關於 qsee trustzone ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

「qsee trustzone」的推薦目錄：

關於qsee trustzone 在 Android-Security-Reference/TEE.md at master - GitHub 的評價
關於qsee trustzone 在 ‪#‎trustzone‬ - Explore | Facebook 的評價
關於qsee trustzone 在 SoK: Understanding the Prevailing Security Vulnerabilities in ... 的評價
關於qsee trustzone 在 Time-consuming Problem of Memory Copy Between REE and ... 的評價
關於qsee trustzone 在 USENIX Security '20 - PARTEMU: Enabling Dynamic Analysis ... 的評價

社群媒體上有些相關的討論：

qsee trustzone 在 Android-Security-Reference/TEE.md at master - GitHub 的推薦與評價

From 'Android Security Internals' the Nexus 4 was TrustZone enabled, with QSEE implemented on top of that. Most likely uses a single master key-encryption ... ... <看更多>

qsee trustzone 在 ‪#‎trustzone‬ - Explore | Facebook 的推薦與評價

explore #trustzone at Facebook. ... detail about the communication protocol between the kernel & the Qualcomm #TrustZone (AKA QSEE) to scan the weak spots. ... <看更多>

qsee trustzone 在 SoK: Understanding the Prevailing Security Vulnerabilities in ... 的推薦與評價

Index Terms—TEE, TrustZone, Security Vulnerabilities, Arm ... Representative vulnerability exploits for QSEE, Qualcomm's TEE system, showing the diversity ... ... <看更多>

qsee trustzone 在 Time-consuming Problem of Memory Copy Between REE and ... 的推薦與評價

... <看更多>

qsee trustzone 在 USENIX Security '20 - PARTEMU: Enabling Dynamic Analysis ... 的推薦與評價

PARTEMU: Enabling Dynamic Analysis of Real-World TrustZone Software ... We also demonstrate using PARTEMU to test the QSEE TZOS itself, ... ... <看更多>

你可能也想看看

qualcomm trustzone

qualcomm qsee architecture

qualcomm tee

OP-TEE wiki

搜尋相關連結

#1. 从0到TrustZone第三篇：从QSEE劫持Linux内核

之前讨论过，QSEE可以被提权——这里的提权不仅包含直接与TrustZone内核交互并访问硬件——安全的TrustZone文件系统(SFS)，也包括一些系统内存的直接访问形式。

#2. The Road to Qualcomm TrustZone Apps Fuzzing

Qualcomm's Secure Execution Environment (QSEE), used on Pixel, LG, Xiaomi, Sony, HTC, OnePlus, Samsung and many other devices.

#3. Attacking the Android kernel using the Qualcomm TrustZone

The QSEE communication protocol allows Android user mode programs to communicate with trustlets. Since this protocol includes shared memory ( ...

#4. Reflections on Trusting TrustZone - Black Hat

"ARM® TrustZone® technology is a system- wide approach to security for a wide array ... (QSEE). ○ Majority market share among mid/high-end. Android phones.

#5. 研究人員公布可用來竊取機密資訊的高通晶片旁路漏洞 - iThome

QSEE 源自於ARM的TrustZone設計，TrustZone為系統單晶片的安全核心，它建立了一個隔離的安全世界來供可靠軟體與機密資料使用，而其它軟體則只能在一般的 ...

#6. Qualcom TZ QSEE 简介_苏西守护者的博客

The TrustZone (TZ) software was pioneered by ARM in their v6 architecture and significantly redesigned for v7. This hardware implementation ...

#7. Android-Security-Reference/TEE.md at master - GitHub

From 'Android Security Internals' the Nexus 4 was TrustZone enabled, with QSEE implemented on top of that. Most likely uses a single master key-encryption ...

#8. 简谈高通Trustzone的实现【转】 - 请给我倒杯茶 - 博客园

scm driver 那边接到qseecom的调用后，会把HLOS相关数据（包括指令参数）放入指它buffer，然后执行scm调用。 qsapp通过qsee提供的api接受来自HLOS那边的 ...

#9. 從0到TrustZone（第二篇）： QSEE提權漏洞及利用 - 壹讀

QSEE 攻擊面在上一篇文章中提到，高通的TrustZone實現啟用「普通世界」操作系統向「安全環境」中的用戶空間環境加載可信應用程式（名為trustlets），稱 ...

