[RESEARCH SERIES] Cấu trúc và một số lưu ý khi viết phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu (Research methods)
Khi đọc phần phương pháp nghiên cứu, biên tập viên và người bình duyệt sẽ cơ bản thấy được khả năng nghiên cứu, sự chuyên nghiệp trong nghiên cứu của tác giả. Thông tin được viết trong phần này phải đủ chi tiết để người đọc đánh giá được sự phù hợp của phương pháp nghiên cứu, quy trình thu thập và xử lý dữ liệu bạn đã sử dụng. Bài viết chị chia sẻ hôm nay về kinh nghiệm của TS. Nguyễn Hữu Cương khi viết cấu trúc và một số lưu ý khi viết phần phương pháp nghiên cứu, mọi người đón đọc nhé!
Nếu như phần Tổng quan nghiên cứu (Literature review) được coi là phần khó viết nhất thì phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu được cho là phần dễ viết nhất (nhiều người thường viết phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu đầu tiên) đơn giản bởi vì ta chỉ mô tả lại những gì đã làm trong quá trình lựa chọn phương pháp nghiên cứu, thiết kế công cụ thu thập dữ liệu, thu thập dữ liệu và xử lý dữ liệu. Tuy nhiên, để có một phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu tốt, bạn cần lưu ý là thông tin bạn viết trong phần này phải đủ chi tiết để độc giả đánh giá được sự phù hợp của các phương pháp nghiên cứu bạn đã sử dụng, đánh giá được độ giá trị (validity) và độ tin cậy (reliability) của kết quả nghiên cứu (Belcher, 2019).
Thông thường những thông tin cần viết trong phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu bao gồm:
- Các phương pháp thu thập dữ liệu đã sử dụng (data collection methods): định lượng (quantitative), hay định tính (qualitative), hay hỗn hợp (mixed method).
- Các công cụ thu thập dữ liệu tương ứng với phương pháp thu thập dữ liệu: bảng hỏi (survey questionnaires), dữ liệu phân tích thống kê (statistical analysis) đối với phương pháp định lượng; phỏng vấn (interview), quan sát (observation), phân tích văn bản (document analysis), thảo luận nhóm (focus group)… đối với phương pháp định tính.
- Đối tượng tham gia cung cấp dữ liệu (participants) và chọn mẫu (sampling): mô tả quần thể nghiên cứu (target population), phương pháp chọn mẫu, tổng số mẫu thu được.
- Quá trình thu thập dữ liệu (data collection procedure).
- Phân tích dữ liệu (data analysis): dùng công cụ, phần mềm gì để phân tích dữ liệu, ví dụ SPSS đối với phân tích dữ liệu định lượng hay Nvivo đối với phân tích dữ liệu định tính.
- Những vấn đề cần lưu ý về đạo đức nghiên cứu (ethical considerations), đặc biệt đối với những nghiên cứu liên quan đến trẻ em, người bệnh, người tàn tật, người già (Azevedo et al., 2011; Belcher, 2019).
Một phần lưu ý nữa là bạn nên trình bày phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu theo từng đầu mục (sub-heading) một cách chi tiết để một người không trực tiếp tham gia vào nghiên cứu vẫn hiểu chính xác bạn đã làm gì và tại sao.
Lưu lý là phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu thường chiếm 1/8 (một phần tám) bài báo. Như vậy, với bài viết có độ dài 4000-8000 từ thì Phương pháp nghiên cứu có thể có độ dài tương ứng là 500-1000 từ.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Azevedo, L. F., Canário-Almeida, F., Fonseca, A. J., Costa-Pereira, A, Winck, J. C., & Hespanhol, V. (2011). How to write a scientific paper—writing the methods section. Rev Port Pneumol, 17(5), 232-238.
Belcher, W. L. (2019). Writing your article in 12 weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
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