在這邊提醒大家
根據今天的新聞 世界衛生組織表示 越南的混合病毒 其實只是印度變異株的突變 😁
🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸
跟著怡琳看世界 24
Vietnam detects new UK-Indian variant, health officials say
官方聲稱在越南發現「混合」變種
Inconsequential 無關緊要的
Hybrid 混和的
Spike 激增/尖狀物
Vietnam has detected a Covid variant that appears to be a combination of the Indian and UK variants and can spread quickly by air, officials say.
越南檢測到一種新冠病毒變種,似乎是印度和英國變種的混合,可以通過空氣迅速傳播。
Vietnam's Health Minister Nguyen Thanh Long described the latest mutation on Saturday as "very dangerous".
越南衛生部長阮清龍在週六表示,最新的突變「非常危險」。
Viruses mutate all the time and most variants are inconsequential, but some can make a virus more contagious.
病毒一直在變異,大多數變異是無關緊要的,但有的變異會讓病毒更具傳染性。
Since Covid-19 was first identified in January 2020, thousands of mutations have been detected.
自2020年1月首次發現新冠病毒以來,已檢測到數千個突變。
Mr Nguyen said the new hybrid variant was more transmissible than previously known versions, especially in the air. He said it was discovered after running tests on newly-detected patients. He added that the genetic code of the virus would be made available soon.
阮清龍說,這種新型混合變種比早前已知變種更具傳染性,尤其是在空中。他說,這是對新確診患者檢測之後發現的。他說,很快就能提供病毒的基因編碼。
Vietnam has seen a spike in Covid-19 cases in recent weeks. The country has registered more than 6,700 coronavirus cases since the start of the pandemic. Of those, more than half have been recorded since late April this year.
最近幾週,越南新冠肺炎病例激增。從疫情開始以來,越南已經記錄了6700多例新冠肺炎病例。其中,超過一半是從今年4月底以來記錄的。
virus mutation 在 Dr 文科生 Facebook 的最佳解答
講CUHK單嘢都講到口臭,今日想講下現代醫學急速發展,科學醫學基因學一日千里後對醫學院學生同初級醫生嘅影響
拿,頭盔,我唔係故意要同senior們作對,而係有d好重要嘅概念我覺得一路都無人address過。而醫學界仍然有股好重嘅「當年都係咁捱咁讀,點解你咁多意見」嘅風氣
的確,當年前輩們嘅非人on call生活、要去library睇文獻睇書而唔係方便地用Microsoft surface神速打筆記、開uptodate、開pubmed/medline等等。
無可否認,上個年前代嘅醫生們要增進知識要靠嘅自動波去睇論文去溫書,甚至要自己去R導師做臨床教學等等。無人否認當年環境無咁豐富,上堂無精美PowerPoint、臨床教學今時今日已經好structured,分哂history session, examination session, skills session,有像真度極高嘅假人俾你練習,呢d係上代無嘅luxuries
No one is denying this fact
但上一代都一樣無嘅係咩,大家有無諗過?
