關於 standard adj ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

CÁCH VIẾT CÂU ĐƠN HAY
💝 TRONG WRITING 💝

Trong IELTS Writing, việc sử dụng chính xác và linh hoạt các cấu trúc câu là một trong những tiêu chí chấm điểm của phần thi này. Rất nhiều bạn đã học vô số các cấu trúc câu phức để ăn điểm thật cao mà lại quên mất rằng chúng ta hoàn toàn có thể sử dụng những câu đơn để đạt điểm cao một cách dễ dàng. Sau đây là những cấu trúc câu đơn hay mà không đơn điệu để áp dụng trong IELTS Writing.

💝 1. Chủ ngữ giả There

Cấu trúc There + be có nghĩa là có, tồn tại, cần, chúng ta có thể sử dụng cấu trúc này để thay thế cho mẫu câu S+V+O thông thường.
We have a greater need for advertising nowadays than ever before.
With the advent of mass production and the improvement in living standard, there has been a greater need for advertising than ever before.

We need a body to monitor such experiments.
Ideally, there should be a body to monitor such experiments.
Having school experience at a young age has many advantages.
There are many advantages of having school experience at a young age.

💝 2. Tân ngữ/ Chủ ngữ giả It

IT thường được dùng như một đại từ để tránh lặp lại danh từ đã đề cập trước đó trong câu, nhưng đôi khi it còn đứng làm chủ ngữ trước động từ TO BE chứ không thay cho danh từ nào. Khi đó IT được xem là chủ ngữ giả.

Students can study from home thanks to the use of computers.
The use of computers makes it impossible for students to study from home.

Công thức:
S + make + it + Adj + (for smb) + to V

They think that it is difficult to readapt to the academic environment.
They find it difficult to readapt to the academic environment in university.

Công thức:
S + find/consider + it + Adj + to V

Adj: important, necessary, urgent, imperative, advised, required, suggested, recommended, vital, essential, significant, urgent, crucial, (in)appropriate, desirable, reasonable

Công thức: It + be + Adj (+) + that + S + (should) + V(bare).

Many experts suggest that this pollution is linked to illness such as cancer and asthma.
It is suggested by numerous medical experts that this pollution is linked to illness such as cancer or asthma.

Công thức:
It + be + Adj (+) + that + S + (should) + V(bare).

💝 3. Cấu trúc bị động

Chúng ta hay sử dụng dạng chủ động khi dùng trong tiếng Việt. Tuy nhiên trong tiếng Anh, đặc biệt trong văn viết ‘formal’ - trang trọng, dạng bị động được dùng với tần suất cao hơn.

Cấu trúc: S + be + V(p2)

We should raise public awareness to conserve freshwater resource - our lifeblood.
Public awareness should be raised to conserve freshwater resource - our lifeblood.

To + verb/Ving làm chủ ngữ

Knowing there is a direct relationship between the quality of work and the amount of money earned is important for developing s strong work ethic.

=> Xem thêm các cách viết theo dạng bài trong IELTS Writing đây nha: https://bit.ly/2DuSxXs

Các bạn thử áp dụng nhé!
-----
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[翻轉視界12] 外籍移工的悲歌

你能想像一周七天每天工作17個小時以上嗎？

音檔： https://www.instagram.com/p/CH85KwdF3GJ/

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Can you imagine working over 17 hours a day, seven days a week? Thousands of foreign domestic workers in Taiwan do it every day, with some being on call 24 hours a day and performing household chores that are not a part of their jobs.

1. foreign domestic worker 外籍家庭傭工
2. on call 24 hours a day 一天24小時待命
3. perform household chores 做家務事

你能想像一周七天每天工作17個小時以上嗎？台灣每天都有成千上萬的外籍家庭傭工如此，其中一些人每天24小時待命，並且要做不屬於他們工作範圍的家務活。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Foreign domestic workers in Taiwan do not have a weekly mandatory rest day, despite this being a global standard already enforced in Hong Kong and Singapore. According to statistics by the Ministry of Labor (MOL), 34.7 percent of foreign domestic workers did not receive any days off last year.