#10. Guard Your Data with the Qualcomm® Snapdragon™ Mobile ...

Qualcomm Trusted Execution Environment. The TEE on Qualcomm Technologies SoC is based on ARM TrustZone technology. TrustZone is a set of security.

#11. Architecture of a QSEE Trusted Application. - ResearchGate

TrustZone -based Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) have been utilized extensively for the implementation of security-oriented solutions for several smart ...

#12. Qualcomm安全执行环境（QSEE）漏洞分析 - X-MOL

TrustZone technology is used to implement Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) in mobile devices. TEE is responsible for isolating and ...

#13. 0xor0ne on Twitter: "CVE-2021-1961: vulnerability in ...

CVE-2021-1961: vulnerability in Qualcomm's TrustZone (QSEE) which allows to modify the Android kernel memory and achieve RCE Great writeup ...

#14. QSEE TrustZone Kernel Integer Overflow Vulnerability

This paper discusses the nature of a vulnerability within the Qualcomm QSEE. TrustZone implementation as present on a wide variety of Android ...

#15. CVE - Search Results - MITRE

In TrustZone an integer overflow vulnerability can potentially occur in all Android releases from CAF using the Linux kernel. CVE-2015-6647, The Widevine QSEE ...

#16. 可以安心使用了！影响超过40款芯片的漏洞已被高通消灭了

QSEE 源自于ARM的TrustZone设计，TrustZone为系统单芯片的安全核心，它建立了一个隔离的安全环境来供可靠软件与机密信息使用，而其它软件则只能在一般环境中执行，QSEE ...

#17. Google Android Widevine QSEE TrustZone Application 权限 ...

此漏洞会影响未知部件的组件Widevine QSEE TrustZone Application。手动调试的不合法输入可导致权限升级。漏洞的CWE定义是CWE-264。此漏洞的脆弱性2016-01-06由公示 ...

#18. TrustZone/QSEE logs In pixel - XDA Forums

Hi there, Anyone know to explain why it is not possible to read "/d/tzdbg/log" or "/d/tzdbg/qsee_log" (with cat) , I getting an empty log ...

#19. Vulnerability Details : CVE-2015-6647

CVE-2015-6647 : The Widevine QSEE TrustZone application in Android 5.x before 5.1.1 LMY49F and 6.0 before 2016-01-01 allows attackers to gain privileges via ...

#20. Cortex-M TrustZone – TEE implementation • Vulnerability of ...

Cortex-A TrustZone ... ARM Ltd. proposes the following use cases of TrustZone ... Trusted OS (QSEOS) load the TA at QSEE, but available memory is.

#21. 通天塔PARTEMU: Enabling Dynamic Analysis of Real-World ...

PARTEMU：启用对真实世界TrustZone软件的动态分析使用仿真 ... real-world TrustZone operating systems (TZOSes) - Qualcomm's QSEE, Trustonic's Kinibi, ...

#22. 標籤: Qualcomm - 願

Note: How to use SD LLVM 3.9.x toolchain to rebuild devcfg/QSEE 4.0 ... Note: Rebuild TrustZone/QSEE 4.0 image for OEM.

#23. QSEE TrustZone exploitation - Firmware Security

QSEE TrustZone exploitation · TrustZone Kernel Privilege Escalation (CVE-2016-2431) · In this blog post we'll continue our journey from zero ...

#24. Vulnerability analysis of Qualcomm Secure Execution ...

There are several TrustZone-based TEE solutions utilized in devices, among which Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment (QSEE) is the most ...

#25. Designing TEE OS Based on the Microkernel Architecture

ARM TrustZone technology is widely used to provide Trusted Execution ... such as the integer overflow vulnerability in Qualcomm QSEE TrustZone and the ...

#26. 高通芯片爆漏洞危机，或可被用于执行无法检测的APT - 嘶吼

QSEE 是一种基于ARM TrustZone技术的Trusted Execution Environment（TEE安全执行环境）实现的，是主处理器上一个硬件隔离的安全区域，被称为高通芯片的“ ...

