A worker in his 60s died following an accident at an MRT station under construction in Wanhua District Tuesday afternoon, Taipei's Department of Rapid Transit Systems confirmed later the same day.
https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202109280021
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transit systems 在 本土研究社 Liber Research Community Facebook 的最佳貼文
【還原「物業帶動鐵路」的歷史時空】 #永續港鐵霸權 #7月專研
港鐵霸權一大核心就是長期壟斷「鐵路上蓋物業發展權」,今時今日香港土地問題走到如斯局面,與經常被吹噓為「國際成功模式」的「鐵路加物業」(Rail + Property) 不無關係,但服務大眾的鐵路公司搖身一變成為追求利潤的發展商,絕對不是一夕間發生的合理事情。「鐵路上蓋物業」的原意又與今日有沒有變化? 是次研究專題將會透過回顧過上千頁有關香港地下鐵發展的英國解密檔案,還原70年代「物業帶動鐵路」發展模式的源起及原意,將有助進一步理解現時逐漸扭曲的港鐵發展形態。
▌構思初現:初期鐵路物業的背景與概念
「以地養鐵」更早可以在日本找到相類似發展模式 (Murakami, J., & Gregory, K. I.,2012),然而最早「引進」香港的來源暫不可考。但從現有官方內部檔案中,可找到早於1970年交通諮詢委員會 (Transport Advisory Committee)提交的一份《集體運輸計劃總報告書》,報告中建議除了計劃興建已設計的4條鐵路路線,並分9期(nine distinct stages) 完成「理想」鐵路系統(preferred system)外,已有提及「發展上蓋物業」的構思。在報告提及鐵路系統的長期發展影響:
”Wherever subway systems have been built experience shows that property and land increase in value. This opens up the strong possibility that a part of the cost of providing station concourses could be met through arrangements which permit the private development of station superstructures and surrounds.”
當年報告所述,由於預視到鐵路系統的帶動下,當地物業及地價將會升值。因而報告提到有很大可能可以容許私人發展 (private development) 上蓋物業去補貼鐵路站的建設成本。值得注意的是,報告除了提出上蓋 (station superstructures)發展外,首次提到發展上蓋周邊 (surrounds) 的發展概念。可見,現時港鐵圈地/上蓋物業發展一早出現在早期鐵路系統構思之中。
70年代還有差點讓鐵路系統觸礁的財政艱難,更清晰定位鐵路中的「物業收益」有何功能。參考早期關於興建鐵路系統的英國解密檔案顯示,早於1972年,香港政府成立集體運輸臨時管理局(Mass Transit Railway Provisional Authority),打算先行興建較全面、工程單一批予日資財團(Japanese consortium)的早期系統(initial system),但後來石油危機爆發,日本經濟陷入危機,財團先是提出可否修訂興建成本價格上限由50億為60億,遭到管理局拒絕後則宣佈退出鐵路興建,檔案中可看到港英政府曾一度為此而與日資財團就賠償爭執,甚至有香港主要大班 (怡和除外) 都因財政理由反對繼續推展興建鐵路計劃。
當年港英內部評估1980年代交通系統會超負荷,即使鐵路系統已被日資延遲一年(have effectively delayed the MTR project for 12 months),連帶物料通賬的財政問題,但卻認為必須「頂硬上」,調整鐵路系統的財政預算、規模以及未來發展方向,於是臨急推出後來實現的修正早期系統 (Modified Initial System)。在1975年一份關於修正早期系統行政局內部文件,港英將會排除必要鐵路系統以外的多餘支出 (eliminate all expenditures not strictly necessary for resultant simpler system),不僅使整個鐵路規模「大縮水」,同時更建議以溢價債卷(Premium bond)作為融資措施,以及發展沿線上蓋物業(property development on lines)抵消(offset)財赤,皆為確保(safeguard)鐵路在任何情況下的財政可負擔性(the financial viability in any event),讓減少後規模的總興建成本能夠保持於49億的水平。可見,當初「鐵路加物業」發展的概念是在財政大緊縮的特定歷史脈絡生成,目的為防止鐵路興建所帶來財政不穩定情況的其中一法。
▌立業辟地:港鐵上蓋四小龍
直到1975年,為了確保鐵路系統的財政可負擔性以及應急儲備,集體運輸臨時管理局向政府申請批出四個鐵路上蓋物業的綜合發展權(comprehensive development)。而當時行政局內部討論中,一份十分詳細記錄有關批予集體運輸臨時管理局四個上蓋發展權的行政局文件顯示,最早期物業上蓋發展的具體情況:
—九龍灣車廠上蓋物業(現時德福花園):
當時除了作為首個利用鐵路車廠上蓋作物業發展的項目,而且亦成為物業上蓋住宅發展的先例,佔地165,800平方呎,打算興建大型屋苑,滿足18,000個人口的住宅需求。
