(✪‿✪)ノ排程中晝發文 #國際法法理建國 Q&A
Q193 :負責戰後託管的機構,不是聯合國託管理事會麼? 其當然有權依聯合國憲章安排進程。舊金山和約我沒記錯是授權當事國與日本另訂條款,提到移交聯合國託管機制的也就是西南群島和南方各島,而台灣也從未於法理上與中華民國形成託管關係,還是你指「代管」是與託管無關的另一個概念?
A193:
台澎是軍事佔領,跟聯合國託管制度無關。
《舊金山和約》條文網路上查得到,你可以逐條看看:https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco
你提到的在這:
Chapter II. Territory
Article2
(d) Japan renounces all right, title and claim in connection with the League of Nations Mandate System, and accepts the action of the United Nations Security Council of April 2, 1947, extending the trusteeship system to the Pacific Islands formerly under mandate to Japan.
日本政府放棄國際聯盟委任統治相關的一切權利、權利名義與要求,同時接受聯合國安全理事會於1947年4月2日所採取有關日本前述太平洋島嶼委任統治地之託管統治安排。
Article 3
Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to the United Nations to place under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority, Nansei Shoto south of 29° north latitude (including the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands), Nanpo Shoto south of Sofu Gan (including the Bonin Islands, Rosario Island and the Volcano Islands) and Parece Vela and Marcus Island. Pending the making of such a proposal and affirmative action thereon, the United States will have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation and jurisdiction over the territory and inhabitants of these islands, including their territorial waters.
日本政府同意美國對北緯29度以南之西南群島(含琉球群島與大東群島)、孀婦岩南方之南方各島(含小笠原群島、西之與火山群島),和沖之鳥島以及南鳥島等地送交聯合國之託管統治制度提議。在此提案獲得通過之前,美國對上述地區、所屬居民與所屬海域得擁有實施行政、立法、司法之權利。
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不過也藉這機會跟大家說明:
1.中華民國政權是依照盟軍《一般命令第一號》中的安排,為盟軍全體成員到台澎接受日軍投降,並在台澎戰後最終處置確定前,以盟軍「代」理人身分為盟軍全體成員實施佔領及「管」理。
盟佔授權依據《一般命令第一號》是 1945.9.2 發佈,聯合國是在 1945.10.24 成立。因此,中華民國政權依據《一般命令第一號》為盟軍實施的佔領代管當然與聯合國託管制度無關。
2.《舊金山和約》中明白提到託管的,是第三條。其內容為日本同意該條所列領土交付聯合國託管制度託管,並以美國為託管國。在依聯合國託管制度託管完成託管前,由美國行使行政立法司法三權(施政權,也可說是治權的內容)。然而,美國並未使相關地區成為聯合國託管地,而是在治理一段時間之後,將其施政權交還給日本。
3.日本在《舊金山和約》第2條,放棄她對在第一次世界大戰後受國際聯盟託付的「委任統治地」所具有的一切權利、權利名義及請求,並「接受」聯合國安全理事會於 1947 年 4 月 2 日以第 21 號決議對該地區所做的安排。這些地方並不是因為《舊金山和約》而成為聯合國託管地,而是早在 1947 年 7 月 18 日就已依據安理會前述決議成為聯合國託管地,並由美國擔任託管國。
-
#延伸閱讀
👉🏻Q&A18台澎為什麼不是聯合國託管地?:https://www.facebook.com/258660130833607/posts/4060458890653693/?d=n
台澎是在《舊金山和約》Chapter II. Territory
Article2
(b) Japan renounces all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores.
日本放棄對台澎所具有的權利名義(title),相關的一切權利(right),及一切的主張請求(claim)。
-
👉🏻 同盟國是什麼?同盟國與ROC政權之間的關係? https://wp.me/pd1HGm-kX
👉🏻這篇有提到「代管」是法理建國派論述時的簡稱:
內部自決權 vs 外部自決權、民族自決權 vs 住民自決權、自決權的行使 https://wp.me/pd1HGm-5S
因為中華民國政權代表盟軍來台受降,停戰接著就是進行軍事占領,直到簽署和平條約,能有最終處置。 因為是盟軍全體成員授權之下作為同盟國的代理人,簡稱代管,代理他人進行管理的意思。只是我們法理建國派每次要解釋這一段就很複雜。還有一個原因就是我們並不想讓人誤以為與聯合國「託管」有關!