#27. Designing TEE OS Based on the Microkernel Architecture

... such as the integer overflow vulnerability in Qualcomm QSEE TrustZone and the TZDriver vulnerability in HUAWEI Hisilicon TEE architecture.

#28. Enabling Dynamic Analysis of Real-World TrustZone Software ...

To address the above problem, this work builds an emulator that runs four widely-used, real-world TrustZone operating systems (TZOSes) - Qualcomm's QSEE, ...

#29. Building Trust for Smart Connected Devices: The Challenges ...

QSEE is the TrustZone-based TEE implementation that Qualcomm has installed in its SoCs. Like all TEEs, QSEE includes user-mode applications in normal world ...

#30. ‪#‎trustzone‬ - Explore | Facebook

explore #trustzone at Facebook. ... detail about the communication protocol between the kernel & the Qualcomm #TrustZone (AKA QSEE) to scan the weak spots.

#31. CN107403152A - 高通平台TrustZone指纹识别实现方法及系统

本发明基于TrustZone硬件环境下，安全存储控制指纹。 ... QSEE内核代码：高通安全执行环境，用于为TZ安全应用程序提供身份验证、加密和日志记录安全应用进一步，所述 ...

#32. Android Widevine QSEE TrustZone应用程序权限许可和访问 ...

Android Widevine QSEE TrustZone应用程序权限许可和访问控制漏洞. CNNVD编号：CNNVD-201601-120; 危害等级：超危; CVE编号：CVE-2015-6647 ...

#33. trustzone相关概念- 腾讯云开发者社区

... 队友的相关操作系统，如：OP-TEE,Trusty，高通的QSEE，豆荚. OP-TEE:Open Portable Trusted Execution Environment. 一种开源的trustzone操作系统.

#34. Shedding Light on Samsung's TrustZone Keymaster Design

Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment (QSEE) by. Qualcomm: used in Google Pixel devices and in Snap- dragon models of Samsung Galaxy devices.

#35. Skybox Vulnerability Center: Google Android 5.0, 5.1.1, 6.0 ...

The Widevine QSEE TrustZone application in Android 5.0, 5.1.1 before 5.1.1 LMY49F, 6.0, and 6.0.1 before 2016-01-01 allows attackers to gain ...

#36. 高通晶片爆漏洞危機，或用於執行無法檢測的APT - 每日頭條

具體來講，該漏洞位於高通公司的「安全可執行環境」（QSEE）中。QSEE是一種基於ARM TrustZone技術的Trusted Execution Environment（TEE安全執行 ...

#37. Downgrade Attack on TrustZone - NASA/ADS

The attack exploits the fact that the trustlet (TA) or TrustZone OS loading verification ... Also, we show a real-world example to exploit Qualcomm's QSEE.

#38. Qualcomm's Insecure TrustZone - PC Perspective

QSEE, more commonly known as Qualcomm Secure World, is a secured area present on the main processor. The purpose of creating this hardware- ...

#39. Introduction to Trusted Execution Environment: ARM's TrustZone

QSEE from Qualcomm; TrustedCore (TEE Operating System on Huawei). Numerous vulnerabilities were found in different implementations of TrustZone, ...

#40. Partemu: Enabling Dynamic Analysis Of Real-World Trustzone ...

... including Android smartphones [51, 54] and IoT devices [55]; We demonstrate using PARTEMU to test the QSEE TrustZone operating system (TZOS) itself, ...

#41. Android全デバイスに影響か Qualcommのセキュリティ機構 ...

Armのセキュリティ技術「TrustZone」をベースにしたQualcommのセキュリティ機構「Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment」（QSEE）に脆弱（ ...

#42. Security Analysis of TEEs on TrustZone - Viaccess-Orca

Qualcomm Trusted Execution Environment or QTEE (often called Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment or QSEE) is Qualcomm's official implementation of a TEE. It ...

#43. Downgrade Attack on TrustZone - Computer Science, FSU

attack exploits the fact that the trustlet (TA) or TrustZone OS loading ... attack to exploit a QSEE privilege escalation vulnerability (CVE-2015-6639).

