Oxford Dictionaries declares ‘climate emergency’ the word of 2019
Oxford Dictionaries has declared “climate emergency” the word of the year for 2019, following a hundred-fold ( ) increase in usage that it says demonstrated a “greater immediacy ( )” in the way we talk about the climate.
Defined as “a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt ( ) climate change and avoid potentially irreversible ( ) environmental damage resulting from it,” Oxford said the words soared ( ) from “relative obscurity ( )” to “one of the most prominent ( ) — and prominently debated — terms of 2019.”
According to the dictionary’s data, usage of “climate emergency” soared 10,796 percent.
Oxford said the choice was reflective ( ) of the rise in climate awareness, with the focus specifically on the language we use to discuss it. The rise of “climate emergency” reflected a conscious ( ) push toward language of immediacy and urgency, the dictionary said.
In May, the Guardian updated its style guide to clarify that “climate emergency” or “global heating” would be favored ( ) over “climate change” or “global warming” (although the original terms are not banned) to better reflect the scientific consensus ( ) that this was “a catastrophe for humanity.”
Hundreds of cities, towns and even countries have also declared “climate emergencies” during 2019 — from Scotland in April and the UK parliament ( ) in May to Canada, France and the city of Sydney in Australia.
“In 2018, climate did not feature ( ) in the top words typically used to modify emergency; instead, the top types of emergencies people wrote about were health, hospital, and family emergencies,” the selection panel ( ) said.
“But with climate emergency, we see something new, an extension ( ) of emergency to the global level.”
And for those protesting that “climate emergency” is two words, as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s resident ( ) linguist explained in 2017, single words can consist of ( ) two parts.
Such multipart constructions, like “heart attack,” “man-of-war” or the 2017 American Dialect Society word of the year “fake news,” are commonly accepted by linguists as words.
“Climate emergency” beat the words “climate crisis,” “climate action,” “climate denial,” “extinction,” “flight shame,” “global heating” and “plant-based,” which were on the shortlist ( ).
The dictionary’s word of the year is chosen to “reflect the ethos ( ), mood, or preoccupations ( ) of the passing year” and should have “lasting potential as a term of cultural significance.”
“In 2019, climate emergency surpassed ( ) all of those other types of emergency to become the most written about emergency by a huge margin ( ), with over three times the usage frequency of health, the second-ranking word,” Oxford said.
Previous choices for word of the year include “toxic” in 2018 and “youthquake” in 2017.
「氣候緊急狀態」獲選為牛津字典二○一九年度詞彙
牛津字典宣布,二○一九年的年度詞彙為「climate emergency」(氣候緊急狀態),該詞的使用次數較之前增加了一百倍,顯示我們談論氣候時有「更大的急迫性」。
牛津字典將「climate emergency」定義為「需要採取緊急行動來應對的狀況,以減低或阻止氣候變化,避免其可能造成之不可逆轉的環境破壞」,該詞由「相對冷僻」躍升成為「二○一九年最突出及討論度最高的詞彙」。
根據牛津字典的數據,「climate emergency」的使用次數暴增了百分之一萬零七百九十六。
牛津字典表示,選擇該詞不僅是反映氣候意識的抬頭,所著重的更是我們討論它時所用的語言;「climate emergency」一詞的興起,反映了語言朝向立即性和緊迫性的有意識推進。
英國《衛報》在五月更新了格式手冊,說明應優先選擇「climate emergency」或「global heating」(全球熱化)這些詞彙,而非原本的「climate change」(氣候變化)或「global warming」(全球暖化)(雖然這些術語並未禁用),以便更能夠反映科學上的共識──這是「a catastrophe for humanity」(人類的災難)。
在二○一九年,有數百個城市、城鎮甚至國家宣布進入「氣候緊急狀態」──蘇格蘭在四月、英國議會在五月,還有加拿大、法國乃至澳洲的雪梨市。
詞彙評選小組表示:「二○一八年,『climate』一字通常並不用來修飾『emergency』這個字。人們用來修飾『emergency』的字主要是「health」(健康)、「hospital」(醫院)和「family」(家庭)」。
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Oxford Dictionaries declares ‘climate emergency’ the word of 2019
Oxford Dictionaries has declared “climate emergency” the word of the year for 2019, following a hundred-fold ( ) increase in usage that it says demonstrated a “greater immediacy ( )” in the way we talk about the climate.
