關於 what is cultural differences ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

Daily advice for HK immigrants to the West:

Regarding church membership, my advice would be the same as my previous post about hanging about with your own people. One of the worst things to do is to be isolated. It’s important to join a church community to meet others, especially if you’re a Christian. The second worst thing is to remain ONLY with your own people in church by joining a church only for recent HK immigrants. Despite what you hear from all the so-called influencers (i.e. KOLs), the overseas Chinese churches are quite complex. Most of these KOLs haven’t had an extended stay in any country outside to HK, let alone being exposed to multiple Chinese churches. Some Chinese churches are dysfunctional (I’ll talk about that later) while others are thriving. I do know this because I’ve spoken in every sort of Chinese churches of all different sizes, denominations and convictions all across N. America. By only joining churches with recent HK immigrants, you’ll soon land in your own echo chamber, and you’ll have a really tough time adjusting. If so, why move to a different country? When you join the local Chinese churches, you’ll find that there’re many kinds of Chinese with many convictions. While your experience is totally legitimate, you shouldn’t discount the experience of others. The world doesn’t come in stereotypes. Despite what you think and hear, there’re also some very excellent mainland Chinese who can be really good friends. It may take some time to finally get to know or meet them. It will take some time to adjust to the cultural differences. According to all non-Chinese, we’re all Chinese to your host country. No matter whether you hold on to your HKer identity, you’ll have to cope with being “Chinese”. That means you will have to associate with and befriend other types of Chinese eventually. Your value as a HKer increases when you have a chance to share your experience with them. During the protest, I’ve had very good Mainland Chinese friends telling me that they’ve been praying daily for HK. That’s not something you’ll hear from the news, but that’s no less true. Keep your mind and heart open. You won’t regret it.

Jenna Cody :

Is Taiwan a real China?
No, and with the exception of a few intervening decades - here’s the part that’ll surprise you - it never has been.

This’ll blow your mind too: that it never has been doesn’t matter.

So let’s start with what doesn’t actually matter.

Until the 1600s, Taiwan was indigenous. Indigenous Taiwanese are not Chinese, they’re Austronesian. Then it was a Dutch colony (note: I do not say “it was Dutch”, I say it was a Dutch colony). Then it was taken over by Ming loyalists at the end of the Ming dynasty (the Ming loyalists were breakaways, not a part of the new Qing court. Any overlap in Ming rule and Ming loyalist conquest of Taiwan was so brief as to be inconsequential).

Only then, in the late 1600s, was it taken over by the Chinese (Qing). But here’s the thing, it was more like a colony of the Qing, treated as - to use Emma Teng’s wording in Taiwan’s Imagined Geography - a barrier or barricade keeping the ‘real’ Qing China safe. In fact, the Qing didn’t even want Taiwan at first, the emperor called it “a ball of mud beyond the pale of civilization”. Prior to that, and to a great extent at that time, there was no concept on the part of China that Taiwan was Chinese, even though Chinese immigrants began moving to Taiwan under Dutch colonial rule (mostly encouraged by the Dutch, to work as laborers). When the Spanish landed in the north of Taiwan, it was the Dutch, not the Chinese, who kicked them out.

Under Qing colonial rule - and yes, I am choosing my words carefully - China only controlled the Western half of Taiwan. They didn’t even have maps for the eastern half. That’s how uninterested in it they were. I can’t say that the Qing controlled “Taiwan”, they only had power over part of it.

Note that the Qing were Manchu, which at the time of their conquest had not been a part of China: China itself essentially became a Manchu imperial holding, and Taiwan did as well, once they were convinced it was not a “ball of mud” but actually worth taking. Taiwan was not treated the same way as the rest of “Qing China”, and was not administered as a province until (I believe) 1887. So that’s around 200 years of Taiwan being a colony of the Qing.