「#終止代管自決建國」的口號8個字解壓縮後就是 《台澎法理建國指南》的所有內容。
「#終止代管自決建國」所代表的就是:終止在二戰盟軍授權中華民國政權代表全體盟軍來台受降並且進行佔領管理的盟佔狀態,由原日籍台澎住民及其後代依國際法法理程序去日本殖民統治來行使住民自決權,在台澎領土上建立自己的主權獨立的國家。
(關鍵字搜尋🔍國際法法理建國,敬請期待明天的問與答)
希望大家可以看的資訊❣️
🙌🏻🙌🏻🙌🏻[英語繁中字]為什麼台灣在國際上無法加入WHO?原因與解決方法:https://youtu.be/lss2OdMhi90
👉🏻部落格 https://journeyshin.wordpress.com
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https://youtu.be/-a_qHXh_URM
👉🏻聖峰演講實錄Podcast:
https://anchor.fm/rotpnetwork-shin-hong-ng/episodes/2019-03-29-ep8kln
👉🏻Apple podcast:https://reurl.cc/a5qZjQ
👉🏻 《台澎法理建國指南》電子書:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yFXTxYOtkqrwEyV11w0kQyKujxEZsU8N/view?usp=sharing
👉🏻《台澎主權的未來請交給台澎人民決定》漫畫:
http://www.rotpnetwork.tw/TPSovDBYTP.php?LAN=TW
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過12萬的網紅王炳忠,也在其Youtube影片中提到,🔥支付寶打賞:13581883245 🔥王炳忠今日頭條:搜索「王炳忠台灣」 🔥王炳忠臉書粉專:https://www.facebook.com/bingzhong.wang ♦♦♦ The Real Threat to the US is the loss of self-confidence ─...
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【《The Pulse》 What's happening in Myanmar】
在激烈抗爭場面以外,數以十萬計的緬甸人已經默默堅持罷工兩個月。
三月尾,全國大城小鎮一呼百應嚮應Silent Strike,所有街道變死城,整個國度停擺,為的是要向世界說:軍政府無法統治追求民主的人民。各級公務員及銀行職工,為了癱瘓他們不承認的政權,堅決不上班,即使面對被捕、被革職、被毆打、被逐出宿舍的威脅,還是咬緊牙關的撐下去。《脈搏》跟當地人訪談,由他們說說無糧出無ATM 的日子怎麼過。
The United Nations Security Council said on Wednesday that since the coup in Myanmar two months ago, more than 520 people have been killed. It warned of the risk of civil war and an imminent “bloodbath”. That same day, Myanmar’s junta declared a one-month ceasefire with ethnic armed groups. However, it said it would continue to curb “actions that disrupt government security and administration”.
《The Pulse》:
https://www.rthk.hk/tv/dtt31/programme/thepulse
#WhatsHappeninginMyanmar
#nohumanstrike #silentstrike #CDM
united nations security council 在 皮筋兒 Journey Facebook 的精選貼文
(✪‿✪)ノ排程中晝發文 #國際法法理建國 Q&A
Q51:陳儀接管控制台灣時,舉辦選舉,這是不是指聯合國憲章12章77條(子)的委任統治?
A51:
聯合國憲章第 77 條的「委任統治地」指的是「國際聯盟」制度下的委任統治地。聯合國安理會通過決議依據聯合國的託管制度來處理國際聯盟的委任統治地。
在「國際聯盟」時原本由日本負責管理的委任統治地 (mandate) 後來轉為「聯合國」託管制度下的託管地,而且由美國擔任託管國。
換句話說,聯合國的託管制度 (trusteeship) 取代了原本國際聯盟的委任統治制度 (mandate)。
國際聯盟是一戰後成立的國際組織(1920.1
10成立~1946.4.20 解散);聯合國是二戰後成立的國際組織(聯合國 1945.10.24 成立至今)。
國際聯盟建立委任統治制度 (Mandate System) 來處理部分自一戰戰敗國切離的領土,聯合國使用託管制度 (Trusteeship System) 來處理聯合國憲章第 77 條提到的地方,裡面包括依照國際聯盟委任統治制度處理的原一戰戰敗國領土。
被軍事佔領代管的台澎則是軍事佔領下,因為多國聯盟的關係,所以由其中一個代表全體成員進行佔領的狀態,不是「委任統治地」。
詳見盟總時期說明:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC
盟總時期說明中的「同盟國分區軍事佔領示意圖」中2️⃣的部分,才是在《一般命令第一號》a提到的,台澎與南沙群島交由中華民國作軍事佔領代管。
盟總時期說明中的「同盟國分區軍事佔領示意圖」中7️⃣的部分,在《一般命令第一號》d提到的「委任統治各島」後來轉為「聯合國託管地」。
而《舊金山和約》 領土章節第 2 條d 款提到的地方才是聯合國憲章第 77 條指的部分,與台澎領土主權無關。
與台澎有關的只有《舊金山和約》領土章節第2條b款: “Japan renounces all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores.”
