關於 reduce plastic bags ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

[生活美語] 同學有看過Bag to Earth*這種廚餘回收袋嗎？

在溫哥華第一次見到!

這些袋子完全都是用裝廚餘的可生物分解紙做的；這種由可再生材料製成的紙張為堆肥過程添加了所需的營養，因而使得有機食物的垃圾循環更具效率。透過連結可以閱讀更多有關袋子的資訊：https://www.bagtoearth.com/about

The bags are made entirely of biodegradable paper and are used to hold kitchen waste/food scraps (廚餘). This makes the organic food waste cycle more efficient as the paper, made from renewable and sustainable resources, adds needed nutrients to the composting process. You can read more about the bags here: https://www.bagtoearth.com/about

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在台灣，我們使用塑膠袋裝廚餘。而這些袋子會被回收、還是被燒？我們多少的廚餘會變成肥料或是用來餵豬？這個過程的效率如何？我們應該如何做以減少食物浪費並降低回收過程的環境成本？這些是當探討環境污染時，我們應該思考的一些問題。

In Taiwan, we use plastic bag to hold our kitchen waste. Are these bags recycled or burned? How much of our kitchen waste is turned into fertilizer or pig feed? How efficient is the process? How can we reduce food waste and lower the environmental costs of our recycling processes? Some questions to think about when discussing environmental pollution.

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Key words:

•kitchen waste/food scraps 廚餘
•biodegradable 可生物分解的
•compostable 可堆肥的
•compost 混合肥料；堆肥
•organic fertilizer 有機肥料
https://www.gardeningchannel.com/compost-vs-fertilizer-explained/
•plastic particles 塑膠顆粒
•nutrients 營養素
•the composting process 堆肥的過程
•renewable and sustainable resources 可再生及永續資源
•raw materials 原料
•eco-certification 環保認證
•contaminate 污染
•environmental sustainability 環境永續
•forest management policies 森林管理政策
•enrich garden soil 使花園的土壤更肥沃
•pig feed (n.) 豬食、餵豬吃的
•reduce garbage 減少垃圾量
•lower production costs 降低生產成本
•incinerate 焚燒、焚化
•bury in a landfill 埋在垃圾掩埋場
•the food waste problem 食物浪費問題
•food self-sufficiency 食物自給自足
•waste treatment 廢物處理
•economic incentive 經濟誘因

*Bag to Earth 這個商標可能是出於 Give back to Earth (回饋地球) 或 Return to the soil (回到土地)的概念。

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相關文章:

Bag to Earth
https://www.bagtoearth.com/about

Bag to Earth makes composting a pleasure
https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/courier-archive/living/bag-to-earth-makes-composting-a-pleasure-yes-really-3107819

In Taiwan, leftover food scraps help farmers sustain porky appetites
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/mar/23/taiwan-food-waste-pork-production-farming-recycling-environment

Taiwan’s food waste must be addressed
https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2019/12/01/2003726744

8 CẤU TRÚC HAY - ÁP DỤNG GHI ĐIỂM CAO

- Hôm nay chúng ta học tiếp 8 cấu trúc thú vị nha, bạn ghi vào nhé:

1. To develop an interest: nuôi dưỡng sở thích
I have developed an interest for reading romantic books since I was a freshman in the university.

2. To be an expert in St: rất giỏi về cái gì
My neighbor, Mr. Hung, is an expert in fixing things.

3. Overcome hate and find the beauty inside: vượt qua sự ghét bỏ và đi tìm cái đẹp bên trong
Many people in LGBT community have done many campaigns to overcome hate from others and find the true beauty inside their mind.

4. Have the courage to do St: có dũng khí làm gì
Whenever I talk to my mom, I feel I have the courage to do everything in this world.

5. St is a great inspiration for Sb: cái gì là nguồn cảm hứng lớn cho ai/ cái gì
Shakespeare’s works have been a great inspiration for me in my writing.