What happened in the late 19th century to change China’s mind? Japan. A Japanese ship was shipwrecked in eastern Taiwan in the 1870s, and the crew was killed by hostile indigenous people in what is known as the Mudan Incident. A Japanese emissary mission went to China to inquire about what could be done, only to be told that China had no control there and if they went to eastern Taiwan, they did so at their own peril. China had not intended to imply that Taiwan wasn’t theirs, but they did. Japan - and other foreign powers, as France also attempted an invasion - were showing an interest in Taiwan, so China decided to cement its claim, started mapping the entire island, and made it a province.

So, I suppose for a decade or so Taiwan was a part of China. A China that no longer exists.

It remained a province until 1895, when it was ceded to Japan after the (first) Sino-Japanese War. Before that could happen, Taiwan declared itself a Republic, although it was essentially a Qing puppet state (though the history here is interesting - correspondence at the time indicates that the leaders of this ‘Republic of Taiwan’ considered themselves Chinese, and the tiger flag hints at this as well. However, the constitution was a very republican document, not something you’d expect to see in Qing-era China.) That lasted for less than a year, when the Japanese took it by force.

This is important for two reasons - the first is that some interpretations of IR theory state that when a colonial holding is released, it should revert to the state it was in before it was taken as a colony. In this case, that would actually be The Republic of Taiwan, not Qing-era China. Secondly, it puts to rest all notions that there was no Taiwan autonomy movement prior to 1947.

In any case, it would be impossible to revert to its previous state, as the government that controlled it - the Qing empire - no longer exists. The current government of China - the PRC - has never controlled it.

After the Japanese colonial era, there is a whole web of treaties and agreements that do not satisfactorily settle the status of Taiwan. None of them actually do so - those which explicitly state that Taiwan is to be given to the Republic of China (such as the Cairo declaration) are non-binding. Those that are binding do not settle the status of Taiwan (neither the treaty of San Francisco nor the Treaty of Taipei definitively say that Taiwan is a part of China, or even which China it is - the Treaty of Taipei sets out what nationality the Taiwanese are to be considered, but that doesn’t determine territorial claims). Treaty-wise, the status of Taiwan is “undetermined”.

Under more modern interpretations, what a state needs to be a state is…lessee…a contiguous territory, a government, a military, a currency…maybe I’m forgetting something, but Taiwan has all of it. For all intents and purposes it is independent already.

In fact, in the time when all of these agreements were made, the Allied powers weren’t as sure as you might have learned about what to do with Taiwan. They weren’t a big fan of Chiang Kai-shek, didn’t want it to go Communist, and discussed an Allied trusteeship (which would have led to independence) or backing local autonomy movements (which did exist). That it became what it did - “the ROC” but not China - was an accident (as Hsiao-ting Lin lays out in Accidental State).

In fact, the KMT knew this, and at the time the foreign minister (George Yeh) stated something to the effect that they were aware they were ‘squatters’ in Taiwan.

Since then, it’s true that the ROC claims to be the rightful government of Taiwan, however, that hardly matters when considering the future of Taiwan simply because they have no choice. To divest themselves of all such claims (and, presumably, change their name) would be considered by the PRC to be a declaration of formal independence. So that they have not done so is not a sign that they wish to retain the claim, merely that they wish to avoid a war.

It’s also true that most Taiwanese are ethnically “Han” (alongside indigenous and Hakka, although Hakka are, according to many, technically Han…but I don’t think that’s relevant here). But biology is not destiny: what ethnicity someone is shouldn’t determine what government they must be ruled by.

Through all of this, the Taiwanese have evolved their own culture, identity and sense of history. They are diverse in a way unique to Taiwan, having been a part of Austronesian and later Hoklo trade routes through Southeast Asia for millenia. Now, one in five (I’ve heard one in four, actually) Taiwanese children has a foreign parent. The Taiwanese language (which is not Mandarin - that’s a KMT transplant language forced on Taiwanese) is gaining popularity as people discover their history. Visiting Taiwan and China, it is clear where the cultural differences are, not least in terms of civic engagement. This morning, a group of legislators were removed after a weekend-long pro-labor hunger strike in front of the presidential palace. They were not arrested and will not be. Right now, a group of pro-labor protesters is lying down on the tracks at Taipei Main Station to protest the new labor law amendments.