盟軍代管機構在佔領地舉辦選舉只是「非主權擁有者」在自己所治理,但沒有領土主權的地方舉辦選舉而已,並不會讓中華民國因此取得台澎領土主權,也不會讓台澎人喪失行使住民自決權。
中華民國政權治理台澎的法律上根據就是 1945 年在《一般命令第一號》中的分區受降、佔領代管安排。所以中華民國政權絕對不是非法治理台澎。當然,身為佔領代管者的中華民國政權有他必須要遵守的規範,但無論它在治理手段上有什麼違反國際法的行為,都不會使盟軍當年給予的占領代管授權失去法律上效力。中華民國政權僭越占領代管者權限所做出的行為,跟他是否具備治理台澎的合法權限是兩回事,更和盟軍的分區佔領授權是否仍繼續存在、有效的判斷無關。
就好比一家公司的董事會依照程序規定任命某人擔任總經理,假設這個人利用擔任總經理的機會虧空公款,這也只是讓這個人必須因此負起詐欺罪、背信罪的責任,並不會讓他立即喪失總經理的資格,除非他自己辭去總經理職務,或董事會決議將他解職,否則他仍舊會是這家公司的總經理。
#Reference
《一般命令第一號》
a. “The senior Japanese commanders and all ground, sea, air and auxiliary forces within China (excluding Manchuria), Formosa and French Indo-China north of 16 north latitude shall surrender to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek.”
「甲、在中國(滿洲除外)、台灣及北緯十六度以北之法屬印度支那境內的日軍高階司令官及所有陸、海、空軍及輔助部隊應向蔣介石大元帥投降。」
d. “The senior Japanese commanders and all ground, sea, air and auxiliary forces in the Japanese Mandated Islands, Ryukyus, Bonins, and other Pacific Islands shall surrender to the Commander in Chief U. S. Pacific Fleet.”
「丁、在日本委任統治各島、琉球群島、小笠原群島及其他太平洋島嶼之日軍高階司令官及所有陸、海、空軍及輔助部隊應向美國太平洋艦隊總司令投降。」
—————
《舊金山和約》Chapter II. Territory -Article2
(b) “Japan renounces all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores.”
「日本放棄對台澎所具有的權利名義(title),相關的一切權利(right),及一切的主張請求(claim)。」(title 是 right 的基礎,right 是 claim 的 基礎)
(d) :”Japan renounces all right, title and claim in connection with the League of Nations Mandate System, and accepts the action of the United Nations Security Council of April 2, 1947, extending the trusteeship system to the Pacific Islands formerly under mandate to Japan.”
「日本政府放棄國際聯盟委任統治相關的一切權利、權利名義與要求,同時接受聯合國安全理事會於1947年4月2日所採取有關日本前述太平洋島嶼委任統治地之託管統治安排。」
(關鍵字搜尋🔍國際法法理建國,敬請期待明天的問與答)
👉🏻Apple podcast 推薦:https://reurl.cc/a5qZjQ
👉🏻推薦聖峰從歷史事實、國際法及國際慣例分析「台澎主權屬於日本(日屬)」及「台灣目前正由美國佔領(美佔)」之主張是否正確。
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g6xGs7JUi3WwTjTlv7EPSGPXl2vg6irV/view?usp=sharing
united nations security council 在 王炳忠 Youtube 的最讚貼文
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♦♦♦
The Real Threat to the US is the loss of self-confidence
──An Open Letter to Mr. Secretary Mike Pompeo
My name is Wang Ping-Chung, the spokesperson for the New Party, Taiwan’s political party. During the ongoing pandemic of the Covid-19, the enemy of all human beings, including the American people and Chinese people, is definitely the corona virus. However, as Secretary of State of the United States, you seem to consider China instead of the virus to be your enemy. It lets you do little in pandemic prevention but much in blaming the WHO and China. You have even made great efforts to politicalize the issue of public health in order to attack China, which reflects the United States’ prevailing concept of so-called China’s threat. Nevertheless, the real threat to the US is not China but the loss of self-confidence indeed.