#44. 移动平台TEE的设计与安全评估 - TrustKernel

TrustZone 是一个全系统级别的安全架构. • 处理器、内存和外设的安全隑离 ... 高通QSEE内核整型溢出CVE-2014-4322 ... 1、芯片厂商的TrustZone硬件隑离实现机制各异.

#45. 高通芯片曝安全漏洞，影响数亿设备，可窃取个人数据 - InfoQ

公开资料显示，QSEE 是一种基于ARM TrustZone 技术的TEE 可信执行环境实现的。它是主处理器上一个硬件隔离的安全区域，被称为高通芯片的“安全 ...

#46. Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/msm/tz-log.txt

TZLOG (Trust Zone Log). The tz_log driver is a platform device driver that exposes a ... related to secure code (Trustzone/QSEE). Required properties:.

#47. SoK: Understanding the Prevailing Security Vulnerabilities in ...

Index Terms—TEE, TrustZone, Security Vulnerabilities, Arm ... Representative vulnerability exploits for QSEE, Qualcomm's TEE system, showing the diversity ...

#48. Time-consuming Problem of Memory Copy Between REE and ...

So, is this problem because the QSEE(TrustZone) limit the cache size or cache access performance? arm · cpu-cache · trust-zone.

#49. Cross-World Covert Channel on ARM Trustzone through PMU

TrustZone is mostly used in Arm A-profile and Arm M-profile architecture with TEE implementations such as OP-TEE, Trusty, QSEE, and Kinibi.

#50. Device Management and Security - Lantronix

Robotics – Customized secure boot chain, QSEE/Trustzone, OpenSSC, and tamper-proof (hardware-protected) key store; Connected Security camera – Encrypted ...

#51. Attacking TrustZone on devices lacking memory protection

ARM TrustZone offers a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) embedded ... OS (Trusted Execution Environment) is in the market (QSEE, OP-TEE).

#52. Introduction to Trusted Execution Environment and ARM's ...

This article will be an introduction to TEE concepts and ARM's TrustZone technology ... Environment (QSEE) that is also used on a lot of smartphone devices.

#53. Teaclave TrustZone SDK - Mingshen Sun

TrustZone. • Qualcomm's Secure Execution Environment (QSEE) privilege escalation vulnerability and exploit. (CVE-2015-6639) ...

#54. Trust Issues: Exploiting TrustZone TEEs - Project Zero

In the Android ecosystem, two major TEE implementations exist - Qualcomm's QSEE and Trustonic's Kinibi (formerly <t-base).

#55. Qualcomm®Trusted Execution Environment Software ...

One-Time Programmable. QTI. Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. SHA. Secure Hash Algorithm. SoC. System on Chip. TZ. Trust Zone ...

#56. Build TA images on different TEE - David Dong

QSEE is one TEE OS supported by Qualcomm. In the android market, the system running with the Qualcomm platform uses the QSEE Trust zone.

#57. 高通TEE 可信执行环境（QSEE）漏洞的利用分析 - 腾讯网

起初，你可能认为ARM TrustZone 硬件原语（例如NS 位、TrustZone 控制器等）是FI 攻击最有趣的目标。但是，研究人员决定以执行QSEE 软件的处理器为 ...

#58. Exploiting QSEE, the Raelize Way! - HITB conference

Breaking into QSEE using a: ... Qualcomm TEE (i.e. QSEE) is loaded and started ... Targeting code instead of ARM TrustZone HW primitives is effective.

#59. Elevating The TrustZone To Achieve A Powerful Android ...

Besides the exploit itself, I will go into detail about the communication protocol between the kernel and the Qualcomm TrustZone (AKA QSEE), and where its ...

#60. Android Qualcomm Vulnerability Impacts 60 Percent of Devices

Qualcomm's version of TrustZone goes by name Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment. The vulnerability exists within the QSEE and its ability ...

#61. USENIX Security '20 - PARTEMU: Enabling Dynamic Analysis ...

PARTEMU: Enabling Dynamic Analysis of Real-World TrustZone Software ... We also demonstrate using PARTEMU to test the QSEE TZOS itself, ...

#62. 百度安全Rust TrustZone SDK 正式成为Apache Teaclave 子项目

例如高通 QSEE 内存安全问题 [1] 造成的安全世界（secure world) 的漏洞，后果甚至可以拿到全磁盘加密的密钥 [2]。 2019 年初百度开源了 Rust OP-TEE ...

