關於 take home messages ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

真的不要再製造那些無聊謠言或是假新聞的人了！ 只會令整個社會和人心慌慌和不安而已， 只是會增加大家的恐懼！

我想問目前現在哪裡沒有人被感染的呢？

目前只要我們打好兩隻該打的疫苗，
出門做好防疫措，
遵守好防疫規則，
盡量少出門，
不要有聚會或去人多的地方，
不管去哪兒 出門回家後，第一時間要洗澡，換過新的衣服，衣服再不要重穿， 直接丟去洗，出门還有就是酒精不離手，保持自己居家的環境衛生。
只要自我保護做好， 其實真的不需要有太大誇張的擔心和擔憂，不要造成生活上和自己的心情影響太大。

拜託真的不要在網路上或是電話上亂傳訊息或假消息了， 這個舉動真的是非常沒有道德和公德心。

Please Don't make those boring rumors or fake news anymore! It will only make the whole society and people flustered and uneasy, but it will only increase everyone's fear!

I would like to ask where no one is currently infected?

As long as we get the two vaccines that should be given,
Take precautions when you go out,
Follow the epidemic prevention rules,
Try not to go out ,
Don’t have parties or go to crowded places,
No matter where you go. After going home, you should take a shower as soon as possible, change new clothes, don't wear clothes again, just wash and keep alcohol in your hands when you go out. Keep your home sanitary.
As long as the self-protection is done well, there is really no need for exaggerated worries and don't cause too much influence on your life and your mood.

Please really don't send messages or fake news on the Internet or on the cell phone. This action is really very immoral and ethical.

這是前些日子爆出已經被加拿大法院接理對藏傳佛教噶舉派法王的訟訴。（加拿大法院鏈接在此：https://www.bccourts.ca/jdb-txt/sc/21/09/2021BCSC0939cor1.htm?fbclid=IwAR2FLZlzmUIGTBaTuKPVchEqqngcE3Qy6G_C0TWNWVKa2ksbIYkVJVMQ8f8）

這位法王的桃色事件，我是幾年前才聽到。但，藏傳佛教的高層有這些性醜聞，我已經聽了幾十年。我以前的一位前女友也被一些堪布藉故上她的家摟抱過，也有一些活佛跟她表白。（這不只是她，其他地方我也聽過不少）

這是一個藏傳佛教裡面系統式的問題。

很多時候發生這種事情，信徒和教主往往都是說女方得不到寵而報仇，或者說她們也精神病，或者說她們撒謊。

我不排除有這種可能性，但，多過一位，甚至多位出來指證的時候，我是傾向於相信『沒有那麼巧這麼多有精神病的女人要撒謊來報仇』。

大寶法王的桃色事件，最先吹哨的是一位台灣的在家信徒，第二位是香港的女出家人，現在加拿大又多一位公開舉報上法庭。

對大寶法王信徒來說，這一次的比較麻煩，因為是有孩子的。（關於有孩子的，我早在法王的桃色事件曝光時，就有聽聞）

如果法庭勒令要驗證DNA，這對法王和他的信徒來說，會很尷尬和矛盾，因為做或不做，都死。

你若問我，我覺得『人數是有力量的』，同時我也覺得之後有更多的人站出來，是不出奇的。

我也藉此呼籲各方佛教徒，如果你們真的愛佛教，先別說批判，但如鴕鳥般不討論這些爭議，你是間接害了佛教。

（下面是我從加拿大法院鏈接拷貝下來的內容，當中有很多細節。）

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

ANALYSIS

A. The Spousal Support Claim in this Case

B. The Test to Amend Pleadings

C. Pleadings in Family Law Cases

D. The Legal Concept of a Marriage-Like Relationship

E. Is There a Reasonable Claim of a Marriage-Like Relationship?

F. Delay / Prejudice

CONCLUSION



INTRODUCTION
[1] The claimant applies to amend her notice of family claim to seek spousal support. At issue is whether the claimant’s allegations give rise to a reasonable claim she lived with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship, so as to give rise to a potential entitlement to spousal support under the Family Law Act, S.B.C. 2011, c. 25 (“FLA”).

[2] The facts alleged by the claimant do not fit within a traditional concept of marriage. The claimant does not allege that she and the respondent ever lived together. Indeed, she has only met the respondent in person four times: twice very briefly in a public setting; a third time in private, when she alleges the respondent sexually assaulted her; and a fourth and final occasion, when she informed the respondent she was pregnant with his child.

[3] The claimant’s case is that what began as a non-consensual sexual encounter evolved into a loving and affectionate relationship. That relationship occurred almost entirely over private text messages. The parties rarely spoke on the telephone, and never saw one another during the relationship, even over video. The claimant says they could not be together because the respondent is forbidden by his station and religious beliefs from intimate relationships or marriage. Nonetheless, she alleges, they formed a marriage-like relationship that lasted from January 2018 to January 2019.

[4] The respondent denies any romantic relationship with the claimant. While he acknowledges providing emotional and financial support to the claimant, he says it was for the benefit of the child the claimant told him was his daughter.

[5] The claimant’s proposed amendment raises a novel question: can a secret relationship that began on-line and never moved into the physical world be like a marriage? In my view, that question should be answered by a trial judge after hearing all of the evidence. The alleged facts give rise to a reasonable claim the claimant lived with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship. Accordingly, I grant the claimant leave to amend her notice of family claim.

BACKGROUND
[6] It should be emphasized that this is an application to amend pleadings only. The allegations by the claimant are presumed to be true for the purposes of this application. Those allegations have not been tested in a court of law.

