關於 be forced to意味 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

「氣候危機也是海洋危機。保護海洋也意味著對抗非法、未報告及未受規範漁業行為，這些行為也常牽扯洗錢、毒品走私、強迫勞動等人口販運之犯罪問題。美國致力與世界各國合作，以科學為基礎準則，建立永續的漁業行為。」--- 美國務卿布林肯六月八日海洋日聲明。聲明全文：https://bit.ly/3gj4v66 #WorldOceanDay #世界海洋日

“The climate crisis is also an ocean crisis... Protecting our ocean also means fighting illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing... IUU fishing operations may also be linked to criminal activities such as money laundering, drug trafficking, and human trafficking, including forced labor. The United States champions building cooperative, science-based rules to ensure that these fisheries can be sustainable for the long term, helping to work together with countries around the world towards our shared goals.” -- Secretary Blinken’s statement on World Ocean Day. See the statement: https://bit.ly/3gj4v66

【哈瓦那·古巴】English after Mandarin

義大利藝術評論家Philippe Daverio說「真正藝術包括不同方位的解讀」，需要具有「模擬兩可性或是不可捉摸性」。我覺得哈瓦那就是這樣一個獨特的城市。作為一個真正的藝術城市，哈瓦那真實體現了那種不可捉摸的面向。
Philippe Daverio, an Italian art critic, says real art includes interpretations from different perspectives and should be ambiguous or unpredictable. I think Havana, as a true city of art, genuinely reflects that unpredictability.

對於古巴的第一印象來自於社會主義風格的哈瓦那機場。外觀有棱有角，活像是隨時會翻身戰鬥的變形金剛。這點又跟注重建築與環境與人文呼應的新未來主義建築不謀而合，就像Zaha Hadid在廣州建造的那兩隻蟾蜍劇院一樣。這麽多的想像與那種所謂的藝術的模擬兩可性恰恰重合。
My first impression of Cuba came from the Havana airport with that strong socialistic flavor. The angular exterior of the terminal looks exactly like one of those Transformer robots who might spring to life and battle at any second. This coincides with the concept of neo-futurism buildings which stresses the link between buildings and their surroundings. A great example is the angular toad-like Guangzhou Opera House. All that imagination accords with the so-called ambiguity of art.

內部紅色的證照查驗關讓人感覺熱情卻又搭配共產主義的不協調。飛機上座位旁邊的古巴先生嘴裡不時哼著歌曲，機場接駁車和接機計程車上也有動感音樂。我感到困惑。
Inside the terminal is the red immigration cubicles with that yellow tint, which gives a sense of incongruity combining passion with seemingly cold communism. That reminds me of the Cuban guy next to me on the plane who was humming songs all the time. Music can also be found on the boarding gate shuttle as well as the taxi I rode to downtown Havana. I was perplexed.

我問接機的司機英文哪學來的。他說學校裡的外來語文教育中有英文的選項，但不是很受重視。司機又說歐巴馬時代古巴開始轉型經濟準備起飛。可惜目前川普打壓古巴，連房地產都低迷。從路上年輕一代的新潮穿著，我感覺到古巴已不再是舊時代的古巴了。對於古巴一切都還在摸索中。
I asked the cab driver where he learned his English. He replied that English was one of the foreign language options in school, but English was not considered important. He then started to talked about how Obama helped boost Cuba’s economy with the loosened US-Cuban tension. It was unfortunate since Trump swore in and everything had been beaten down including the travel and real estate industries. I could still spot the change from young people’s fashionable outfits. It felt like Cuba was not the old Cuba that I learned from the travel guide. Everything about Cuba was yet to be explored.

哈瓦那絕不是說英文天堂。從找住宿開始，我那卑微的西班牙文就被迫徹徹底底地運轉起來。還好事先下載了估狗翻譯裡的西文選項，加上我確實請過家教老師學習基礎西文發音，這樣勉強能與當地人溝通一下。我也懷疑憑我這樣三腳貓的西文能有什麼本事去解讀這樣一個謎一般的國度？
By all means, Havana is no heaven for English speakers. From the moment I decided to find a casa/guest house on my own, my puny Spanish vocabulary was forced to work hard. (Yeah, I only know about a couple of hundred words. Shame on me!) The good thing is that I downloaded Spanish on my Google Translate in advance. Plus I hired a private tutor to learn Spanish phonics. I somehow managed to communicate with the locals. Sometimes, I doubted how I was going to open up this mysterious nation with my lousy Spanish.