Defined as “a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt ( ) climate change and avoid potentially irreversible ( ) environmental damage resulting from ( ) it,” Oxford said the words soared ( ) from “relative obscurity ( )” to “one of the most prominent ( ) — and prominently debated — terms ( ) of 2019.”
According to the dictionary’s data, usage of “climate emergency” soared 10,796 percent.
Oxford said the choice was reflective of the rise in climate awareness, with the focus specifically on the language we use to discuss it. The rise of “climate emergency” reflected a conscious push toward language of immediacy and urgency, the dictionary said.
In May, the Guardian updated its style guide to clarify that “climate emergency” or “global heating” would be favored ( ) over “climate change” or “global warming” (although the original terms are not banned) to better reflect the scientific consensus ( ) that this was “a catastrophe for humanity.”
Hundreds of cities, towns and even countries have also declared “climate emergencies” during 2019 — from Scotland in April and the UK parliament in May to Canada, France and the city of Sydney in Australia.
“In 2018, climate did not feature in the top words typically used to modify emergency, instead the top types of emergencies people wrote about were health, hospital, and family emergencies,” the selection panel said.
“But with climate emergency, we see something new, an extension of emergency to the global level.”
And for those protesting that “climate emergency” is two words, as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s resident linguist explained in 2017, single words can consist of two parts.
Such multipart constructions, like “heart attack,” “man-of-war” or the 2017 American Dialect Society word of the year “fake news,” are commonly accepted by linguists as words.
“Climate emergency” beat the words “climate crisis,” “climate action,” “climate denial,” “extinction,” “flight shame,” “global heating” and “plant-based,” which were on the shortlist.
The dictionary’s word of the year is chosen to “reflect the ethos, mood, or preoccupations of the passing year” and should have “lasting potential as a term of cultural significance.”
“In 2019, climate emergency surpassed all of those other types of emergency to become the most written about emergency by a huge margin, with over three times the usage frequency of health, the second-ranking word,” Oxford said.
Previous choices for word of the year include “toxic” in 2018 and “youthquake” in 2017.
牛津字典二○一九年度詞彙:「氣候緊急狀態」
牛津字典宣布,二○一九年的年度詞彙為「climate emergency」(氣候緊急狀態),該詞的使用次數較之前增加了一百倍,顯示我們談論氣候時有「更大的急迫性」。
牛津字典將「climate emergency」定義為「需要採取緊急行動來應對的狀況,以減低或阻止氣候變化,避免其可能造成之不可逆轉的環境破壞」,該詞由「相對冷僻」躍升成為「二○一九年最突出及討論度最高的詞彙」。
根據牛津字典的數據,「climate emergency」的使用次數暴增了百分之一萬零七百九十六。
牛津字典表示,選擇該詞不僅是反映氣候意識的抬頭,所著重的更是我們討論它時所用的語言;「climate emergency」一詞的興起,反映了語言朝向立即性和緊迫性的有意識推進。
英國《衛報》在五月更新了格式手冊,說明應優先選擇「climate emergency」或「global heating」(全球熱化)這些詞彙,而非原本的「climate change」(氣候變化)或「global warming」(全球暖化)(雖然這些術語並未禁用),以便更能夠反映科學上的共識──這是「a catastrophe for humanity」(人類的災難)。
在二○一九年,有數百個城市、城鎮甚至國家宣布進入「氣候緊急狀態」──蘇格蘭在四月、英國議會在五月,還有加拿大、法國乃至澳洲的雪梨市。
詞彙評選小組表示:「二○一八年,『climate』一字通常並不用來修飾『emergency』這個字。人們用來修飾『emergency』的字主要是「health」(健康)、「hospital」(醫院)和「family」(家庭)」。
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【時事新聞】
Oxford Dictionaries add 'clicktivism' and 'haterade' as new words for angry times
牛津字典看待川普的新字創造
Donald Trump's linguistic dexterity may be questionable, but the US president's lexicon has had an impact on the English language, which is reflected in the latest additions to oxforddictionaries.com, the online reference guide to current English.
川普的語言技巧可能受人質疑,但這位美國總統的常用語已對英語造成了影響,這在最新增補的牛津線上詞典中可見一斑。牛津線上詞典是流行英語的參考指南。
New coinages that reflect the latest wave of online political activism form a significant section of more than 300 new definitions in the database, which is a sister work to the Oxford English Dictionary.