#63. 高通QSEE漏洞影響六成采用了該公司安全平臺的Android設備

安全研究人員Gal Beniamini在高通定制實現的TrustZone內核中發現了該漏洞，其被用於搭載了高通芯片的android智能機上。

#64. Critical Vulnerability Breaks Android Full Disk Encryption

The issue resides in the Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment (QSEE), ... an EoP vulnerability in the Widevine QSEE TrustZone application.

#65. 高通的可信执行环境---QSEE - 移动支付网

目前所有的手机芯片的可信执行环境都是基于ARM的trustzone技术实现的，苹果如此、高通如此、三星如此、MTK如此、华为麒麟芯片依旧如此。学习理解QSEE ...

#66. CVE-2015-6639 - Exploits & Severity - Feedly

The Widevine QSEE TrustZone application in Android 5.x before 5.1.1 LMY49F and 6.0 before 2016-01-01 allows attackers to gain privileges via ...

#67. Over 60 Percent of Android Phones are Affected by Critical ...

Qualcomm's implementation of TrustZone is known as "Qualcomm Secure ... the QSEE vulnerability impacts both old versions of the Android as ...

#68. 了解TrustZone，读了这篇就够了 - 掘金

这篇文章源于老板想了解TrustZone，要求我写一篇文章简单介绍TrustZone的原理。 ... 安全世界QSEE (Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment) ...

#69. Nexus 安全性公告- 2016 年1 月

Widevine QSEE TrustZone 應用程式中的權限升級漏洞可讓擁有QSEECOM 存取權的應用程式在受到破壞且取得授權的情況下，在Trustzone 環境中執行任何程式碼。

#70. 简谈高通Trustzone的实现,yunshouhu的博客,tz qsee - 云服务器

从trustzone之我见知道，支持trustzone的芯片会跑在两个世界。普通世界、安全世界，对应高通这边是HLOS,QSEE。如下图：如下是HLOS与QSEE的软件架构图 HLOS这两分 ...

#71. 高通芯片爆漏洞危机，或可被用于执行无法检测的APT - 360安全

具体来讲，该漏洞位于高通公司的“安全可执行环境”（QSEE）中。QSEE是一种基于ARM TrustZone技术的Trusted Execution Environment（TEE安全执行环境） ...

#72. 可信执行环境介绍——ARM的TrustZone - 开发者头条

与QSEE不同，Trustonic开发的TrustZone以前称为t-base，后来改名为Kinibi，它有一个微内核，这意味着不再存在单点故障。虽然对Trustonic的TrustZone的公共研究较少，但有 ...

#73. CVE-2015-6639 - Debian Security Tracker

The Widevine QSEE TrustZone application in Android 5.x before 5.1.1 LMY49F and 6.0 before 2016-01-01 allows attackers to gain privileges via a crafted ...

#74. Qualcomm IPQ40xx: Breaking into QSEE using Fault Injection

At first, you may think that the ARM TrustZone hardware primitives (e.g. NS bit, TrustZone controllers, …) are the most interesting target for a ...

#75. 一篇了解TrustZone-面包板社区 - 电子工程专辑

网上能找到少许关于高通方案上TrustZone 的介绍：. 安全世界QSEE (Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment); 非安全世界HLOS (High Level OS).

#76. 一篇了解TrustZone-电子头条

安全世界QSEE (Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment). 非安全世界HLOS (High Level OS). 整个系统的架构如图8：图8. 高通QSEE系统架构 ...

#77. A major flaw in Android Qualcomm can affect over 60 per cent ...

This QSEE vulnerability, discovered by Gal Beniamini last week, is troubling ... The exploit takes advantage of the Android OS TrustZone, ...

#78. 從0到TrustZone第三篇：從QSEE劫持Linux內核- 台部落

之前討論過，QSEE可以被提權——這裏的提權不僅包含直接與TrustZone內核交互並訪問硬件——安全的TrustZone文件系統(SFS)，也包括一些系統內存的直接訪問 ...

#79. A Security Evaluation of TrustZone Based Trusted Execution ...

the most widely deployed and used being QSEE and Kinibi. All of the aforementioned secure operating systems are based on the ARM TrustZone technology, ...