4. a mandatory rest day 法定休假日
5. day off 休息日
6. the Ministry of Labor 勞動部

台灣的外籍家庭傭工沒有每週的法定休假日，儘管在香港和新加坡已經實施的這項全球標準。根據勞動部（MOL）的統計，去年有34.7％的外籍家庭傭工沒有獲得任何休假日。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

The record is a strike against Taiwan’s achievements in human rights and freedoms for its own citizens, especially stark after the internationally-lauded legalization of same-sex marriage in May, 2019. Compounding the lack of rest days are the long work hours — an average of 17.72 hours a day, according to a separate study commissioned in 2012 by the Executive Yuan’s Research, Development and Evaluation Commission (now part of the National Development Council).

7. a strike against… 對…的打擊、重創
8. human rights and freedoms 人權和自由*
9. internationally-lauded (adj.) 獲國際讚譽的
10. the legalization of same-sex marriage 同性婚姻合法化
11. compound (v.) 使加重，使加劇，使惡化

該記錄是對台灣為自己的公民在人權和自由方面所取得的成就的重擊，特別是在2019年5月國際上稱讚的同性婚姻合法化之後。根據行政院研究，發展和評估委員會（現為國家發展委員會的一部分）在2012年委託進行的另一項研究，外籍移工平均每日工作時數為17.72小時，冗長的工作時數加劇了休息時間的缺乏。

*freedom: https://bit.ly/3nvyjhM

★★★★★★★★★★★★

The lack of rest and even basic privacy can cause mental and emotional strain to workers — effects that have already been reported to the government. A 2013 Control Yuan investigation into human rights issues faced by foreign domestic workers found that the lack of regular days off caused workers to fall into states of anxiety and stress in the long-term, and recommended that employers build “breathing time” for workers into their contracts.

12. basic privacy 基本隱私
13. mental and emotional strain 精神和情感壓力
14. Control Yuan 監察院
15. fall into states of anxiety and stress 陷入焦慮和壓力狀態
監察院

缺乏休息甚至基本隱私都會給工人帶來精神和情感壓力，這種影響已經被通報給政府。 2013年，行政院對外國家庭傭工所面臨的人權問題進行的調查發現，長期缺乏定期休假會導致工人陷入焦慮和壓力狀態，並建議雇主為工人在合同裡建立「透氣時間」。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

On average, foreign domestic workers earn a total monthly salary with overtime amounting to NT$19,927, according to the MOL. In contrast, the average monthly salary for a Taiwanese domestic helper or caretaker in the Taipei area ranges from NT$45,000 to NT$75,000, according to the China Long-term Care Association (中華長照協會).

16. monthly salary 月薪
17. overtime (n.) 加班費*
18. amount (v.) to 達到、總計
19. caretaker 看護人員

根據勞工部的數據，平均來說，外籍家庭傭工的月工資總額為新台幣19,927元。相比之下，根據中華長期照護協會的統計，台北地區的台籍家庭傭工或看護人員的平均月薪在45,000至75,000新台幣之間。

*overtime: https://bit.ly/36MbH60

★★★★★★★★★★★★

About 38 percent of foreign domestic workers in Taiwan have been verbally or physically abused by employers or household members, while less than half seek help, a survey conducted by the Garden of Hope Foundation found.

20. be verbally or physically abused 受到口頭或身體虐待
21. seek help 尋求幫助

希望花園基金會進行的一項調查發現，台灣大約38％的外籍家庭傭工受到雇主或家庭成員的口頭或身體虐待，而不到一半的人尋求幫助。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

About 250,000 migrants work in Taiwanese households, more than 240,000 as caregivers and 1,800 as maids. As shown by 35 percent of respondents, most victims do not seek help after being exploited, physically attacked or even sexually assaulted because they fear losing their job.

22. migrant 移民、移工*
23. caregiver 看護員
24. maid 女傭
25. respondent 受訪者
26. be exploited 被剝削
27. be physically attacked 被人身攻擊
28. be sexually assaulted 被性侵
29. lose one’s job 失去工作

約有25萬移工在台灣家戶裡工作，其中24萬為看護員，1,800為女傭。正如35％的受訪者所表明的，大多數受害者在遭受剝削、人身攻擊甚至性侵後都不會尋求幫助，因為他們擔心失去工作。

*emigration, immigration, migration 的區別: https://bit.ly/36YcP6v

★★★★★★★★★★★★

We need to provide better conditions and treatment for those who come thousands of miles to care for our elderly and the sick. It is the least we can do to thank them for their help.