6. To mix and match: phối đồ/ phụ kiện
My sister is an expert in mixing and matching items of clothing together.

7. Many efforts have been put: rất nhiều nỗ lực đã được thực hiện
Many efforts have been put to reduce the emissions from vehicles in major cities such as New Delhi or Bangkok.

8. Cut the use of St: cắt giảm sự sử dụng của cái gì
We should cut the use of plastic bags so as to protect the environment.

Link tải full 100 cấu trúc hay có ở 👇 các bạn cùng xem nha.

往年我對於貓咪戴鈴鐺這件事情，認為可能會讓貓咪因此感到焦慮，或者是鈴鐺聲聽久傷耳，所以抱持著反對立場。但在這幾年相關的研究越來越多，有些事情跟我當初想的不太一樣，所以再次重新跟大家分享一下我的看法：

1.鈴鐺究竟能不能幫助野生動物逃離貓的魔爪？

先說結論，鈴鐺有效，但有其他更安全更有效的產品（如THE CATBIB），然後家貓不要放養，乖乖待在家裡就好不要放出去亂。

相關的研究：
Equipping cats with bells seems to reduce their predation on wild birds and mammals…this practice can be recommended to owners seeking to reduce such predation. (Ruxton, G. 2002)

還有一些類似的研究：
Cats equipped with a bell returned 34% fewer mammals, and 41% fewer birds than those with a plain collar. (Nelson, S. 2005)

2.鈴鐺會造成貓咪聽覺受損或焦慮嗎？

聽覺受損的部分這點有研究，因為噪音導致聽覺功能受損的機制，這方面貓跟人很像，所以有人以貓作為實驗動物做了相關實驗，可參考:
Auditory brainstem responses predict auditory nerve fiber thresholds and frequency selectivity in hearing impaired chinchillas.

如果你懶得看，我直接說結論，答案是”不會”。

由於該研究用的是專門的聲音控制裝置，並沒有使用到鈴鐺，所以這鈴聲是我自己拿分貝計去測的，其平均音量大約是80分貝左右。這個音量要讓聽覺受損的難度，大概就像你在地上撿了一顆石頭想要丟中天上的飛機一樣，有那個可能，但微乎其微。

至於會不會讓長期繫上鈴鐺的貓咪焦慮？

關於這點沒有相關研究，僅知道貓的聽覺頻率比人更廣，音量也是人聽到的四倍（大家有空可以去科教館玩，那邊有一頂貓頭盔可以模擬貓咪聽到的音量，基本上，貓就是可以聽到超細微的聲音）。所以關於這一點，目前無法證實是否有影響，如果有，會有多大的影響？

我是認為，以人的角度能替貓設想到這件事，就是代表你重視動物福利，如果連你都不喜歡那樣的東西長期配戴在自己身上，那幹嘛還給貓戴？

倒是近期有篇比較好玩的研究，主要是在講有一些特定的聲音會引起老年貓的癲癇，可參考：
Levetiracetam in the management of feline audiogenic reflex seizures: a randomised, controlled, open-label study.(Lowrie M, et al. J Feline Med Surg. 2017.)

結論：
雖然鈴鐺沒有這麼萬惡深淵，但以風險考量下，即使是安全項圈也還是有不安全的時候，加上我實在想不到有什麼情況是非得讓貓配戴鈴鐺不可的理由。很多環境上的問題都是我們身為飼主可以努力改善的，所以我認為是不需要沒事找事做，你當你在改車啊？

《附註》
很多人在問什麼樣的聲音會引起貓的癲癇，跟大家分享一下：

The sounds that trigger seizures vary between individual cats, and a huge variety of different sounds were identified as triggers. Some of the more common trigger noises included:

*crinkling tin foil
*a metal spoon clanging in a ceramic feeding bowl
*chinking or tapping of glass
*crinkling of paper or plastic bags
*tapping on a computer keyboard or clicking of a mouse
*clinking of coins or keys
*hammering of a nail
*clicking of an owner’s tongue

至於我個人經驗裡面，這我們家阿橘曾經因為電音舞曲的吵雜聲音發作過。

Photo from: smithsonianmag.com