#80. Attacking ARM TrustZone using Hardware vulnerability

Moreover, there are some major vendors' secure. OS (Trusted Execution Environment) in the market (QSEE, OPTEE) and we compare our memory dump to the compiled ...

#81. Qualcomm is also vulnerable, it is possible to extract private ...

... encryption keys located in the isolated Qualcomm QSEE (Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment) enclave based on ARZ TrustZone technology.

#82. FDE Archives - Security Affairs

Qualcomm runs a small kernel in TrustZone to implement the QSEE (Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment), a Trusted Execution Environment for ...

#83. 高通芯片爆漏洞危机，数亿设备受影响- FreeBuf网络安全行业门户

QSEE 是一种基于ARM TrustZone技术的Trusted Execution Environment（TEE安全执行环境）实现的，是主处理器上一个硬件隔离的安全区域，被称为高通芯片的“安全世界”（Secure ...

#84. 芯片漏洞已修补！困扰高通一年的问题终于解决了_环境 - 搜狐

QSEE 源自于ARM的TrustZone设计，TrustZone为系统单芯片的安全核心，它建立了一个隔离的安全环境来供可靠软件与机密信息使用，而其它软件则只能在一般 ...

#85. 從0到TrustZone第三篇：從QSEE劫持Linux核心- ITW01

本系列文章在前一篇文章中，我們介紹了qsee的漏洞及利用，接下來讓我們將重點轉移到qsee shellcode 之前討論過，qsee可以被提權這裏的提權不僅包含直接與trustzone核心 ...

#86. Secure Storage Model Based on TrustZone - IOPscience

ensure the security of users' data, ARM has proposed TrustZone technology. ... current vendors with their TEE solutions are Qualcomm's Qsee, Trustonic's TEE ...

#87. On the Security Evaluation of the ARM TrustZone Extension in ...

comms implementation of the TEE (QSEE). The vulnerability was present on a wide variety of android mobile devices supporting TrustZone and ...

#88. SoK: Understanding the Prevailing Security ... - CS@Purdue

Index Terms—TEE, TrustZone, Security Vulnerabilities, Arm ... Representative vulnerability exploits for QSEE, Qualcomm's TEE system, showing the diversity ...

#89. Security and Privacy in Communication Networks: 13th ...

In: BlackHat USA (2014) Rosenberg, D.: QSEE trustzone kernel integer over flow vulnerability. In: Black Hat Conference (2014) 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

#90. Android Qualcomm QSEE Vulnerability Affects 60 Percent of ...

Security researcher Gal Beniamini discovered this issue in the Qualcomm's custom implementation of the TrustZone kernel, used on Android ...

#91. 一篇了解TrustZone - 知乎专栏

安全世界QSEE (Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment); 非安全世界HLOS (High Level OS). 整个系统的架构如图8：.

#92. Information Security and Cryptology: 15th International ...

ACM (2008) Rosenberg, D.: Qsee trustzone kernel integer over flow vulnerability. In: Black Hat Conference, p.

#93. ARM: dts: ipq4019: Add TZ and SMEM reserved regions

The QSEE (trustzone) is started on IPQ4019 before Linux is started. According to QCA, it is placed in in the the memory region ...

#94. Delta Telecom - National Communication operator

This QSEE vulnerability, discovered by Gal Beniamini last week, ... Qualcomms version of TrustZone goes by name Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment.

#95. 시큐어 RTOS 구현 사례: QSEE - Arm Linux Kernel Hacks

[Arm프로세서][Armv8] 트러스트존(TrustZone): 시큐어 RTOS 구현 사례: QSEE ... QSEE는 Qualcomm's Secure Execution Environment의 약자로 Arm ...

#96. Intrusion Detection and Prevention for Mobile Ecosystems

D. Rosenberg, QSEE TrustZone Kernel integer overflow, BlackHat, 1–4, 2014. 9. D-H. You and B-N.

#97. DeepSec 2022 Talk: Auditing Closed Source Trusted ...

Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment (QSEE) is one of the most ... From the basic ARM TrustZone to a dedicated chip (Google Titan-M) makes ...