4516639.
9. Huebner M, Perperoglou A. Performance Development From Youth to Senior and Age of Peak Performance in Olympic Weightlifting. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1121. Published 2019 Aug 27. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01121
10. Age of Peak Competitive Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review
11. Peak Age and Performance Progression in World-Class Weightlifting and Powerlifting Athletes
額外閱讀:https://mennohenselmans.com/how-bad-is-aging-for-your-gains/
old older, oldest 在 余海峯 David . 物理喵 phycat Facebook 的精選貼文
[最古老「精子」化石藏於一億年前緬甸琥珀中!]
[Scientists discover 100 million years ago world's oldest
sperm in amber]
An international research team has found the oldest ever sample of animal sperm, which predates previous records by 50 million years. The specimen of "giant" sperm, from the marine species ostracod, was preserved in a piece of amber in Myanmar and is roughly 100 million years old. The sperm was found in the reproductive tract of a female that had clearly just mated.
The findings suggest that the unique reproductive features of these animals have remained unchanged for millions of years. This specimens is approximately 50-million year older than the two fossils of animal sperm previously considered the oldest, one from an unknown source found in amber in France, and a second embedded in an Antarctic segmented worm cocoon.
It is also 83 million years older than the previous record for ostracod sperm, which was found at Riversleigh, in Australia.
Research article: https://rs.figshare.com/…/Supplementary_material_fr…/5106105
old older, oldest 在 Kyle Le Dot Net Youtube 的最佳解答
Follow Samantha on IG @sammiimartin Seleena @vnmesesisi
Thomas @thom.as.allan Shayla @shaylaallan Kyle @kyleledotnet
This video contains a bonus reunion Hung had with his friends + footage that was left in the cutting room floor and behind the scenes
of Girl Finds Her Birth Family Online. https://youtu.be/0QG0DtfzM2M
Trinidad Pre-Reunion Vlog: https://youtu.be/So-jvaGWWoI
Reach me/ Hire me: http://www.kylele.net
Thank you Kevin and Robert
Shayla and her twin brother, Thomas, were adopted at 6 months old by a family from Calgary who relocated to Trinidad for work. Meanwhile, two older sisters were adopted previously and still live in the Toronto area. Due to unfortunate circumstances, difficult situations, and past struggles with the law, Shayla’s birth parents lost custody shortly after they were born. Shayla always knew her birth parents’ full names and used Facebook to find her birth mother and followed her throughout the years. Just a few months ago, Shayla’s adoptive mom noticed a girl on her birth mother’s page that resembled Shayla a lot. Eventually, when Shayla was able to reach her older sister Seleena, she was also able to reach her oldest sister, Samantha. And with these connections, finally Shayla found her father, a former Vietnamese boat refugee who immigrated to Canada by himself.
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About Me: I'm Kyle Le and these are the places I've been, the people I've met, the foods I've eaten, and the many things that I've seen...Originally from Southern California, I moved to Saigon, Vietnam after university and lived there for many years. Then, I traveled the world finding and documenting stories of Vietnamese people living outside of the homeland. Then I finished my master's at USC and now... well... you're going to have to follow and watch to find out!
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Original Music by Antti Luode.
Filmed with a Panasonic G9, 12-60mm, 14-140mm 15mm
Audio from a Rode Micro / Rode Link
Dji Spark from http://www.easyshopdrone.com
old older, oldest 在 Kyle Le Dot Net Youtube 的最佳解答
Follow Samantha on IG @sammiimartin Seleena @vnmesesisi
Thomas @thom.as.allan Shayla @shaylaallan Kyle @kyleledotnet
Shayla and her twin brother, Thomas, were adopted at 6 months old by a family from Calgary who relocated to Trinidad for work. Meanwhile, two older sisters were adopted previously and still live in the Toronto area. Due to unfortunate circumstances, difficult situations, and past struggles with the law, Shayla’s birth parents lost custody shortly after they were born. Shayla always knew her birth parents’ full names and used Facebook to find her birth mother and followed her throughout the years. Just a few months ago, Shayla’s adoptive mom noticed a girl on her birth mother’s page that resembled Shayla a lot. Eventually, when Shayla was able to reach her older sister Seleena, she was also able to reach her oldest sister, Samantha. And with these connections, finally Shayla found her father, a former Vietnamese boat refugee who immigrated to Canada by himself.
#Vietnamese #FamilyReunion #Facebook
Directed, Filmed, Edited, Music directed by Kyle Le
Associate Produced by Shayla Allan
Music Composed by Antti Luode
Trinidad Drone footage by Richard Ramirez
Toronto Urban Drone footage by Bassam Abdulkhalek
Toronto Nature Drone footage by Kyle Le
Special thanks to Kevin, Robert, and my Toronto viewers, and everyone who appeared in this video. Thank you for letting me tell your family reunion story.
Like: Facebook: http://www.fb.com/KyleLe.net
Follow: Instagram and Snapchat @KyleLeDotNet
Filmed with a Panasonic G7 14-140mm. 15mm
Audio from a Rode Micro / Rode Link
Dji Spark http://www.easyshopdrone.com