As President Franklin Roosevelt once said, “Only thing we have to fear is the fear itself.” The threat you have to fear today is not other peoples but yourselves. Even though you have done your best to shift blames on the WHO and China, the fact is already clear of the US domestic misdiagnosed cases, which had been seen as H1N1 but in fact corona virus since last autumn. It is also your fault in underestimating the severity of the epidemic while China sacrificed itself to let the world have more preparation time. Accordingly, the Covid-19 has killed more than fifty thousand people in America. As China’s population is four times larger than the US, it is quite shocking that America’s death toll due to the Covid-19 has been above China’s.
I feel so sorry for the suffering of your people, yet it is never too late to mend. However, not only did you palm off the responsibility on others, but you also undermined international solidarity against the pandemic. Moreover, you even try to deny the status of the WHO as the coordinator for universal combat against diseases, which in some way means challenging the global institutions under the governance of the United Nations. It is so unbelievable that the United States, viewing itself as the world leader above half a century, is tending to destroy the world order recognized by the international society. The very reason I can think of is the loss of America’s self-confidence. It is the threat to both the US and the whole world.
For Liberalists in the United States, China has been believed either an opponent or a violator to international institutions. As far as it’s concerned, there had been debates whether to keep containing China economically and militarily or engaging it institutionally. Both were resulted from America’s confidence in its leadership. Consequently, the confidence gradually changed into arrogance, luring the United States into aggressions upon other countries as the global superpower without permission from the UN Security Council. It made America exhausted at last. Therefore, the United States has become an isolationist, and even a betrayer to the global institutions they established before. On the contrary, China seems more like a protector of the world order.
On the other hand, for Realists, the predominant thinkers in international politics, China has been seen as the primary rival to America. As they estimate there will be threat if any other regional hegemony occurs, the nation’s fear becomes beyond what its capability can hold. To some extent, this is the real crisis to your people. In fact, different from western nations developing themselves by oppressing and exploiting others, the Chinese people have risen out of poverty at the cost of blood, sweat, and tears of our own. I would like to remind you of Franklin Roosevelt’s self-evident words that nothing to fear but fear itself. The only threat you should conquer is the threat in your mind.
As Henry Kissinger has argued, relations between China and the United States need not – and should not – become a zero-sum game. He also suggested that China and America build a Pacific community with each other. Thinking in the same way, Chinese President Xi also claimed that the vast Pacific Ocean has enough space for the two large countries of China and the United States. Furthermore, I believe the world is large enough to embrace different political and social systems. As western liberalism in recent years has met difficulties in over-consumption and government failure, we should be more open-minded to the superiority of Chinese governance in some fields, especially the high efficiency in defeating the epidemic. The United States should also be more self-confident to have China rising under the global governance of international institutions, sharing with mutual benefits instead of destroying each other. Without doubt, only by doing so can the United States overcome the real threat and bring the world peace and prosperity, the real universal values for all mankind.
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united nations security council 在 風傳媒 The Storm Media Youtube 的精選貼文
On Taiwan Hashtag hosted by Ross Feingold, we are joined by Hseih
Pei-fen 謝佩芬, Legislative Yuan candidate for the Democratic Progressive
Party 民進黨 of President Tsai Ing-wen in the Da An District 大安區
constituency located in downtown Taipei. Hseih, a lawyer by training,
holds degrees from Harvard and National Taiwan University, and
previously worked for Taiwan’s National Security Council and the Tuvalu
United Nations mission in New York City. She has also held positions at
the Taiwan Network Information Center and the TechGirls organization
that promotes female leadership in the technology industry. The
incumbent Da An legislator is retiring, but the constituency
historically votes for the Kuomintang and we discuss with Hsieh Pei-fen
the challenges of introducing herself to voters, and why she believes Da
An voters are ready to elect a DPP candidate. We also discuss her
experience working at the United Nations and on technology policy
issues, and why both are relevant to voters in Da An, a center for
culture and commerce in Taiwan.
謝佩芬臉書
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UNTV Live Schedule - 12 May 2022 (EDT) 10:00 Security Council Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan and South Sudan Ukraine 12:00 Daily Briefing ... ... <看更多>