30. provide better treatment 提供更好的待遇
31. the elderly and the sick 老人和病人
32. the least we can do 我們至少能做到

我們需要為來千里而來照顧我們老人和病人的外籍看護提供更好的條件和待遇。這至少是我們為感謝他們的幫助所該做的。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

資料來源:
https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=2281

http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2019/12/25/2003728138

http://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/11/23/2003726340

https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2015/02/17/2003611746

https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah-53039490

延伸閱讀:

Why the case of a maid who battled a millionaire has gripped Singapore: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54174598

Domestic slavery, Maid in Taiwan: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2015/02/17/2003611746

★★★★★★★★★★★★

翻轉視界: https://bit.ly/3fPvKUs

[時事英文] Why We Should Wear Masks

《紐約時報》的一篇觀點文章，強調了清晰的公眾傳播之必要性，以及戴口罩的好處。可以跟國外的朋友分享~

★★★★★★★★★★★★

As the pandemic rages on, there will be many difficult messages for the public. Unfortunately, the top-down conversation around masks has become a case study in how not to communicate with the public, especially now that the traditional gatekeepers like media and health authorities have much less control. The message became counterproductive and may have encouraged even more hoarding because it seemed as though authorities were shaping the message around managing the scarcity rather than confronting the reality of the situation.

1. rage on 肆虐
2. top-down (adj.) 自上而下
3. a case study 研究案例
4. become counterproductive 變得適得其反
5. hoard food and supplies 囤積食品和日用品
6. manage the scarcity of… 管理……的稀缺
7. confront the reality of the situation 正視實際情況

隨著大流行病的肆虐，將會有更多不利於公眾的消息。不幸的是，由政府主導的與口罩相關的對話，已成為如何不與公眾交流的研究案例，尤其是在媒體與衛生當局等傳統守門人的控制權已大大降低的今日。該訊息反而適得其反，並可能鼓勵了更多物資的囤積，因為當局所釋出的訊息，似乎是在管制稀缺物資，而與實際情況相抗衡。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

First, many health experts, including the surgeon general of the United States, told the public simultaneously that masks weren’t necessary for protecting the general public and that health care workers needed the dwindling supply. This contradiction confuses an ordinary listener. How do these masks magically protect the wearers only and only if they work in a particular field?

8. health experts 衛生專家
9. the Surgeon General of the United States 美國衛生部部長
10. protect the general public 保護大眾
11. dwindling supply 減少的供應量

首先，包括美國衛生部部長在內的許多衛生專家向公眾表示，對一般民眾而言，口罩並非必要的防護措施，同時醫護人員所需的用品也愈來愈少。這矛盾的說法令聽眾困惑。難道只有特定領域的佩戴者，才能使口罩神奇地發揮效用？

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Second, there were attempts to bolster the first message, that ordinary people didn’t need masks, by telling people that masks, especially medical-grade respirator masks (such as the N95 masks), needed proper fitting and that ordinary people without such fitting wouldn’t benefit. This message was also deeply counterproductive. Many people also wash their hands wrong, but we don’t respond to that by telling them not to bother. Instead, we provide instructions; we post signs in bathrooms; we help people sing songs that time their hand-washing. Telling people they can’t possibly figure out how to wear a mask properly isn’t a winning message.

