關於 why are natural resources important ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

WELCOMING FEMALE LEADERSHIP :
IT’S NOW OR NEVER

In celebration of Women’s Month, the theme for 2021 is #ChooseToChallenge, where we are given the choice to empower, support and encourage both men and women to challenge gender discrimination to achieve equality. Gender equality is after all a mission for both men and women. Women in Malaysia are starting to change equality for themselves and their futures. Many countries around the world have also started to place heavy importance on gender equality, and Malaysia is one of them. Societies are finally realising the importance of taking a stand to demand equality for Malaysian women.

Malaysia is a country that has accomplished outstanding economic success, becoming the 6th largest economy in Southeast Asia and 39th largest in the world. However, the country’s women leaders are still considered underrepresented because only a small number of women take leadership positions in almost every corner of the board. Gender inequality poses significant challenges to women in Malaysia because it takes away opportunities from deserving talented women. Given that Malaysia has vast natural resources and human capital have been the driving engine of its economic development, gender inequality is still a serious hurdle Malaysia needs to overcome in order for a positive growth for the nation in the economic and political/leadership spheres. To address this gender discrimination in employment, members of society need to break away from gender biases. The perception that men are naturally fit for public places and women for private areas makes women seem only suitable to “assist” men in the work place. This practice has to be put to stop.

First and foremost, the idea of women representation has to be understood and acknowledged by everyone. It is very important to address this pressing problem because women make up 48.6% of the entire population and we need more of them to become leaders to ensure that the voices of Malaysian women are heard. Who would understand us better if it is not from our own kind?

For example, with only 33 female representation from both the government and opposition (out of 222 seats) in the Malaysia’s House of Parliament, the inclusion and participation of more women representative is actually very important for us to come up with excellent policies and laws that will tackle gender discrimination, crimes against women and the implementation of women-friendly policies to safeguard women’s issue and rights.

What can female leaders do to empower and inspire future female leaders? Actively engage potential leaders by identifying and investing in women with skills and capacity to lead and give them the confidence to do so. It is crucial in any sort of leadership practice to build confidence at home, in the educational institution and even at their workplace. By creating this “safe space”, we will be able to see more young women coming to the front without hesitation and with full confidence. When the younger generation of ladies/women sees the boldness of a leading women, it will give them the sense of hope and inspiration to embrace their potential and be committed to move forward as a leader. Female leaders should utilize these qualities such as perseverance, empathy and passion.

Rome was not built in a day. Likewise, the hope of hitting and having 30% of women parliamentarians is not going to be immediate. Providing platforms and opportunities are important but it is more important to create awareness and exposure as to why we should embrace and welcome female leadership into the picture. It is not only the young girls and women that should be educated but this has to reach their family members, acquaintances and their community in order for them to help these potential future leaders to nurture and grow to be a productive, compassionate and empathetic leaders in future. A new season is approaching and one can look with optimism on the impact it will have on women’s empowerment and leadership in Malaysia. Be brave, be bold and shatter that glass ceiling because our time is now or never.

AINIE HAZIQAH
Ketua Wanita Muda Negara

#InternationalWomensMonth
#empoweringwomen

今早為Asian Medical Students Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK)的新一屆執行委員會就職典禮作致詞分享嘉賓，題目為「疫情中的健康不公平」。
感謝他們的熱情款待以及為整段致詞拍了影片。以下我附上致詞的英文原稿：

It's been my honor to be invited to give the closing remarks for the Inauguration Ceremony for the incoming executive committee of the Asian Medical Students' Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK) this morning. A video has been taken for the remarks I made regarding health inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic (big thanks to the student who withstood the soreness of her arm for holding the camera up for 15 minutes straight), and here's the transcript of the main body of the speech that goes with this video:

//The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, continues to be rampant around the world since early 2020, resulting in more than 55 million cases and 1.3 million deaths worldwide as of today. (So no! It’s not a hoax for those conspiracy theorists out there!) A higher rate of incidence and deaths, as well as worse health-related quality of life have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, including people of lower socioeconomic position, older persons, migrants, ethnic minority and communities of color, etc. While epidemiologists and scientists around the world are dedicated in gathering scientific evidence on the specific causes and determinants of the health inequalities observed in different countries and regions, we can apply the Social Determinants of Health Conceptual Framework developed by the World Health Organization team led by the eminent Prof Sir Michael Marmot, world’s leading social epidemiologist, to understand and delineate these social determinants of health inequalities related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