[7] The respondent, Ogyen Trinley Dorje, is a high lama of the Karma Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism. He has been recognized and enthroned as His Holiness, the 17th Gyalwang Karmapa. Without meaning any disrespect, I will refer to him as Mr. Dorje in these reasons for judgment.

[8] Mr. Dorje leads a monastic and nomadic lifestyle. His true home is Tibet, but he currently resides in India. He receives followers from around the world at the Gyuto Monetary in India. He also travels the world teaching Tibetan Buddhist Dharma and hosting pujas, ceremonies at which Buddhists express their gratitude and devotion to the Buddha.

[9] The claimant, Vikki Hui Xin Han, is a former nun of Tibetan Buddhism. Ms. Han first encountered Mr. Dorje briefly at a large puja in 2014. The experience of the puja convinced Ms. Han she wanted to become a Buddhist nun. She met briefly with Mr. Dorje, in accordance with Kagyu traditions, to obtain his approval to become a nun.

[10] In October 2016, Ms. Han began a three-year, three-month meditation retreat at a monastery in New York State. Her objective was to learn the practices and teachings of the Kagyu Lineage. Mr. Dorje was present at the retreat twice during the time Ms. Han was at the monastery.

[11] Ms. Han alleges that on October 14, 2017, Mr. Dorje sexually assaulted her in her room at the monastery. She alleges that she became pregnant from the assault.

[12] After she learned that she was pregnant, Ms. Han requested a private audience with Mr. Dorje. In November 2017, in the presence of his bodyguards, Ms. Han informed Mr. Dorje she was pregnant with his child. Mr. Dorje initially denied responsibility; however, he provided Ms. Han with his email address and a cellphone number, and, according to Ms. Han, said he would “prepare some money” for her.

[13] Ms. Han abandoned her plan to become a nun, left the retreat and returned to Canada. She never saw Mr. Dorje again.

[14] After Ms. Han returned to Canada, she and Mr. Dorje began a regular communication over an instant messaging app called Line. They also exchanged emails and occasionally spoke on the telephone.

[15] The parties appear to have expressed care and affection for one another in these communications. I say “appear to” because it is difficult to fully understand the meaning and intentions of another person from brief text messages, especially those originally written in a different language. The parties wrote in a private shorthand, sharing jokes, emojis, cartoon portraits and “hugs” or “kisses”. Ms. Han was the more expressive of the two, writing more frequently and in longer messages. Mr. Dorje generally participated in response to questions or prompting from Ms. Han, sometimes in single word messages.

[16] Ms. Han deposes that she believed Mr. Dorje was in love with her and that, by January 2018, she and Mr. Dorje were living in a “conjugal relationship”.

[17] During their communications, Ms. Han expressed concern that her child would be “illegitimate”. She appears to have asked Mr. Dorje to marry her, and he appears to have responded that he was “not ready”.

[18] Throughout 2018, Mr. Dorje transferred funds in various denominations to Ms. Han through various third parties. Ms. Han deposes that these funds were:

a) $50,000 CDN to deliver the child and for postpartum care she was to receive at a facility in Seattle;

b) $300,000 CDN for the first year of the child’s life;

c) $20,000 USD for a wedding ring, because Ms. Han wrote “Even if we cannot get married, you must buy me a wedding ring”;

d) $400,000 USD to purchase a home for the mother and child.

[19] On June 19, 2018, Ms. Han gave birth to a daughter in Richmond, B.C.

[20] On September 17, 2018, Mr. Dorje wrote, ”Taking care of her and you are my duty for life”.

[21] Ms. Han’s expectation was that the parties would live together in the future. She says they planned to live together. Those plans evolved over time. Initially they involved purchasing a property in Toronto, so that Mr. Dorje could visit when he was in New York. They also discussed purchasing property in Calgary or renting a home in Vancouver for that purpose. Ms. Han eventually purchased a condominium in Richmond using funds provided by Mr. Dorje.

[22] Ms. Han deposes that the parties made plans for Mr. Dorje to visit her and meet the child in Richmond. In October 2018, however, Mr. Dorje wrote that he needed to “disappear” to Europe. He wrote:

I will definitely find a way to meet her

And you

Remember to take care of yourself if something happens

[23] The final plan the parties discussed, according to Ms. Han, was that Mr. Dorje would sponsor Ms. Han and the child to immigrate to the United States and live at the Kagyu retreat centre in New York State.

[24] In January 2019, Ms. Han lost contact with Mr. Dorje.

[25] Ms. Han commenced this family law case on July 17, 2019, seeking child support, a declaration of parentage and a parentage test. She did not seek spousal support.

[26] Ms. Han first proposed a claim for spousal support in October 2020 after a change in her counsel. Following an exchange of correspondence concerning an application for leave to amend the notice of family claim, Ms. Han’s counsel wrote that Ms. Han would not be advancing a spousal support claim. On March 16, 2020, counsel reversed course, and advised that Ms. Han had instructed him to proceed with the application.

[27] When this application came on before me, the trial was set to commence on June 7, 2021. The parties were still in the process of discoveries and obtaining translations for hundreds of pages of documents in Chinese characters.

[28] At a trial management conference on May 6, 2021, noting the parties were not ready to proceed, Madam Justice Walkem adjourned the trial to April 11, 2022.