—亞皆老站(即現今旺角站)上蓋物業(現時旺角中心第一期):
首個非鐵路站上蓋作物業發展,只是相鄰於(adjacent to) 鐵路站,為首個利用鐵路通風樓(ventilation shaft)的物業發展。
—金鐘站上蓋物業(現時海富中心):
佔地60,000平方呎的海富中心,當時金鐘站上蓋物業批地條例原來有列明非工業用途,包括興建酒店(non-industrial purposes which may include a hotel)。
—畢打/遮打站(即現今中環站)上蓋物業(Pedder/Chater)(現時環球中心):
當時批中環商業靚地予鐵路公司的理據明顯為商業利益最大化(maximum exploitation of the commercial possibilities),一來可以善用土地資源(物業建於鐵路站上蓋),二來物業及鐵路站同時興建,可以減少工程興建時發展阻礙(development disturbance)。
其後地鐵公司分別與恆隆、合和、長實多間發展商共合發展上述四個上蓋物業,作為「鐵路加物業」發展模式的雛型,當時內部估計以上物業收入將會佔地鐵公司總收益的20%。當年批出九龍灣車廠上蓋物業上公頃的市區發展土地,整體政府部門都相當歡迎,認為可以平衡當區公屋主導的房屋格局,與及能夠為該區提供額外設施的機會,甚至具體要求屋苑內有至少10戶1車位的發展條件 (XCC(75)52)。此四幅最早批出的上蓋物業發展,從通風樓到車廠、由單一大廈到綜合發展,已是奠定了日後鐵路物業發展的主要選址方式與發展類型。
▌誰主上蓋物業?
這份行政局文件亦載有早期鐵路用地發展權的重要批地原則(principles to be adopted in respect to land grant to Mass Transmit Railway Corporation),是還原物業上蓋發展歷史一份重要參照。文件清楚列出,上蓋物業不一定是地鐵公司「囊中物」,鐵路物業發展權是否批出,或批給誰,完全是政府「話事」 (the grant of comprehensive development rights on land affected by railway installations will be discretionary)。
文件亦同時指出,程序上地鐵公司需要先向政府申請(formally apply)批地,政府可以基於實際考慮 (practical consideration) 決定如何運用這些鐵路上蓋用地的發展潛力 (for government to decide on how to dispose of any development potential remaining in the land over and above its Mass Transit usage) 。換言之,港鐵的上蓋發展絕對可以由政府主導及決定,包括根據現時的實際考慮(公營房屋供應長期落後及不足)用作興建公屋,不一定用於與發展商合作興建私樓供港鐵公司利潤最大化。
▌物業收益應急而起
70年代尾,鐵路系統打算擴建至荃灣區。翻查1978年有關鐵路擴建荃灣(Mass Transit Railway extension to Tsuen Wan)的行政局文件顯示,當時除了提及車廠上蓋物業發展的選址爭議外,亦有提及港英對發展上蓋物業的財政原則。物業發展的收入原本並不用作補貼鐵路成本 (revenue from property development was not originally envisaged as being used as a means of financing the capital cost of the railway itself),而是作為應急儲備及改善現金流(contingency reserve and to improve its cash flow)。而且更補充荃灣車廠上蓋物業發展的剩餘收入,可以用作應對以下4個應急情況:
—抵消「超支」建築成本(offset any excess construction costs)
—抵消收入財赤(offset any revenue deficiencies)
—加速還債(accelerate loan repayments)
—提早鐵路公司對港英政府的投資分股息的日子(bring forward the date when the Corporation begins to pay the Government as share holder on behalf of the public dividends on its investment)
可見,港英多次強調,鐵路上蓋物業收入為確保財政可負擔性(viability)及應急(contingency),而非像現時政府愈來愈恆常化送地予港鐵興建私樓賺錢。
引述法國城市學者Aveline-Dubach整理地鐵公司至其後港鐵自1980至2016年收入可見,明顯看見90年代末東涌綫及其後的將軍澳線所帶動的物業發展收入比例愈來愈重,已經超越鐵路票務收入,現時每年物業收益足足佔港鐵總收入四成。可見,透過重現當初的批地原意,更能突顯漸走向扭曲的港鐵發展形態,形成尾大不掉之勢。
▌賣樓補車費:明言物業發展利潤補貼車費
港鐵不應用上蓋物業賺盡的討論,亦見於地下鐵路公司條例的立法階段的重要討論。一份1975年討論地下鐵路公司草案(Mass Transit Railway Corporation Bill)的行政局文件,提及鐵路公司需要按照審慎商業原則 (prudent commercial principles)。鐵路作為公共交通工具,不應最大化其投資回報 (maximize its return on investment),只應賺取足夠(enough)收入作營運開支。
文件亦可見當年政府就發展上蓋物業項目的收益,會清晰公開回應指物業發展可為鐵路帶來的額外利潤,以維持一個「保守的車費政策」 (assist the railway by providing extra revenue to maintain a conservative fares policy)。比起今天已經與物業收益「脫勾」的「可加可減」車費制度,當日港英政府明顯認為物業收益有助更平宜的車費定價。