反映最新一波網路政治活動的新字已在這個資料庫中組成了300多個新條目。牛津線上字典是「牛津英語大詞典」的姐妹版。
Additions including "clicktivism" (a pejorative word for armchair activists on social media), "haterade" (excessive negativity, criticism, or resentment), "otherize" (view or treat – a person or group of people – as intrinsically different from and alien to oneself) and "herd mentality" (the tendency for people's behavior or beliefs to conform to those of the group to which they belong) all emerged during the 2016 battle for the White House, said head of content development Angus Stevenson.
牛津線上字典內容開發負責人安格斯•史蒂文生說,新增詞彙包括"clicktivism"(網路點擊行動主義)、"haterade"(極端仇恨)、"otherize"(異己)和"herd mentality"(羊群心態),它們都曾出現在2016年的白宮選戰中。
"We are getting a convergence of high-level politics and online language in quite a new way," Stevenson said. "We had all the words around Brexit in the last update and we are now starting to see all the words around Trump coming into the dictionary."
史蒂文生說:「我們以新的形式將高級政治和網路用語結合。在上一次更新字典資料庫時,我們吸收了所有與英國脫歐有關的字詞。現在,我們正在將與川普有關的字詞收錄到線上字典中。」
Stevenson said that new terms from Trump, his supporters and opponents were emerging more rapidly than in the past. "We have lots to add all the time. We don't have 'fake news' or 'alternative fact' this time, because they have just started gaining currency, but I am sure they will be in the next update," he added.
史蒂文生說,來自川普及其支持者與反對者的這些新字的出現速度比以往任何時候都快。他還補充說:「我們總是有很多詞語要添加。這一次,我們沒有收錄'fake news'(假消息)及'alternative fact'(另類事實),因為它們剛開始流傳,但我可以確定的是下次更新自典時,它們將被收錄。」
As well as political terms, public conversations about diet, fitness and gender were a strong influence on the words included in the latest update. "Superfruit", a nutrient-rich fruit considered to be especially beneficial for health and wellbeing; HIIT, the acronym for high-intensity interval training; and "third gender", a category of people who do not identify simply as male or female, all made it into the online database.
與政治詞彙一樣,人們關於飲食、健康和性別的交談也對這次的詞彙更新造成了很大的影響。"Superfruit"(超級水果),指的是一種富含營養的水果,對身體健康非常有益;"HIIT",是"high-intensity interval training"(高強度間隔訓練)的首字母縮寫;"third gender"(第三性別),指的是那種無法被簡單判定為男性或女性的群體。這些字詞都被收錄進線上資料庫中。
Social media were the source for many of the new coinages, though most were the kind of compounds that would have language purists clutching their pearls. "Craptacular" (remarkably poor and disappointing), "bronde" (hair dyed both blond and brunette) and "fitspiration" (a person or thing that serves as motivation for someone to sustain or improve health and fitness) all made the cut.
社交媒體是許多新鮮詞彙的來源,儘管其中的大多數詞語都是複合字,這些複合字會讓語言純粹主義者大驚失色。"Craptacular"(意思是特別的窮困和沮喪)、"bronde"(指的是被染成金色和淺黑色的頭髮)以及"fitspiration"(指的是一個人或一種物品,用來作為維持或提升某人健康的動力)都達標了。
Stevenson said the need for brevity on Twitter was not responsible for rising numbers of compound words, but it had widened the pool of those inventing new terms. "People feel much freer to coin their own words these days," he said, advising anyone who wished to make a permanent dent in the English language to make sure that their word sounded attractive. Citing the word "vlog", he said ugly-sounding words tended not to gain very wide currency. He added: "They have to have a euphonious sound."
史蒂文生說,推特對詞彙簡潔性的要求並不是複合字數量增加的原因,但這的確為創造新詞彙的人們拓寬了道路。「如今,人們可以更自由地創造字詞,」他說,他建議那些想要在英語詞彙上留下永久印記的人們務必要確保他們所創造的新字發音好聽。他引用"vlog"這個字,然後說發音很難聽的字一般都不會被大家廣泛使用。他補充說:「這些字詞得有一個悅耳的讀音。」
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