ANALYSIS
A. The Spousal Support Claim in this Case
[29] To claim spousal support in this case, Ms. Han must plead that she lived with Mr. Dorje in a marriage-like relationship. This is because only “spouses” are entitled to spousal support, and s. 3 of the Family Law Act defines a spouse as a person who is married or has lived with another person in a marriage-like relationship:

3 (1) A person is a spouse for the purposes of this Act if the person

(a) is married to another person, or

(b) has lived with another person in a marriage-like relationship, and

(i) has done so for a continuous period of at least 2 years, or

(ii) except in Parts 5 [Property Division] and 6 [Pension Division], has a child with the other person.

[30] Because she alleges she has a child with Mr. Dorje, Ms. Han need not allege that the relationship endured for a continuous period of two years to claim spousal support; but she must allege that she lived in a marriage-like relationship with him at some point in time. Accordingly, she must amend the notice of family claim.

B. The Test to Amend Pleadings
[31] Given that the notice of trial has been served, Ms. Han requires leave of the court to amend the notice of family claim: Supreme Court Family Rule 8-1(1)(b)(i).

[32] A person seeking to amend a notice of family claim must show that there is a reasonable cause of action. This is a low threshold. What the applicant needs to establish is that, if the facts pleaded are proven at trial, they would support a reasonable claim. The applicant’s allegations of fact are assumed to be true for the purposes of this analysis. Cantelon v. Wall, 2015 BCSC 813, at para. 7-8.

[33] The applicant’s delay, the reasons for the delay, and the prejudice to the responding party are also relevant factors. The ultimate consideration is whether it would be just and convenient to allow the amendment. Cantelon, at para. 6, citing Teal Cedar Products Ltd. v. Dale Intermediaries Ltd. et al (1986), 19 B.C.L.R. (3d) 282.

C. Pleadings in Family Law Cases
[34] Supreme Court Family Rules 3-1(1) and 4-1(1) require that a claim to spousal support be pleaded in a notice of family claim in Form F3. Section 2 of Form F3, “Spousal relationship history”, requires a spousal support claimant to check the boxes that apply to them, according to whether they are or have been married or are or have been in a marriage-like relationship. Where a claimant alleges a marriage-like relationship, Form F3 requires that they provide the date on which they began to live together with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship and, where applicable, the date on which they separated. Form F3 does not require a statement of the factual basis for the claim of spousal support.

[35] In this case, Ms. Han seeks to amend the notice of family claim to allege that she and Mr. Dorje began to live in a marriage-like relationship in or around January 2018, and separated in or around January 2019.

[36] An allegation that a person lived with a claimant in a marriage-like relationship is a conclusion of law, not an allegation of fact. Unlike the rules governing pleadings in civil actions, however, the Supreme Court Family Rules do not expressly require family law claimants to plead the material facts in support of conclusions of law.

[37] In other words, there is no express requirement in the Supreme Court Family Rules that Ms. Han plead the facts on which she relies for the allegation she and Mr. Dorje lived in a marriage-like relationship.

[38] Rule 4-6 authorizes a party to demand particulars, and then apply to the court for an order for further and better particulars, of a matter stated in a pleading. However, unless and until she is granted leave and files the proposed amended notice of family claim, Ms. Han’s allegation of a marriage-like relationship is not a matter stated in a pleading.

[39] Ms. Han filed an affidavit in support of her application to amend the notice of family claim. Normally, evidence would not be required or admissible on an application to amend a pleading. However, in the unusual circumstances of this case, the parties agreed I may look to Ms. Han’s affidavit and exhibits for the facts she pleads in support of the allegation of a marriage-like relationship.

[40] Because this is an application to amend - and Ms. Han’s allegations of fact are presumed to be true - I have not considered Mr. Dorje’s responding affidavit.

[41] Relying on affidavit evidence for an application to amend pleadings is less than ideal. It tends to merge and confuse the material facts with the evidence that would be relied on to prove those facts. In a number of places in her affidavit, for example, Ms. Han describes her feelings, impressions and understandings. A person’s hopes and intentions are not normally material facts unless they are mutual or reasonably held. The facts on which Ms. Han alleges she and Mr. Dorje formed a marriage-like relationship are more important for the present purposes than her belief they entered into a conjugal union.

[42] Somewhat unusually, in this case, almost all of the parties’ relevant communications were in writing. This makes it somewhat easier to separate the facts from the evidence; however, as stated above, it is difficult to understand the intentions and actions of a person from brief text messages.

[43] In my view, it would be a good practice for applicants who seek to amend their pleadings in family law cases to provide opposing counsel and the court with a schedule of the material facts on which they rely for the proposed amendment.

D. The Legal Concept of a Marriage-Like Relationship
[44] As Mr. Justice Myers observed in Mother 1 v. Solus Trust Company, 2019 BCSC 200, the concept of a marriage-like relationship is elastic and difficult to define. This elasticity is illustrated by the following passage from Yakiwchuk v. Oaks, 2003 SKQB 124, quoted by Myers J. at para. 133 of Mother 1:

[10] Spousal relationships are many and varied. Individuals in spousal relationships, whether they are married or not, structure their relationships differently. In some relationships there is a complete blending of finances and property - in others, spouses keep their property and finances totally separate and in still others one spouse may totally control those aspects of the relationship with the other spouse having little or no knowledge or input. For some couples, sexual relations are very important - for others, that aspect may take a back seat to companionship. Some spouses do not share the same bed. There may be a variety of reasons for this such as health or personal choice. Some people are affectionate and demonstrative. They show their feelings for their “spouse” by holding hands, touching and kissing in public. Other individuals are not demonstrative and do not engage in public displays of affection. Some “spouses” do everything together - others do nothing together. Some “spouses” vacation together and some spend their holidays apart. Some “spouses” have children - others do not. It is this variation in the way human beings structure their relationships that make the determination of when a “spousal relationship” exists difficult to determine. With married couples, the relationship is easy to establish. The marriage ceremony is a public declaration of their commitment and intent. Relationships outside marriage are much more difficult to ascertain. Rarely is there any type of “public” declaration of intent. Often people begin cohabiting with little forethought or planning. Their motivation is often nothing more than wanting to “be together”. Some individuals have chosen to enter relationships outside marriage because they did not want the legal obligations imposed by that status. Some individuals have simply given no thought as to how their relationship would operate. Often the date when the cohabitation actually began is blurred because people “ease into” situations, spending more and more time together. Agreements between people verifying when their relationship began and how it will operate often do not exist.

[45] In Mother 1, Mr. Justice Myers referred to a list of 22 factors grouped into seven categories, from Maldowich v. Penttinen, (1980), 17 R.F.L. (2d) 376 (Ont. Dist. Ct.), that have frequently been cited in this and other courts for the purpose of determining whether a relationship was marriage-like, at para. 134 of Mother 1:

1. Shelter:

(a) Did the parties live under the same roof?

(b) What were the sleeping arrangements?

(c) Did anyone else occupy or share the available accommodation?

2. Sexual and Personal Behaviour:

(a) Did the parties have sexual relations? If not, why not?

(b) Did they maintain an attitude of fidelity to each other?

(c) What were their feelings toward each other?

(d) Did they communicate on a personal level?

(e) Did they eat their meals together?

(f) What, if anything, did they do to assist each other with problems or during illness?

(g) Did they buy gifts for each other on special occasions?

3. Services:

What was the conduct and habit of the parties in relation to:

(a) preparation of meals;

(b) washing and mending clothes;

(c) shopping;

(d) household maintenance; and

(e) any other domestic services?

4. Social:

(a) Did they participate together or separately in neighbourhood and community activities?

(b) What was the relationship and conduct of each of them toward members of their respective families and how did such families behave towards the parties?

5. Societal:

What was the attitude and conduct of the community toward each of them and as a couple?

6. Support (economic):

(a) What were the financial arrangements between the parties regarding the provision of or contribution toward the necessaries of life (food, clothing, shelter, recreation, etc.)?

(b) What were the arrangements concerning the acquisition and ownership of property?

(c) Was there any special financial arrangement between them which both agreed would be determinant of their overall relationship?

7. Children:

What was the attitude and conduct of the parties concerning children?

[46] In Austin v. Goerz, 2007 BCCA 586, the Court of Appeal cautioned against a “checklist approach”; rather, a court should "holistically" examine all the relevant factors. Cases like Molodowich provide helpful indicators of the sorts of behaviour that society associates with a marital relationship, the Court of Appeal said; however, “the presence or absence of any particular factor cannot be determinative of whether a relationship is marriage-like” (para. 58).

[47] In Weber v. Leclerc, 2015 BCCA 492, the Court of Appeal again affirmed that there is no checklist of characteristics that will be found in all marriages and then concluded with respect to evidence of intentions:

[23] The parties’ intentions – particularly the expectation that the relationship will be of lengthy, indeterminate duration – may be of importance in determining whether a relationship is “marriage-like”. While the court will consider the evidence expressly describing the parties’ intentions during the relationship, it will also test that evidence by considering whether the objective evidence is consonant with those intentions.

[24] The question of whether a relationship is “marriage-like” will also typically depend on more than just their intentions. Objective evidence of the parties’ lifestyle and interactions will also provide direct guidance on the question of whether the relationship was “marriage-like”.

[48] Significantly for this case, the courts have looked to mutual intent in order to find a marriage-like relationship. See, for example, L.E. v. D.J., 2011 BCSC 671 and Buell v. Unger, 2011 BCSC 35; Davey Estate v. Gruyaert, 2005 CarswellBC 3456 at 13 and 35.

[49] In Mother 1, Myers J. concluded his analysis of the law with the following learned comment:

[143] Having canvassed the law relating to the nature of a marriage-like relationship, I will digress to point out the problematic nature of the concept. It may be apparent from the above that determining whether a marriage-like relationship exists sometimes seems like sand running through one's fingers. Simply put, a marriage-like relationship is akin to a marriage without the formality of a marriage. But as the cases mentioned above have noted, people treat their marriages differently and have different conceptions of what marriage entails.

[50] In short, the determination of whether the parties in this case lived in a marriage-like relationship is a fact-specific inquiry that a trial judge would need to make on a “holistic” basis, having regard to all of the evidence. While the trial judge may consider the various factors listed in the authorities, those factors would not be treated as a checklist and no single factor or category of factors would be treated as being decisive.