According to this framework, social determinants of health can be largely categorized into two types – 1) the lower stream, intermediary determinants, and 2) the upper stream, structural and macro-environmental determinants. For the COVID-19 pandemic, we realized that the lower stream factors may include material circumstances, such as people’s living and working conditions. For instance, the nature of the occupations of these people of lower socioeconomic position tends to require them to travel outside to work, i.e., they cannot work from home, which is a luxury for people who can afford to do it. This lack of choice in the location of occupation may expose them to greater risk of infection through more transportation and interactions with strangers. We have also seen infection clusters among crowded places like elderly homes, public housing estates, and boarding houses for foreign domestic helpers. Moreover, these socially disadvantaged people tend to have lower financial and social capital – it can be observed that they were more likely to be deprived of personal protective equipment like face masks and hand sanitizers, especially during the earlier days of the pandemic. On the other hand, the upper stream, structural determinants of health may include policies related to public health, education, macroeconomics, social protection and welfare, as well as our governance… and last, but not least, our culture and values. If the socioeconomic and political contexts are not favorable to the socially disadvantaged, their health and well-being will be disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Therefore, if we, as a society, espouse to address and reduce the problem of health inequalities, social determinants of health cannot be overlooked in devising and designing any public health-related strategies, measures and policies.

Although a higher rate of incidence and deaths have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, especially in countries with severe COVID-19 outbreaks, this phenomenon seems to be less discussed and less covered by media in Hong Kong, where the disease incidence is relatively low when compared with other countries around the world. Before the resurgence of local cases in early July, local spread of COVID-19 was sporadic and most cases were imported. In the earlier days of the pandemic, most cases were primarily imported by travelers and return-students studying overseas, leading to a minor surge between mid-March and mid-April of 874 new cases. Most of these cases during Spring were people who could afford to travel and study abroad, and thus tended to be more well-off. Therefore, some would say the expected social gradient in health impact did not seem to exist in Hong Kong, but may I remind you that, it is only the case when we focus on COVID-19-specific incidence and mortality alone. But can we really deduce from this that COVID-19-related health inequality does not exist in Hong Kong? According to the Social Determinants of Health Framework mentioned earlier, the obvious answer is “No, of course not.” And here’s why…

In addition to the direct disease burden, the COVID-19 outbreak and its associated containment measures (such as economic lockdown, mandatory social distancing, and change of work arrangements) could have unequal wider socioeconomic impacts on the general population, especially in regions with pervasive existing social inequalities. Given the limited resources and capacity of the socioeconomically disadvantaged to respond to emergency and adverse events, their general health and well-being are likely to be unduly and inordinately affected by the abrupt changes in their daily economic and social conditions, like job loss and insecurity, brought about by the COVID-19 outbreak and the corresponding containment and mitigation measures of which the main purpose was supposedly disease prevention and health protection at the first place. As such, focusing only on COVID-19 incidence or mortality as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities may leave out important aspects of life that contributes significantly to people’s health. Recently, my research team and I collaborated with Sir Michael Marmot in a Hong Kong study, and found that the poor people in Hong Kong fared worse in every aspects of life than their richer counterparts in terms of economic activity, personal protective equipment, personal hygiene practice, as well as well-being and health after the COVID-19 outbreak. We also found that part of the observed health inequality can be attributed to the pandemic and its related containment measures via people’s concerns over their own and their families’ livelihood and economic activity. In other words, health inequalities were contributed by the pandemic even in a city where incidence is relatively low through other social determinants of health that directly concerned the livelihood and economic activity of the people. So in this study, we confirmed that focusing only on the incident and death cases as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities is like a story half-told, and would severely truncate and distort the reality.

Truth be told, health inequality does not only appear after the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, it is a pre-existing condition in countries and regions around the world, including Hong Kong. My research over the years have consistently shown that people in lower socioeconomic position tend to have worse physical and mental health status. Nevertheless, precisely because health inequality is nothing new, there are always voices in our society trying to dismiss the problem, arguing that it is only natural to have wealth inequality in any capitalistic society. However, in reckoning with health inequalities, we need to go beyond just figuring out the disparities or differences in health status between the poor and the rich, and we need to raise an ethically relevant question: are these inequalities, disparities and differences remediable? Can they be fixed? Can we do something about them? If they are remediable, and we can do something about them but we haven’t, then we’d say these inequalities are ultimately unjust and unfair. In other words, a society that prides itself in pursuing justice must, and I say must, strive to address and reduce these unfair health inequalities. Borrowing the words from famed sociologist Judith Butler, “the virus alone does not discriminate,” but “social and economic inequality will make sure that it does.” With COVID-19, we learn that it is not only the individuals who are sick, but our society. And it’s time we do something about it.