This would never be allowed in China, but Taiwanese take it as a fiercely-guarded basic right.

*

Now, as I said, none of this matters.

What matters is self-determination. If you believe in democracy, you believe that every state (and Taiwan does fit the definition of a state) that wants to be democratic - that already is democratic and wishes to remain that way - has the right to self-determination. In fact, every nation does. You cannot be pro-democracy and also believe that it is acceptable to deprive people of this right, especially if they already have it.

Taiwan is already a democracy. That means it has the right to determine its own future. Period.

Even under the ROC, Taiwan was not allowed to determine its future. The KMT just arrived from China and claimed it. The Taiwanese were never asked if they consented. What do we call it when a foreign government arrives in land they had not previously governed and declares itself the legitimate governing power of that land without the consent of the local people? We call that colonialism.

Under this definition, the ROC can also be said to be a colonial power in Taiwan. They forced Mandarin - previously not a language native to Taiwan - onto the people, taught Chinese history, geography and culture, and insisted that the Taiwanese learn they were Chinese - not Taiwanese (and certainly not Japanese). This was forced on them. It was not chosen. Some, for awhile, swallowed it. Many didn’t. The independence movement only grew, and truly blossomed after democratization - something the Taiwanese fought for and won, not something handed to them by the KMT.

So what matters is what the Taiwanese want, not what the ROC is forced to claim. I cannot stress this enough - if you do not believe Taiwan has the right to this, you do not believe in democracy.

And poll after poll shows it: Taiwanese identify more as Taiwanese than Chinese (those who identify as both primarily identify as Taiwanese, just as I identify as American and Armenian, but primarily as American. Armenian is merely my ethnicity). They overwhelmingly support not unifying with China. The vast majority who support the status quo support one that leads to eventual de jure independence, not unification. The status quo is not - and cannot be - an endgame (if only because China has declared so, but also because it is untenable). Less than 10% want unification. Only a small number (a very small minority) would countenance unification in the future…even if China were to democratize.

The issue isn’t the incompatibility of the systems - it’s that the Taiwanese fundamentally do not see themselves as Chinese.

A change in China’s system won’t change that. It’s not an ethnic nationalism - there is no ethnic argument for Taiwan (or any nation - didn’t we learn in the 20th century what ethnicity-based nation-building leads to? Nothing good). It’s not a jingoistic or xenophobic nationalism - Taiwanese know that to be dangerous. It’s a nationalism based on shared identity, culture, history and civics. The healthiest kind of nationalism there is. Taiwan exists because the Taiwanese identify with it. Period.

There are debates about how long the status quo should go on, and what we should risk to insist on formal recognition. However, the question of whether or not to be Taiwan, not China…

…well, that’s already settled.

The Taiwanese have spoken and they are not Chinese.

Whatever y’all think about that doesn’t matter. That’s what they want, and if you believe in self-determination you will respect it.

If you don’t, good luck with your authoritarian nonsense, but Taiwan wants nothing to do with it.

🗣️🗣️🗣️前幾天我接受一個美國podcast的訪問，與Global Law & Business的聽眾分享一些主題，包括：

🔺 向國際聽眾簡介兩岸關係以及金馬歷史。
🔺 國共戰爭中，國軍守護金門、馬祖、大陳、舟山等島嶼的歷史。
🔺 民進黨耕耘馬祖並設立黨部的意義。
🔺 馬祖因地理位置面對困境，包括越界捕魚、抽砂、海漂垃圾等。
🔺 「非典型」選戰奇聞軼事，包括徒步環島、打扮成淡菜等。

🔺 還有，推薦更多國際友人未來有機會時，歡迎來馬祖玩！🥳🥳🥳

🌊Spotify收聽：
https://tinyurl.com/y2vjq9uf

🌊網站介紹：
https://tinyurl.com/yxslb8ww
　
　
📍以下為其中一些段落，跟大家分享：

Some people describe that the old ROC government was reborn and re-invented in Taiwan, and our current government is a fusion of the ROC and institutions from Taiwan’s Japanese colonial era.