E. Is There a Reasonable Claim of a Marriage-Like Relationship?
[51] In this case, many of the Molodowich factors are missing:

a) The parties never lived under the same roof. They never slept together. They were never in the same place at the same time during the relationship. The last time they saw each other in person was in November 2017, before the relationship began.

b) The parties never had consensual sex. They did not hug, kiss or hold hands. With the exception of the alleged sexual assault, they never touched one another physically.

c) The parties expressed care and affection for one another, but they rarely shared personal information or interest in their lives outside of their direct topic of communication. They did not write about their families, their friends, their religious beliefs or their work.

d) They expressed concern and support for one another when the other felt unwell or experienced health issues, but they did not provide any care or assistance during illness or other problems.

e) They did not assist one another with domestic chores.

f) They did not share their relationship with their peers or their community. There is no allegation, for example, that Mr. Dorje told his fellow monks or any of his followers about the relationship. There is no allegation that Ms. Han told her friends or any co-workers. Indeed, there is no allegation that anyone, with the exception of Ms. Han’s mother, knew about the relationship. Although Mr. Dorje gave Ms. Han’s mother a gift, he never met the mother and he never spoke to her.

g) They did not intend to have a child together. The child was conceived as a result of a sexual assault. While Mr. Dorje expressed interest in “meeting” the child, he never followed up. He currently has no relationship with the child. There is no allegation he has sought access or parenting arrangements.

[52] The only Molodowich factor of any real relevance in this case is economic support. Mr. Dorje provided the funds with which Ms. Han purchased a condominium. Mr. Dorje initially wrote that he wanted to buy a property with the money, but, he wrote, “It’s the same thing if you buy [it]”.

[53] Mr. Dorje also provided a significant amount of money for Ms. Han’s postpartum care and the child’s first year of life.

[54] This financial support may have been primarily for the benefit of the child. Even the condominium, Ms. Han wrote, was primarily for the benefit of the child.

[55] However, in my view, a trial judge may attach a broader significance to the financial support from Mr. Dorje than child support alone. A trial judge may find that the money Mr. Dorje provided to Ms. Han at her request was an expression of his commitment to her in circumstances in which he could not commit physically. The money and the gifts may be seen by the trial judge to have been a form of down payment by Mr. Dorje on a promise of continued emotional and financial support for Ms. Han, or, in Mr. Dorje’s own words, “Taking care of her and you are my duty for life” (emphasis added).

[56] On the other hand, I find it difficult to attach any particular significance to the fact that Mr. Dorje agreed to provide funds for Ms. Han to purchase a wedding ring. It appears to me that Ms. Han demanded that Mr. Dorje buy her a wedding ring, not that the ring had any mutual meaning to the parties as a marriage symbol. But it is relevant, in my view, that Mr. Dorje provided $20,000 USD to Ms. Han for something she wanted that was of no benefit to the child.

[57] Further, Ms. Han alleges that the parties intended to live together. At a minimum, a trial judge may find that the discussions about where Ms. Han and the child would live reflected a mutual intention of the parties to see one another and spend time together when they could.

[58] Mr. Dorje argues that an intention to live together at some point in the future is not sufficient to show that an existing relationship was marriage-like. He argues that the question of whether the relationship was marriage-like requires more than just intentions, citing Weber, supra.

[59] In my view, the documentary evidence referred to above provides some objective evidence in this case that the parties progressed beyond mere intentions. As stated, the parties appear to have expressed genuine care and affection for one another. They appear to have discussed marriage, trust, honesty, finances, mutual obligations and acquiring family property. These are not matters one would expect Mr. Dorje to discuss with a friend or a follower, or even with the mother of his child, without a marriage-like element of the relationship.

[60] A trial judge may find on the facts alleged by Ms. Han that the parties loved one another and would have lived together, but were unable to do so because of Mr. Dorje’s religious duties and nomadic lifestyle.

[61] The question I raised in the introduction to these reasons is whether a relationship that began on-line and never moved into the physical world can be marriage-like.

[62] Notably, the definition of a spouse in the Family Law Act does not require that the parties live together, only that they live with another person in a marriage-like relationship.

[63] In Connor Estate, 2017 BCSC 978, Mr. Justice Kent found that a couple that maintained two entirely separate households and never lived under the same roof formed a marriage-like relationship. (Connor Estate was decided under the intestacy provisions of the Wills, Estates and Succession Act, S.B.C. 2009, c. 13 ("WESA"), but courts have relied on cases decided under WESA and the FLA interchangeably for their definitions of a spouse.) Mr. Justice Kent found:

[50] The evidence is overwhelming and I find as a fact that Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor loved and cared deeply about each other, and that they had a loving and intimate relationship for over 20 years that was far more than mere friendship or even so-called "friendship with benefits". I accept Mr. Chambers' evidence that he would have liked to share a home with Ms. Connor after the separation from his wife, but was unable to do so because of Ms. Connor's hoarding illness. The evidence amply supports, and I find as a fact, that Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor loved each other, were faithful to each other, communicated with each other almost every day when they were not together, considered themselves to be (and presented themselves to be) "husband and wife" and were accepted by all who knew them as a couple.

[64] Connor Estate may be distinguishable from this case because Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor were physically intimate for over 20 years, and presented themselves to the world as a married couple.

[65] Other decisions in which a marriage-like relationship has been found to exist despite the parties not living together have involved circumstances in which the couple lived under the same roof at previous points in the relationship, and the issue was whether they continued to be spouses after they took up separate residences: in Thompson v. Floyd, 2001 BCCA 78, the parties had lived together for a period of at least 11 years; in Roach v. Dutra, 2010 BCCA 264, the parties had lived together for approximately three years.

[66] However, as Mr. Justice Kent noted in Connor Estate:

[48] … [W]hile much guidance might be found in this case law, the simple fact is that no two cases are identical (and indeed they usually vary widely) and it is the assessment of evidence as a whole in this particular case which matters.