Thank you very much!//

Please join me in congratulating the incoming executive committee of AMSAHK and giving them the best wishes for their future endeavor!

Roger Chung, PhD
Assistant Professor, CUHK JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, @CUHK Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港中文大學 - CUHK
Associate Director, CUHK Institute of Health Equity

ทำไม สวิตเซอร์แลนด์ จึงมีฉายาว่า ประเทศแห่งนวัตกรรม /โดย ลงทุนแมน
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“สวิตเซอร์แลนด์” ก็เป็นชื่อหนึ่ง ที่ได้รับฉายานั้น

ทำไม ประเทศที่มีจำนวนประชากรน้อยกว่าจำนวนคนในกรุงเทพฯ ...
Continue ReadingWhy Switzerland has a nickname of innovation / by investment man.
If you ask which country is the nickname of innovation
′′ Switzerland ′′ is also one name that gets that nickname.

Why are countries with less population than people in Bangkok?
And there are 13 times smaller than Thailand's nickname is the country of innovation.
Invest man will tell you about it.
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Switzerland is located in the Western European Continent.
It's a small country of only 41,285 square kilometers.
Which area size is 13 times smaller than Thailand.
And there is no way out to sea.

Switzerland has a population of just 8.6 million, less than the estimated number of people in Bangkok, around 10 million.

But in 2019, Switzerland had GDP reaching 24 trillion baht, the world's 20th largest.
And the average income per Swiss capita is 2.7 million baht per year.
Make here the world's 2th highest average income country

Why a small country without sea exit
Population is less than the number of people in Bangkok.
And not having as many natural resources as other countries.
To have this big economic size

The answer to this story is ′′ Innovation

Do you know that the budget for research and development of Switzerland's research and development in 2020 is worth 720,000 million baht, 3 % of GDP.
Which is considered a country with budget proportion to the world's top GDP.

By investing in this aspect, it's to develop and build new knowledge.
That will lead to innovation in future.
Which helps the country have inventions, works or services.
That can meet the needs of human beings who are changing along time.

In the past, Switzerland is one country that succeeded in developing and innovating that Switzerland can rank 1 in the field of innovation from World Economic Forum's rankings for 10 consecutive years.

And this story becomes one of the key factors.
That attracts multinational companies to do business in Switzerland.
For example,

Nestlé Global Food Product Leadership Company
Year 2019 earn 3.2 trillion baht, profit 431,000 million baht.
Currently, the company's value is around 10.7 trillion baht.

Novartis company manufacturing and distribution of world's major medicine and medicine.
Year 2019 earn 1.5 trillion baht, profit 368,000 million baht.
Currently, the company's value is around 6.4 trillion baht.

ABB, Electrical Systems Engineering and World's Big Automation Technology Company.
Year 2019 earn 879,000 million baht, profit 45,000 million baht.
Currently, the company's value is around 1.7 trillion baht.

In 2019, the chemical machining industry, electronic products, the industrial group that creates export income to Switzerland over 3.7 trillion baht or almost 40 % of the country's exports.

What we can notice from this number is
Switzerland's multi-income industry is using a lot of innovation.
It's reflecting that Switzerland budgets put into research and developments make good returns for the country.

Although in the past, Switzerland has a major obstacle, there is no space to go to the sea to make a trade through the navy.

But we can see that Switzerland shuts down this weakness by innovating to develop countries and successfully stepping up to become one of the top countries of the world.

This story is another great example to see that
The country's research and development budget is important.
And a huge priority at this point
It's fine to make Switzerland become a country that is called ′′ Innovative Country..
╔═══════════╗
If you want to know the possibilities of the world economy, you must understand the
World economy 1,000 years. 6th typing.
You can order at (get 10 % discount from the cover price of 350 baht)
Lazada: https://www.lazada.co.th/products/1000-i714570154-s1368712682.html
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References
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita
-https://www.statista.com/statistics/732269/worldwide-research-and-development-share-of-gdp-top-countries/
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_Group
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis
-https://finance.yahoo.com
-http://www.worldstopexports.com/switzerlands-top-10-exports/
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9
-https://www.loveinc.com/gallerylist/73262/10-countries-that-used-to-be-poor-but-are-now-richTranslated