有些人形容，過去的中華民國政府在台灣重生，並且被「重新發明」，而我們現在的政府是一種融合體，結合了中華民國體制與台灣日本殖民時期的機構。
　
So in conclusion, Taiwan is an independent nation which carries the legacy of republican China. I would say that Taiwan is somewhere in the middle between a regional independence movement (Scotland; Catalonia) and a two-state rivalry (North & South Korea; East & West Germany).
　
總而言之，台灣是一個主權獨立的國家，這個獨立的國家乘載了「中國大陸民國時期」所遺留的歷史遺產［legacy］。我會說，台灣的處境介於區域獨立運動（蘇格蘭、加泰隆尼亞）和冷戰兩國對抗（南北韓、東西德）這兩種模式之間的中間地帶。
　
Secretary Pompeo recently said that Taiwan shows the world what a “free China” could achieve. In a way that’s true, Taiwan carries the legacy of a Free China. Taiwan might carry the hopes of many in the global Chinese-speaking community. But Taiwan is not just a free version of China, since Taiwan also has its own trajectory and uniqueness, including our Japanese colonial history. This duality (of the ROC and Taiwan) is the key to understanding Taiwan.
　
美國國務卿龐培歐最近說，台灣顯示了一個「自由的中國」所能達成的成就。某種程度來說這是事實，台灣確實乘載了「自由中國」的歷史遺產。台灣或許乘載了全球華語世界許多人的期盼。但另一方面，台灣不僅僅是一個「自由版本的中國」，因為台灣擁有自己的軌跡與獨特性，包括日本殖民史。這種二元性（中華民國以及台灣）的並存，就是理解台灣的關鍵。
　
：：
　
I view Matsu as an important border area that is very close to China, and a place where many important issues need to be addressed, including the environment, disease control, maritime resources and security. I think it would be a mistake for any political party to neglect this region, which was why I decided to run for office here in Matsu, and launch a county chapter here.
　
我認為馬祖是一個重要的國家邊境地區，由於非常靠近中國，這裡有許多重要的議題需要處理，包括自然環境、疾病管控、海洋資源以及國家安全等。我認為任何政黨如果忽略這個地區，都是一個錯誤，這也就是為什麼我要在這裡選舉，並且建立一個地方黨部。
　
I think the rise in votes for President Tsai and the DPP in Matsu is symbolic, as the DPP is the party that supports Taiwan’s sovereignty and democracy, and our party tends to be more cautious of interactions with the Communist Party.
　
我認為蔡總統和民進黨在馬祖的選票增加，非常具有象徵意義。因為民進黨是支持台灣主權和民主的政黨，而我們的政黨對於跟共產黨互動，採取比較謹慎的態度。
　
By building a party chapter here, it symbolizes the DPP’s effort to reach out beyond our traditional voter base. Some people often assume that since the outlying islands are culturally and historically connected with Fujian Province, then the voters here will not be critical towards the communist party. But what we are seeing in the younger generation here is that, people can be simultaneously proud of their Fujian heritage, AND stand adamantly against authoritarianism.
　
當我們在這裡建立一個地方黨部，象徵民進黨努力爭取傳統支持者之外的選民。有些人會先入為主，認為離島地區因為文化和歷史上，跟福建省的連結很緊密，代表選民不會對共產黨有所批判。但是我們在這裡的年輕世代可以看見，許多人對福建（閩東）文化傳承感到驕傲，但【同時】堅定反對威權主義。
　
The Communist Party tries to tell the world that, if a person identifies with Chinese culture, then they must support the Communist Party. That’s the traditional logic, but that’s a logic that merits criticism. They’re trying to link the two together. What we are trying to do is to break that link. We see a growing number of people that identify with Chinese culture, AND simultaneously stand against China annexing Taiwan.
　
共產黨想要告訴世界，如果一個人認同中華文化，就必須支持共產黨。那是傳統的邏輯，但這個邏輯值得批判。他們想要把兩者連結在一起。而我們正在嘗試做的，就是要打破這個連結。我們看到有越來越多選民，既認同中華文化，也【同時】堅定反對中國併吞台灣。
　
I think this speaks to a wider audience in the Chinese-speaking world on a global scale. The traditional argument to support Taiwan’s sovereignty would be to emphasize Taiwan’s cultural differences with China. Here in Matsu or Kinmen, we can develop an argument that supports Taiwan’s sovereignty that is not based on cultural identity, but rather on common values between Taiwan and Kinmen or Matsu, and anti-communism. This builds a coalition between traditional supporters of Taiwanese independence, and people in the pan-Chinese world that are pro-democratic and anti-communist. This actually includes many people in the main island Taiwan and the outlying islands, as well as overseas ethnic Chinese.
　
我覺得這也對全球華語世界更多人，傳達了訊息。傳統上維護台灣主權的論點，是強調台灣和中國之間的文化差異。但是在金門或馬祖，我們可以發展一套支持台灣主權的論點，並非基於文化認同，而是基於台灣與金馬之間的共同價值，以及反共的理念。這樣便能建立一個聯盟，結合台灣傳統的本土派持持者，以及泛華語世界中「挺民主、反共產」的民眾。這其實涵蓋了台灣本島許多人，還有離島民眾，更包括許多海外華人。
　
You will also notice President Tsai places an emphasis on maintaining sovereignty & democracy, regardless of support for an ROC identity or a separate Taiwan identity. So the DPP itself is also reaching out. That’s the dualism of ROC and Taiwan identity.
　
你可能也會注意到，蔡英文強調希望大家共同支持維護國家主權和民主，不論是支持中華民國認同或是台灣認同。所以民進黨本身也在尋求更多人的支持。這就是中華民國和台灣認同的二元性。
　
#台澎金馬寸土不讓
#民主自由堅守不退