12. attempts (n.) to bolster... 試圖支持...
13. medical-grade respirator masks 醫用級的防護型口罩
14. deeply counterproductive 極其不當
15. not bother to do something 不願做某事*
16. figure out 釐清

*(not) bother to do something: https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/bother

其次，為了加強上述說法的說服力，他們更進一步指出：醫用級的防護型口罩（ 如N95口罩）需搭配適當的裝備，在沒有適當裝備的情況下，此類口罩無法對普通民眾起到有效的防護作用。這簡直是一派胡言。許多人的洗手方式也是錯的，但我們並不會告訴他們不要洗手。事實上，我們提供相關指示；我們在廁所張貼宣傳標語；我們教大家唱歌以確保洗手的時間。說人們無法搞清楚配戴口罩的正確方式，並非一個有利的宣示。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Third, of course masks work — maybe not perfectly and not all to the same degree, but they provide some protection. Their use has always been advised as part of the standard response to being around infected people, especially for people who may be vulnerable. World Health Organization officials wear masks during their news briefings. That was the reason I had bought a few in early January — I had been conducting research in Hong Kong, which has a lot of contact with mainland China, and expected to go back. I had studied and taught about the sociology of pandemics and knew from the SARS experience in 2003 that health officials in many high-risk Asian countries had advised wearing masks.

17. to the same degree 在同一程度上
18. provide some protection 提供一些保護
19. the standard response to something 對某事的標準對策
20. news briefings 新聞發布會
21. conduct research 進行研究
22. the sociology of pandemics 流行病社會學
23. advise wearing masks 建議配戴口罩

第三，口罩當然有用——儘管不完美，效果也不盡相同，但它們確實能提供防護。戴口罩一直是置身感染者周圍的標準對策之一，對於易感染群體更是如此。世界衛生組織的官員在新聞發布會上也戴著口罩。這就是我一月初買了些許口罩的原因——我先前在香港作研究，因此與中國大陸多所接觸。我研究過也教過流行病社會學，從2003年SARS的經驗中得知，許多高風險的亞洲國家的衛生官員都建議佩戴口罩。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Fourth, the W.H.O. and the C.D.C. told the public to wear masks if they were sick. However, there is increasing evidence of asymptomatic transmission, especially through younger people who have milder cases and don’t know they are sick but are still infectious. Since the W.H.O. and the C.D.C. do say that masks lessen the chances that infected people will infect others, then everyone should use masks. If the public is told that only the sick people are to wear masks, then those who do wear them will be stigmatized and people may well avoid wearing them if it screams “I’m sick.” Further, it’s very difficult to be tested for Covid-19 in the United States. How are people supposed to know for sure when to mask up?

24. there is increasing evidence of 愈來愈多的證據表明
25. asymptomatic transmission 無症狀傳染
26. mild cases 輕微的案例
27. be stigmatized 被羞辱, 被侮辱
28. be supposed to 應該*

*https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/be%20supposed%20to
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GebRh9T-zE0

第四，世界衛生組織與疾控中心都曾告訴民眾，如果生病了就要戴口罩。然而，已有愈來愈多的證據顯示無症狀的傳播，尤其是輕症的年輕人並不知道自己生病了，卻仍具有傳染性。鑑於世界衛生組織與疾控中心都已明確說過，口罩會降低人傳人的機會，那麼每個人都該戴口罩。如果大眾被告知，只有病人才需要戴口罩，那麼戴口罩的人就會被污名化，人們或許會盡可能地避免戴口罩，畢竟戴著口罩就像在街上大喊——「我生病了」。更無消說在美國檢測新型冠狀病毒已是件非常困難的事了。民眾到底要怎麼確定何時該戴起口罩？

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Fifth, places like Hong Kong and Taiwan that jumped to action early with social distancing and universal mask wearing have the pandemic under much greater control, despite having significant travel from mainland China. In fact, Taiwan responded to the coronavirus by immediately ramping up mask production.

29. jump to action 即刻行動
30. have something under control 使某事在掌控之中
31. ramp up 提升
32. mask production 口罩產量

第五，像及早採取行動的香港與臺灣，保持社交距離並讓全民戴著口罩，而使疫情得到極大的控制，即便有不少中國大陸的旅客前往。事實上，臺灣在第一時間就提升口罩的產量以應對武漢肺炎。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Sixth, masks are an important signal that it’s not business as usual as well as an act of solidarity. Pandemics require us to change our behavior — our socialization, hygiene, work and more — collectively, and knowing our fellow citizens are on board is important for all efforts.