[67] Mr. Justice Kent concluded:

[53] Like human beings themselves, marriage-like relationships can come in many and various shapes. In this particular case, I have no doubt that such a relationship existed …

[68] As stated, Ms. Han’s claim is novel. It may even be weak. Almost all of the traditional factors are missing. The fact that Ms. Han and Mr. Dorje never lived under the same roof, never shared a bed and never even spent time together in person will militate against a finding they lived with one another in a marriage-like relationship. However, the traditional factors are not a mandatory check-list that confines the “elastic” concept of a marriage-like relationship. And if the COVID pandemic has taught us nothing else, it is that real relationships can form, blossom and end in virtual worlds.

[69] In my view, the merits of Ms. Han’s claim should be decided on the evidence. Subject to an overriding prejudice to Mr. Dorje, she should have leave to amend the notice of family claim. However, she should also provide meaningful particulars of the alleged marriage-like relationship.

F. Delay / Prejudice
[70] Ms. Han filed her notice of family claim on July 17, 2019. She brought this application to amend approximately one year and nine months after she filed the pleading, just over two months before the original trial date.

[71] Ms. Han’s delay was made all that more remarkable by her change in position from January 19, 2021, when she confirmed, through counsel, that she was not seeking spousal support in this case.

[72] Ms. Han gave notice of her intention to proceed with this application to Mr. Dorje on March 16, 2021. By the time the application was heard, the parties had conducted examinations for discovery without covering the issues that would arise from a claim of spousal support.

[73] Also, in April, Ms. Han produced additional documents, primarily text messages, that may be relevant to her claim of spousal support, but were undecipherable to counsel for Mr. Dorje, who does not read Mandarin.

[74] This application proceeded largely on documents selected and translated by counsel for Ms. Han. I was informed that Mandarin translations of the full materials would take 150 days.

[75] Understandably in the circumstances, Mr. Dorje argued that an amendment two months before trial would be neither just nor convenient. He argued that he would be prejudiced by an adjournment so as to allow Ms. Han to advance a late claim of spousal support.

[76] The circumstances changed on May 6, 2021, when Madam Justice Walkem adjourned the trial to July 2022 and reset it for 25 days. Madam Justice Walkem noted that most of the witnesses live internationally and require translators. She also noted that paternity may be in issue, and Mr. Dorje may amend his pleadings to raise that issue. It seems clear that, altogether apart from the potential spousal support claim, the parties were not ready to proceed to trial on June 7, 2021.

[77] In my view, any remaining prejudice to Mr. Dorje is outweighed by the importance of having all of the issues between the parties decided on their merits.

[78] Ms. Han’s delay and changes of position on spousal support may be a matter to de addressed in a future order of costs; but they are not grounds on which to deny her leave to amend the notice of family claim.

CONCLUSION
[79] Ms. Han is granted leave to amend her notice of family claim in the form attached as Appendix A to the notice of application to include a claim for spousal support.

[80] Within 21 days, or such other deadline as the parties may agree, Ms. Han must provide particulars of the marriage-like relationship alleged in the amended notice of family claim.

[81] Ms. Han is entitled to costs of this application in the cause of the spousal support claim.

“Master Elwood”

ABANDONED

If you take a look at them, they both looked like dogs that are well taken care off, don't you think? So what's the story? Well, they are abandoned by their owner at the pet hotel.

They were return customers at this pet hotel. Initially the stay was suppose to be 6 days, but now it has been 1.5 months later. The owner of the pet hotel had contacted the dogs' owner numerous times and watsapp messages were read (double blue ticks). Yet, they refuse to answer the calls and messages. So, the last straw was for the pet hotel owners to let them know that they will find a home for these 2 boys. Even that, they did not reply 😔

Here are some info to share with you about the dogs:
1. From the same owner
2. Husky - 4 years old / Mixed Breed - 2 years old
3. Both not neutered. If you want to adopt them neutered, it can be done.

On what reason would anyone abandoned their dogs just like that, remain a mystery. Are you interested in adopting them? Or know of anyone who wish to adopt these 2 handsome boys? Do drop me a message and I'll get you connected.

The iconic, grandiose, all-knowing companion from NieR Replicant ver.1.22474487139... has been painstakingly recreated at 1:1 scale and could soon be yours! Featuring hand-carved molding, a leather-bound cover, and real, distressed paper pages, this is a once-in-a-lifetime chance to take home a real piece of the NieR universe. As if that wasn’t enough, the main English voice cast has signed the pages within and have left special messages for the lucky winner who inherits this magical tome.

Learn More: https://nier.square-enix-games.com/en-us/grimoiregiveaway

📣 Click 'CC' button to select language: English/中文/Malay/อักษรไทย/Indonesian/한글
🎧 音樂串流下載〔Stream/download〕
➡️ https://lnk.to/JTNETFLIXTONIGHT

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・ 〔朋友們儘管在下面留言，點歌，問問題！〕・

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🎤Lyric video 字幕版MV : https://youtu.be/ZiENcEj7NLw

────────────────────────

什麼叫愛無止境？
不管是寂寞的、受傷的、挫折的、脆弱的，
聽他用心、用力、用音樂安撫愉悅人心！
就跟著JERIC 陳傑瑞一起 《NETFLIX TONIGHT》

*不拐彎抹角的節奏 *頑皮又溫柔的曲風 *熬夜炸翻 *待在家循環播放

JERIC陳傑瑞從製作、企劃、詞曲、MV都一手包辦，封面由攝影大師「林炳存」操刀， 音樂製作再度跨國際與新加坡、美國團隊用心打造。

以URBAN, POP TRAP混搭HIP-HOP曲風，更添加了他具有色彩性的招牌節奏，與獨樹一格的RAP和FLOW，來描繪現代人的生活習慣和這世代的愛情有趣現象。

