Here are some interesting words: "infection", "bacteria", "virus", "microbe", "antibiotics" and "antibiotic resistance".
If anything destroys the human race before climate change, it might well be antibiotic resistance. This is in the UK news at the moment, because when we leave the European Union we will probably have to make a new trade deal with the US, where standards for food production are much lower. One of the problems, besides chlorinated chickens and hormone-injected cows, is the use of antibiotics. So I thought we could look at some relevant vocabulary.
Here we go...
Infections (illnesses caused by the body being invaded by organisms) are mainly caused by two types of microbe (tiny organism): bacteria and viruses.
"Bacteria" is the plural, by the way; the singular is "bacterium" but it's almost never used.
Viral infections range from AIDS to flu and the common cold. Bacterial infections include tuberculosis and tetanus, as well as most types of food poisoning. On the other hand, many bacteria cause no harm, and some are essential. In fact we need lots of bacteria in our gut to help us digest food.
Just to confuse matters, some infections can be caused by either bacteria or viruses, including pneumonia and diarrhoea.
Antibiotics are medicines designed to kill bacteria. As the name suggests, they don't work on viruses. Antibiotics changed the world, saving us from many diseases that once would have killed us. Like pretty much all medicines, they can have negative side effects. One of these is that they can damage the good bacteria in your gut, often causing diarrhoea.
But that's not the scary thing. Bacteria can evolve* quickly and learn how not to be killed by an antibiotic. This is called antibiotic resistance. It means that, unless there's a major advance in science, at some point in the near future, antibiotics will probably stop working.
One of the things that encourages antibiotic resistance is the misuse of antibiotics. Giving them to animals or people that don't actually need them gives the bacteria lots of opportunities to evolve and develop their antibiotic resistance. And that's really scary.
*"Evolve": develop over successive generations. For example, humans evolved from apes. Can also be used to mean "develop" in a more general sense.
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[詞彙區別] people, individual, persons, human, man, mankind, humankind 的區別:
在寫作的時候,有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙,卻選用了意義上不盡相同的單字,而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯,因此考生在不夠了解某些一字多義的詞彙的情況下,很容易造成讀者的誤解。舉例來說,spend vs. cost vs. take (花費),borrow vs. lend vs. loan (借),這些字的中譯都很非常類似,以中文為母語的考生在使用上,只要稍微一不注意,就容易錯誤使用。甚至有些考生會以offspring (子孫; 後代) 來代替 children (小孩),我們若是查字典了解其義,就會知道 offspring 比較常出現在正式的科學用法上,泛指動物的後代及植物的幼苗。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字。我會用使用一個新的同義字系列清楚地區分這些類似的字並幫助同學們在文章中正確地使用它們。同學們也應該在使用這些字之前先查查字典,以了解這些字的使用方式。
People 的同義字
★★★human (human being) ★★★
我們使用human being這個字來強調我們和動物的不同。 We used human being to stress our difference from animals or aliens (in science fiction).
1. Dogs can hear much better than humans.
2. That is no way to treat another human being.
★★★man★★★
我們用man這個字來指男性、全部的人類、或指特定某一時代的人類。 We used man to talk about adult male human or humans as a group (or humans from a particular period of history).
1. The relationships between men and women are often complex and puzzling.
2. This is one of the worst diseases known to man.
3. Man had caused considerable damage to the environment.
4. Being a modern man today is no different than it was a century ago. It’s all about adhering to principle.
★★★mankind★★★
我們用mankind這個字來強調全部人類這個概念。 We used mankind when we talk about all humans as one large group.
1. Pollution is something that harms mankind across the globe, and disasters like war and famine have affected mankind all through our history.
*Man和mankind傳統上一直是用來指所有的男性和女性。很多人現在偏好使用humanity這個字和humankind來避掉性別歧視的問題。
Man and mankind have traditionally been used to mean “all men and women.” Many people now prefer to use humanity, the human race, human beings or people to avoid being sexist. Humankind is used as a gender neutral alternative to “mankind.”