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#TokyoVlog #Japan #lgbt #lesbiancouple
Will we get married? Jealous, Cultural Differences | Lesbian Q&A

#母親節 #聽力練習
今天是許多國家的母親節，但你(妳)知道，英國的母親節日子跟很多國家不一樣嗎？

在今天的影片，我將介紹英國的母親節以及在母親節我們會怎麼慶祝，同時今天的影片我也有準備一些問題來問大家，歡迎大家在下面留言回覆你的答案，要仔細聽才會知道正確答案喔～

Questions:

1. When is Mother's Day in the UK?
a. 22nd March
b. 3 weeks before Easter
c. Today

2. When was today declared Mother's Day in the US?
a. 1940
b. 1914
c. 1950

3. What type of yellow flower did I mention?
a. Dandelions
b. Daisies
c. Daffodils

最後，Susie也祝全天下的媽媽，母親節快樂！


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#英國 #英語 #英語教學

今天來分享為什麼我想學中文，以及告訴大家一些我的學習語言的小技巧！🧐
（抱歉，鳥巢頭的部分，這其實是我自然的頭髮 🐔）

發現我「詞」的聲調不正確，還在學習~！

1:07 結合興趣與學習
1:53 輸入比輸出還重要
3:30 我為什麼想要學中文？
4:20 連接到現實生活
5:29 學習中文最困難的部分
7:55 適時的放鬆

* 2:40 「延伸閱讀」當你學習語言的時候，大腦正在發生甚麼變化？
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/sep/04/what-happens-to-the-brain-language-learning

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#學中文 #語言 #學習 #亞洲文化 #英語 #中文 #英國