全球因受天災、新冠肺炎影響，JERIC想帶給大家比較不同層面的安慰， 選擇以黑色幽默方式，去營造輕快娛樂性的氣氛，來撫慰每個心理或某個情緒之中的灰色地帶。

MV 特別以【Stay Home 待在家】概念呈現, 更有許多為疫情送暖的藝人朋友、音樂人、插畫家等，驚喜獻身！

除了把自己待在家的日常在MV中一次呈現外，陳傑瑞這次特別把平常跟朋友視訊的概念用在MV中，一口氣邀來自己世界各地的藝人、音樂人、DJ、插畫家朋友全都以視訊方式入鏡，其中包括演員Hero戴祖雄、歌手演員Frances吳兆絃、插畫家Gabi蓋彼、印尼知名演員Anthony Xie 、Audi Marissa 、演員張灝、音樂人Jasmine Clarke 、美國吉他大師Mike McLaughlin - (吉他大師) 、io樂團貝斯手SHO 簡瑞松、DJ林庭絮、歌手郝歌等11位好友全以拍攝視訊入鏡!

────────────────────────

JERIC陳傑瑞 - Netflix Tonight

曲：陳傑瑞Jeric
詞：陳傑瑞Jeric

就過來 We can Netflix all right
Baby we can Netflix tonight
就過來 We can Netflix all night

什麼都看
什麼都來
Oh baby

又到了這個時候才想我
為 什麼你聲音變脆弱
到底是誰 讓Baby 你這麼 down down down down down down yea

就讓我輕輕擦乾你眼淚
被傷過那麼多遍 你累不累
別放開我的手 就不會跌倒

When i’m with somebody
他需要的愛 我都會給
不用懷疑 付出最真的心 不用表演
答應過 不食言
需要時 在你身邊
進入你的世界
不再有孤單的夜

專注在你身上的
每一絲
每一分 每一刻
我 都會珍惜 不浪費
不忘記 不後悔
Because honestly
Honestly why don’t you take my hand
and we can go
cos baby you’re all I am

就過來我的家看 Netflix
我們待在家看 Netflix
就過來一起看看 netflix

什麼都看
什麼都來
Oh baby

就過來
We can Netflix all right
Baby we can Netflix tonight
就過來 We can Netflix all night

什麼都看
什麼都來
Oh baby

看過那麼多美麗的臉孔
現在只有你 真的吸引我
我的心和肩膀 你會想緊靠

When i’m with somebody
他需要的愛 我都會給
不用懷疑 付出最真的心 不用表演
就讓我來 疼你 親你 愛你
用心 用力 帶你到 天堂去
讓你體會什麼叫做愛無止境

就過來我的家看 Netflix
我們待在家看 Netflix
就過來一起看看 Netflix

什麼都看
什麼都來
Oh baby

就過來 We can Netflix all right
Baby we can Netflix tonight
就過來 We can Netflix all night

什麼都看
什麼都來
Oh baby

rap:
Yeah
如果我再年輕一點
每天幾點才會睡
Maybe 十一二點
為了跟你聊聊天
Hey
可以聊到白天
管他明天是否 要上課 上班還是要趕工作
我的思緒只 圍繞在你左右
看電影 看電視 都會給你遙控 幫你按摩
Bae 跟著我 跟著我 please just follow me
Come with me
以後 不會再 寂寞
不再打包行李 不再要搬出去
別再聽他放屁
牽我手 1 2 3
我陪你 熬夜 炸翻

就過來我的家看 Netflix
我們待在家看 Netflix
就過來一起看看 Netflix

什麼都看
什麼都來
Oh baby

就過來 We can Netflix all right
Baby we can Netflix tonight
就過來 We can Netflix all night

什麼都看
什麼都來
Oh baby
────────────────────────
Music video by JERIC T performing NETFLIX TONIGHT (官方正式版).
© 2020 BAD JOE RICHARDS, distributed by Sony Music Entertainment.

・更多詳情〔For more info〕
https://www.jerictan.com
https://twitter.com/jerictan
https://soundcloud.com/jerictan

#JericT #陳傑瑞 #첸제리

マレーシアで書いた曲、集めた現地の音と映像で、Music Videoを作りました！
Song, sounds, and videos written and taken in MALAYSIA!!

舞台裏動画 / Behind the scenes of this video ▶︎ https://youtu.be/k2Y1jbdcWY0

Loveは目に見えないけど、見えないからこそあらゆる壁を超えていく

9.11の時、3.11の時、他にも世界のどこかで混乱が起きた時や、そしてまさに今、世界中が危機に陥っている時。
過去と未来に連鎖する憎しみや怒りが渦巻く一方で、悲しみに寄り添う祈りが国や人種、言語宗教関係なく世界中から集まることにいつも希望を感じるんです。
国のトップ同士が責任をなすりつけ合っていても、憎しみを掘り返して争いを正当化しても、人と人が想い合うことだけは誰にも何にも止められないですよね。
77億分の1でも、愛をもって他人のために祈る人がいる限りは憎しみにこの世界が支配されることはないなと、日本含め訪れた色々な国のみんなと声を重ねて感じました。
そして音楽は本当にあらゆる壁を超えるということ！