就係千千萬萬種過去20年發展出來嘅科學醫學理論同治療方法。
O&G 幾十年前都未知道preeclampsia嘅實際原因係乜,原來可以early pregnancy low dose aspirin prevent or delay onset of preeclampsia。廿年前都無HPV疫苗, 都無話原來screen HPV virology比Pap smears更有效發現子宮頸病變,廿年前無人需要知道呢d
Rheumatology幾十年都無一堆biologics, TNFa, IL inhibitor 。原來autoimmune inflammatory arthritis failed NSAID/MTX可以轉infliximab, adalimumab。psoriatic可以用secukinumab但如果有IBD/enteropathic features要小心IL-17 inhibitor,廿前年無人需要知道呢d
Immunology/ID,幾十年前HIV邊有咁多種antiretroviral?今時今日ART多到就算你de novo resistance都可以換藥換到U=U,廿年前都係得舊式治療,無人需要知種種嘅新式療法。immunology仲多咗幾十種唔同嘅complement, complement inhibitor etc etc嘅investigation
Respiratory醫ILD或pulmonary HTN幾十年前個療法來來去去都係得幾種。今時今日IPF有nintedanib,Pul HTN有成堆endothelin antagonist、PDE5 inhibitor同prostacyclin類嘅藥要知。asthma當年來來去去都係ventolin+inhaled/oral steroid,今時今日分埋IgE asthma, eosinophilic asthma,有成堆唔同嘅SABA-LABA, SAMA-LAMA, IgE monoclonal antibodies, IL-5, IL-4 and IL-13,到底eosinophil要幾多先會大機會有response,用緊steroid嘅eosinophil個cutoff係幾多。
Hematology/oncology幾十年前都未有monoclonal antibodies,無rituximab、nivolumab、targeted therapy等等,幾十年來個發現多咗好多唔同gene mutation同targeted site,EGFR, VEGFR, CTLA-4, PD-1,PD-L1、BRAF,HER-2, you name it you got it。以前癌症病人你大多只要beware of neutropenic fever/infection,今時今日你要screen埋immune checkpoint inhibitor autoimmune hepatitis, pneumonitis, thyroditis, colitis,你要知埋有個病人用緊nivolumab時突然變黃,你要screen咩autoimmune,落咩藥,high dose steroid定點,之後仲可唔可以rechallenge。乳癌病人HER-2依加唔止用herceptin,仲有埋pertuzumab,你仲要screen埋cardiomyopathy,echo drop幾多可以接受,係唔係reversible,可唔可以rechallenge
Endocrine幾十年前糖尿病來來去去都係metformin, gliclazide, insulin今時今日T2DM有GLP-1, SGLT-2, gliptin等等,有埋continuous glucose monitoring device又有bump又有唔同林林總總嘅治療。唔止T1/T2DM,今時今日仲有埋LADA,你要知埋個autoimmune panel screen咩。骨質疏鬆當年玩來玩去都係bisphosphonate,今時今日有denusumab有teriparatide,仲有更多新藥。
Gastroenterology幾十年前IBD來來去去都係steroid/steroid sparing agent 5-ASA/aza,今時今日有TNFa blocker有a4b7 inhibitor vedolizumab。當年hepC得幾種antiviral今時今日有sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, glecaprevir等等,仲變成curative。
Neurology MS幾十年前邊有natalizumab,今時今日如果MS on natalizumab with rapid neurological decline,你要諗埋會唔會可能係JC virus reactivation。GBM以前都係只靠surgical resection,今時今日可以用avastin, temozolomide仲要screen埋MGMT hypermethylation去決定有無得用chemo
呢啲改變同發展只係佔各system嘅一小部分,只係我細小嘅腦袋突然諗到嘅小部分內容。世界不斷發展,學海無涯,我們有愈來愈多嘅知識要學,呢一點無人懷疑過。
醫生擁有比一般人更多嘅權力同地位,就自然需要更大嘅責任。
但係,值得大家反思嘅係,當個knowledge base不斷擴大嘅時候,考試仍然要期望你記埋某張slide嘅角落嘅minute details時,呢個係唔係一個合理嘅期望?
當一個basic trainee去考PACES/long case嘅時候,到底係唔係同以前一樣要知得咁深入?當深度一樣,而個base不斷widen broaden時,新世代嘅醫生應該如何應對?
而考試嘅範圍似乎未有被address過,呢點好值得我地一齊諗諗
virus mutation 在 孫怡琳 Facebook 的最佳貼文
跟著怡琳看世界2
UK coronavirus mutation/UK virus variant 英國變種病毒
Mutation 突變
Variant 變種
More contagious 傳染性更強
Fast-spreading 快速傳播
Why is this variant causing concern?
這個變異病毒為什麼引起擔憂?
Three things are coming together that mean it is attracting attention:
1. It is rapidly replacing other versions of the virus
2. It has mutations that affect part of the virus likely to be important
3. Some of those mutations have already been shown in the lab to increase the ability of the virus to infect cells
All of these come together to build a case for a virus that can spread more easily.
三個因素結合在一起因此引起民眾的關注
1.它正在迅速取代不同病毒株的病毒
2.它具有可能影響部分病毒株的重要突變
3.有些突變在實驗室裡已經證實,會增加感染細胞的病毒的能力
所有因素結合在一起,構成了一種更容易傳播的病毒