在40多年前的歷史時空,當初「鐵路加物業」發展模式跟現時已經不可同日而語,發展上蓋物業不論就其發展型態、財政狀況、規劃模式、補貼原意,明顯有其特定的歷史脈絡及原意。是次研究專題透過還原早期興建地鐵的歷史討論,帶出現時不斷被政府吹奏作為「國際級典範」—港鐵發展模式,並不是一套千秋萬世的發展方程式。
參考資料
1971 FCO 40 358 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong
1975 FCO 40 658 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong
1975 FCO 40 659 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong
1975 FCO 40 660 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong
1978 FCO 40 974 Construction of an underground railway system in Hong Kong
Aveline-Dubach, N., & Blandeau, G. (2019). The political economy of transit value capture: The changing business model of the MTRC in Hong Kong. Urban Studies, 56(16), 3415-3431.
Murakami, J., & Gregory, K. I. (2012). Transit value capture: New town codevelopment models and land market updates in Tokyo and Hong Kong. Value capture and land policies, 285-320.
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transit systems 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文
@ministryoftransportmy
Curitiba's rapid bus station model is getting famous worldwide, from Bogota to Seoul. Forty-one cities are operating similar transportation and 46 cities more in development, referring from Gmatek, T. (December 2003).
The Curitiba, Brazil, exemplifies a model Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system and plays a large part in making this a livable city. The buses frequently run as often as every 90 seconds. The stations are comfortable, convenient, and reliable. The system also travels on urban roadways and cities. Consequently, Curitiba has one of the most heavily used yet low-cost transit systems in the world. Around 70 percent of 2.2 million commuters use the BRT to travel to work, resulting in congestion-free and less air pollution. Minibusses routed around the central city and on inter-district routes. Passengers pay a single face equivalent to 40 cents (U.S.). Research on 1991 traveler survey results, reductions of about 27 million auto trips per year, saving about 27 million liters of fuel annually after introducing BRT. 28 percent of BRT riders previously traveled by car. Today about 1100 buses make 12500 trips every day, serving more than 1.3 million passengers, referring to Goodman, J., Laube, M., & Schwenk, J. (2007).
A typical passenger vehicle emits about 4.6 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year. Malaysia is the country that is owning the most car person in the world. Can Malaysia have this cheap and good system please?