★★★person★★★
person這個字是指人的單數。A person in the singular to refer to any human being.
1. He was a very nice person, always pleasant and friendly.
Persons 是 person的複數,是一個在文件或法律條文中使用的單字。
Persons (plural) is a very formal word. We only use it in rather legalistic contexts:
1. Any person or persons found in possession of illegal substances will be prosecuted.
2. The police are looking for three separate persons who were in this area.
People 也是person的複數,可指所有的人類或特定狀況中的一群人。它也可以指所有的國民。
People can refer to all human beings, or to a group of persons in a particular situation. It can also mean "all the citizens," as in a political leader who understands the needs of the people.
1. There were at least a thousand people in the audience.
2. The people are tired of hearing political rhetoric! They want action, not talk.
★★★individual★★★
我們用individual來強調個人以和團體做區隔。We used individual to stress that a person considered separately rather than as part of a group.
1. Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.
2. Three separate individuals walked into my store.
除了以上的用法,同學也可以用代名詞 (e.g. everyone, they) 來替換”人們” 這個單字,也可以用形容詞來更明確的指出某一群人(e.g. most, some, a few, all)。
Summary:
✎ 通常會用"people"這個詞彙來指稱一般的社會大眾;另一方面,如果想要去強調一個團體當中的每個人,則會使用"individuals"。
✎ 想要將所有人類當成一個大族群去做論述的時候,通常只會用"mankind/humankind"或是"the human race/human beings"等詞彙。
✎ 想要去強調一個人的人性面時,通常會用"human being"。
E.g. How could you do this to another human being? He has rights!
✎撰寫科學性質的相關文章時,才會運用到"Homo sapiens"。
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=443676912389120
Sources:
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
http://www.ldoceonline.com/
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
http://www.vocabulary.com/
some plural or singular 在 葡萄牙自由行 Uma Volta em Portugal Facebook 的最佳解答
【便宜的 "濃咖啡 + 葡式蛋塔" 餐】
【The very affordable "café + Pastel de nata" menu】
葡萄牙的咖啡, 種類很多, 便宜又好喝。 雖然國內也有一些 Starbucks, 但那只是美式產品。傳統的小咖啡室, 他們的咖啡地道好喝, 而且價格實惠得多。
There are many types of Portuguese coffee, which are tasty and very affordable. Yep, there are Starbucks coffee shops in the country, but that is an American product. You should really go and enjoy some good coffee brewed at a traditional café.
地鐵和火車站的閘口內或大堂裡的咖啡店, 以及在公路上的餐廳等, 很多都有供應 "menu pastel de nata + café", 也即是「葡式蛋塔配濃咖啡餐」, 價錢只是大約1歐元。平常一杯濃咖啡反正都要 0.5 - 0.70歐元左右, 一個葡式蛋塔也要1歐元, 所以這種餐確是超值。有些店更容許將 café (葡萄牙式濃咖啡, 跟意大利espresso差不多), 轉做別種類的咖啡, 例如 galão (跟意大利的 caffè latte 差不多)。
In many places, including inside or in the lobby areas of metro and train stations, and in restaurants on the highway, one can often see "menu pastel de nata + café" being offered. "Menu Pastel de nata + Café" is actually Portuguese egg tart with Café set meal. The price is usually about 1€.
A cup of café (similar to an Italian espresso) is usually 0.5€ - 0.70€; and Portuguese egg tarts are normally about 1€ each. So a "Menu Pastel de nata + Café" set meal is well worth the money.
除了「葡式蛋塔配濃咖啡餐」, 有時也有多種不同餐供選擇, 可以多點留意。
留意: Pastel de nata (蛋塔) 的複數是 Pastéis de Nata
Besides the "Menu Pastel de nata + Café", other special set meals may be offered too. Just check at each individual café.
P.S.: Pastel de nata (a Portuguese egg tart) - (singular) // Pastéis de Nata (plural)
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