33. an important signal 一個重要的訊號
34. business as usual 一切照舊
35. an act of solidarity 團結行動
36. be on board 參與*

*be on board: be a part of a group or team, especially for a special purpose
https://bit.ly/39hJvqD

第六，口罩是一個重要的訊號，表明情況一反常態，需要全民團結行動。疫情使我們集體改變行為——社交、環境衛生與工作等，並了解每位同胞的參與對所有努力都至關重要。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Finally, providing top-down guidance with such obvious contradictions backfires exactly because lack of trust is what fuels hoarding and misinformation. It used to be said that back in the Soviet Union, if there was a line, you first got in line and then figured out what the line was for — people knew that there were going to be shortages and that the authorities often lied, so they hoarded. And when people feel as though they may not be getting the full truth from the authorities, snake-oil sellers and price gougers have an easier time.

37. an obvious contradiction 一個明顯的矛盾
38. backfire （計劃）產生適得其反的結果；產生反效果
39. the lack of trust 缺乏信任
40. fuel (v.) 刺激；激起
41. get the full truth 得到全部的真相
42. snake oil salesman 黑心推銷員（19世紀時「snake-oil」號稱有治百病的功效，後引申作「誇大不實的廣告」，故「snake oil salesman」係指「黑心推銷員」。）
43. price gouger 哄抬價格者
44. have an easy time 日子過得輕鬆舒坦；好過

最後，政府提供如此矛盾的指引，必會適得其反，因為缺乏信任反倒會助長囤糧與假消息。曾有人說，在蘇聯，如果看見一條人龍，你要先排進隊伍，然後再弄清楚大家是在排什麼——人們知道物資將會短缺，而當局經常撒謊，所以他們必須囤糧。當人們察覺當局似乎沒有給出全部的真相時，黑心推銷員與哄抬價格者的日子將過得較以往滋潤。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Given that there is indeed a mask shortage and that medical workers absolutely do need these masks more, what should the authorities have said? The full painful truth. Despite warnings from experts for decades, especially after the near miss of SARS, we still weren’t prepared for this pandemic, and we did not ramp up domestic production when we could, and now there’s a mask shortage — and that’s disastrous because our front line health care workers deserve the best protection. Besides, if they fall ill, we will all be doomed.

45. the painful truth 殘酷的真相
46. frontline healthcare workers 第一線的醫護人員
47. deserve the best 值得最好的

鑑於口罩確實短缺而醫護人員也絕對更需要口罩，那麼當局該怎麼說？當然是要吐出所有的真相。儘管數十年來一直有專家發出的警告，尤其是在SARS消失後，我們依舊沒有為這種全球性的大流行病做好準備，當我們還有餘裕時，我們也沒有提升國內的產量，如今口罩短缺——那是災難性的，因為我們的前線醫護人員應該得到最好的防護。 況且，如果他們病倒了，我們將必死無疑。

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Research shows that during disasters, people can show strikingly altruistic behavior, but interventions by authorities can backfire if they fuel mistrust or treat the public as an adversary rather than people who will step up if treated with respect. Given that even homemade masks may work better than no masks, wearing them might be something to direct people to do while they stay at home more, as we all should. We will no doubt face many challenges as the pandemic moves through our societies, and people will need to cooperate. The sooner we create the conditions under which such cooperation can bloom, the better off we all will be.

48. research shows that… 研究表明……
49. altruistic behavior 利他的行為
50. fuel mistrust 激起不信任
51. treat…as an adversary 如敵人般對待……
52. be treated with respect 受到尊敬
53. no doubt 毫無疑問

研究表明，在災難期間，人們會呈現出顯著的利他行為，但若當局的干預助長了不信任，或者如敵人般地對待公眾，那麼將會適得其反。有鑑於自製的口罩可能都好過沒有口罩，所以戴著口罩可能是人們待在家裡時更要做的事，我們也該如此。毫無疑問，隨著疫情在社會的蔓延，我們將面臨許多挑戰，人們將需要合作。我們愈早為合作創造出有利的條件，就能愈早走出困境。

完整報導: https://nyti.ms/2xqVXa

讀者評語: https://bit.ly/2xschre

圖片來源: https://bit.ly/3agVkyE

延伸閱讀: https://s.nikkei.com/2WHNZEw

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時事英文大全: http://bit.ly/2WtAqop

上一週的「時事英文」講義和使用方式: https://bit.ly/3a9rr38