这是巴西最快捷方便便宜的交通系统,一趟车四毛钱美金,可以上班和出门。41个城市在效仿这系统。大马是全世界人民拥有车最多的国家,汽车排放的污染很严重,这是一个值得重视的问题。交通系统一定要改善。希望大马公共交通能进步。
#transportaion
transit systems 在 林子安 AnViolin Youtube 的精選貼文
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LiSA《炎 homura》(劇場版「鬼滅之刃」主題曲)小提琴版本 | Violin【Cover by An】
| Violin cover by Lin Tzu An of《homura》by LiSA
Hi 大家我們回來了~~
今天帶來#LiSA 演唱幾天前奪下日本單曲公信榜第一名的#炎,是#鬼滅之刃 劇場版的主題曲。
沒有看過也沒有關係,聽旋律也可以感受到其中的壯闊、悲傷和溫柔。
一首好的主題曲總是可以幫助一部作品更完整,在螢幕淡去觀眾漸漸散場時, 用旋律來傾訴劇中人物的思緒延伸,也像是傳遞給觀眾那些沒能說完的話。
在這邊就先不爆雷劇情了,但是鬼滅是一部非常有趣的作品,不管是劇情本身,或是後續的影響和討論,交織出豐富又多元的世界觀。
另外!大家有沒有覺得這次cover場地非常特別?
特別感謝臺北市政府捷運局第二區工程處贊助場地(乾爹萬歲!)
還提供#獨家好康📢 ,記得到下方連結#按讚抽獎🎁🎁
https://bit.ly/34oH7PL
最後感謝我們#市中心地底下的變形金剛👷♂️👷♂️👷♂️
歡迎大家在沒有下雨的週末到信義區香堤大道,聽cover歌曲的live版!詳細演出相關資訊,我都會更新在我的Instagram 限時動態!
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Hi we are back~~cover of this week goes to Homura , the theme song of Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba the Movie: Mugen Train.
It's def okay if you haven't watched it (but strongly recommend!!!)
You can still feel the sadness even through the the melody, and I think it really completed the movie and it is what a great theme song should be like. When the lights on, the melody in the end is like saying what the characters in the movie are thinking, and like telling the unfinished words to the audience.
Special thanks to Second District Project Office(SDPO) of Department of Rapid Transit Systems, Taipei City Government for the super special cover shooting location.
Check their page out for surprise: https://bit.ly/34oH7PL
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編曲Arrange:林子安 Lin Tzu An
混音mix:林子安 Lin Tzu An
小提琴 Violin: 林子安 Lin Tzu An
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拍攝地點 Location:捷運萬大線植物園站工地 TRTS Wanda-Zhonghe-Shulin Line Sectional Contract CQ842 (Taipei Botanical Garden Station).
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【Cover by AnViolin】每週上傳新的小提琴cover影片,
喜歡的話請訂閱我的頻道 https://bit.ly/2EsTGMQ
也記得開啟🔔訂閱通知,按讚留言分享給你家人朋友看!
還想看子安cover什麼歌?留言跟我說 !
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#LiSA
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#炎
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transit systems 在 serpentza Youtube 的最佳解答
Real name registrations? Passport or ID card, Pre bookings and X-ray machines to go to the beach?
I wanted to show you all how to take the bus in Shenzhen, and decided to go to China's most popular beach only to be told that I need my passport and a reservation to access the beach!
Shenzhen Tong (Chinese: 深圳通) is a contactless smartcard system used for electronic payments in public transportation and some other areas in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. It was developed by Shenzhen Modern Computer, the provider of automatic fare collection systems to Shenzhen Metro, with cooperation from Octopus Cards Limited, the operator of Hong Kong's Octopus cards system. It was first adopted by minibuses in Shenzhen, until the new system was introduced by Shenzhen Metro. The English name was originally TransCard.
Starting from January 18, 2006, Shenzhen Tong was gradually accepted by public buses to replace the old IC card system by Shenzhen Bus. All routes operated by Shenzhen Bus Group, Shenzhen Eastern Bus, Shenzhen Western Bus and most other private buses operators accept Shenzhen Tong cards.
Infineon Technologies announced it has won a contract to be the sole supplier of contactless microprocessor chips for Shenzhen Tong cards. Issuance unit volume of these cards is expected to exceed three million by the end of 2008.
Shenzhen Tong card can be purchased for RMB20 (Sale Version Card) deposit. A combined Shenzhen Tong and Hong Kong Octopus card is available, called the Hu Tong Xing, with RMB & HKD in different purses.
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