そんなことを去年ライブをしたマレーシアで、滞在中に現地の音を使いながら曲にしたのが「Love」です。こんな状況だけど、この曲を聴いて元気になったり少しでも希望を持てたりしたらいいなと思ってリリースしました。
配信リリースもしてますが（https://linkco.re/0Ftr3g1N
コード譜、歌詞、ジャケ写、カラオケ音源と一緒に楽曲の無料ダウンロードもできますので
https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d9bvdp6529v2ram/AAA_aaNhyuoKlGmsArj1wH1ja?dl=0

たくさん聴いて、このMVも音源もぜひ広めてください！

曲もカラオケ音源も、愛のある使い方であれば自由に使用してもらって大丈夫です。
曲よかった！MVよかった！またみんな元気で会いたい！
と思ったらいいねと、コメントに想いの丈を残してもらえたら嬉しいです！

みなさん身体には気をつけて、元気でいてください。
Spread love!!　慶

Words, Music, Vocals：Kei Takebuchi https://twitter.com/keibambooty
Music, Video, Design：YAMO https://twitter.com/YAMO_wbsb

Patreon Producers: 96ra4suke, Alex, Atsuki Ishida, Chad Ko, Daisuke　Obata, David Johnston, Don Key, hina miyata, HIRO, hiroki a, Jun Oguma, Junichiro Shibano, JusonKhaw, Koiji_Izayoi, Maho Shibayama, maiko, Masaru Matsunaga, migihidari, Ming Ko, Naoya Tamura, nunono, Reg OKUMOTO Tadashi, Rintaro Ono, Ryo Nakayama, Shiho Fukushima, Shinsuke Toyoda, SUMIO ISHIZUKI, summerqm, Tai Hirose, Tetsu, tinoue, tomoaki kobayashi, Wai, Yosuke, Yui1111, yuuki sakata, Zengster, あかね, あべしげあき, えりっぺ, おとは, かがさとみ, かずえ, かんまほ, キンゼン チョウ, くろっぺ, たける, ためごり, どらけん, なおと, のっち, のり, みき, めりめろ, もえか, ゆきち*, ゆたまる, よ ま, らっきょう, わたなべ あこ, 葛谷　隆雄, 恵 高本, 慶ちゃん頑張れ, 弘亮 三橋, 冴織 笹沼, 松野 瞳, 大城 佳和子, 智之 小窪, 竹渕ひな, 長沼良和, 田中 愛咲, 膝 だでぃ, 末永愉恭, 有香里 正垣, 和也 大野

＜この映像は全て2020年2月までに撮ったものです＞


At times like this, I always feel relieved to see people pray for each other from all over the world, while some of us tend to choose hatred and anger.
Even if our leaders conflict and blame one another, or take control of our freedom, I believe that love can never be taken away by anyone.
Through singing with people in different countries last year, I felt that there never will be a day that hatred would conquer this world, as long as we each individuals love and care for each other... and that music absolutely has no boundaries of any kind!

Anyways, all those messages are wrapped up with love in this song, using many sounds we'd sampled during the stay in Malaysia.
We wished for this song to cheer you up and give you hope through the hard times, so we decided to share you the link where you can download the song, instrumental ver., lyrics, cover art, and music sheet of the song for free ▶︎ https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d9bvdp6529v2ram/AAA_aaNhyuoKlGmsArj1wH1ja?dl=0
Of course if you're willing to pay for the song, you can always download or stream from here ▶︎ https://linkco.re/0Ftr3g1N

Feel free to share the song and the music video to the ones you love!
Spread love!!

If you liked the song, the video, and wish for the day when we can all see each other again, give us a like and leave a comment!
Last but not least, please take good care of yourselves. Stay safe and happy.

Thank you!
Kei

【Stream and Download my songs!!】
IN THIS BLANKET ▶︎ https://linkco.re/y4z3tt5V
TORCH ▶︎ https://linkco.re/vYHNVsFs
LOVE ▶︎ https://linkco.re/0Ftr3g1N
　　　　Or download for free ▶︎ https://www.dropbox.com/sh/d9bvdp6529v2ram/AAA_aaNhyuoKlGmsArj1wH1ja?dl=0

MY MERCH ▶︎ https://keitakebuchi.booth.pm/

【竹渕慶 Kei Takebuchi】FOLLOW ME ON
Twitter ▶︎ https://twitter.com/keibambooty
Instagram ▶︎ https://www.instagram.com/keibamboo/
HP ▶︎ https://keitakebuchi.com/


【YAMO】 (クリエイティブパートナー/Creative Partner）
マレーシア滞在中につくった、現地での体験や音がつまったこの曲。家にこもりながらも音楽は作れるけど、この曲は海外を旅しないと生まれないものだったと思います。また世界中の人々が、安全に旅をして、音楽を楽しめる日まで。一緒に愛を拡げましょう。

We can create music at home, even through this quarantine time, but this kind of song cannot be created. It was written overseas with the inspiration we gained though our own eyes, sound arranged with many soundscapes of the place. Until the day we can all freely and safely travel and create abroad, spread love.


Twitter ▶︎ https://twitter.com/YAMO_wbsb
Instagram ▶︎ https://www.instagram.com/yamo_wabisabi/


【Other Recommended Videos】
Torch ▶︎ https://youtu.be/y9ltZL5osBI
In This Blanket ▶︎ https://youtu.be/s9MXv28fJsY
ASMR ▶︎ https://youtu.be/rJe4ebh2AFc
「天気の子」Mash Up ▶︎https://youtu.be/ZcT2UOmcwIo

オンラインコミュニティーPATREON ▶︎ https://www.patreon.com/KeiTakebuchiYAMO