入住後第一件事情就是憑著以往旅行經驗慣例出門找超市。哪知那樣的作法在這特立獨行的國度完全不適用。在哈瓦那舊城區(Habana Vieja)的民宅區裡沒有所謂的招牌。這意味著一個社區中大多數人彼此相互認識，才能知道誰家在哪裡提供什麼樣的服務。可憐如我，為了找瓶裝水，在附近用破爛的西文「Donde esta el agua」問路。經過三個人指了不同的方向後，終於找到一位熱心的先生直接帶我去一個不起眼的窗口買水。饒是這樣我也花了將近30分鐘才順利取得珍貴的飲用水資源。
The first thing I did after I checked into a casa was to follow my routine as a traveler and find a supermarket. Who would have known that this idea completely did not work here. In some residential areas of Old Havana, shop signs simply do not exist. This probably means most people in the community know each other, and thus are aware of where to go to find services they need without shop signs. That translated into my predicament as I tried to find some bottled water in the neighborhood. I literally asked for directions with my broken Spanish, Donde esta el agua? Following three kind passersby’s help in three different directions, I found a nice guy who took me to an inconspicuous window where I finally obtained two very precious bottles of water, which took me 30 minutes for this entire water-getting process.

在找水的途中我看到了麵包店只批量生產吐司和小圓麵包、窄門裡只賣菸和酒的店家、有簡單桌椅的餐廳，以及一目了然的理髮店。這一切都沒有資本主義的招牌來包裝社區的基本運作。也因為對於這裡的無知，我將注意力集中在斑駁街道與頹傾樓房之間發出的聲響上。鍋裡油炸的聲音、收音機裡的音樂、雞啼、車子裡的動感貝斯、路人跟我說hola、先生親吻太太臉頰打波的聲響、吉娃娃的嗷叫，以及路人在街頭講公共電話的聲音—我走在街道的中央聆聽哈瓦那的脈動。當然我所在的這條街絕對不會是觀光客川流不息的Obispo步行街。總之，這裡的許多事物顛覆了我對一個城市的認知。
En route to finding water, I saw a bakery producing only toast and rolls in batch, a shop selling only cigarettes and liquors, a restaurant with simple tables and chairs, and a barbershop that you can see it all at a glance. Everything here ran basically without the packaging of capitalistic shop signs. Because of my ignorance of Cuba, I started to shift my attention to the sounds made between the mottled streets and faded buildings. Deep frying noises from a pan, music from the radio, a rooster’s crowing, pounding bass from a car stereo, hola from a passerby, smackers from a husband to his wife, a chihuahua’s barking, and someone talking on a public phone—I was walking in the middle of a small street listening to the heart beats of Old Havana. Where I was standing is surely not the tourist-flooded Obispo pedestrian zone. Regardless, my perception about what a city ought to be was totally overthrown by the things I experienced initially.

對於古巴的第一印象是新奇且難以用一般邏輯去理解的。我覺得接下來的旅程我應該放下對於一個國家既定的預期。也許這樣才能領會只屬於古巴的不可捉摸的藝術。
My first impression about Cuba was novel yet hard to understand with the common sense. I felt I needed to let go of my expectations for the country. Perhaps, that way I could grasp a touch of the unpredictable art that only belongs to Cuba.

下一篇：
https://www.facebook.com/844309985672851/posts/3207657306004762?sfns=mo

#Cuba #Havana #travel #photo #古巴 #哈瓦那 #旅行 #照片

☆ネイティブの生の会話からリアルな英語を学ぶ☆
　
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1) Love-hate relationship （愛憎関係）
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Love-hate relationshipは、「愛憎関係」を意味する日常表現です。人や物に対して好きと嫌いの感情が同時、または交互に生じる状況で使われます。例えば、運動するのは嫌いだけど、運動し終わった後の爽快感が好きな場合、love-hate relationshipが使われます。
　
＜例文＞
　
I have a love-hate relationship with exercising.
（私は運動が好きでもあり嫌いでもある。）
　
This movie is about a love-hate relationship between two brothers.
（この映画は兄弟の愛憎劇です。）
　
I think a lot of people have a love-hate relationship with social media.
（多くの人はSNSに夢中でありながら、SNSを嫌悪している部分もあると思う。）
　
　
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2) Force to do something（〜を強制的にさせる）
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Forceは「強要する」「強制する」という意味で、人に無理やり何かをさせることを、 force to do somethingと表現します。逆に、受け身の立場で何かを強制的にさせられる場合は、be forced to do somethingとなります。
　
＜例文＞
　
I don’t think you should force your kid to study English.
（子供に強制的に英語の勉強をさせるのは良くないと思うよ。）
　
We are forced to take the TOEIC exam every year.
（私たちは毎年TOEICを強制的に受験させられています。）
　
I didn’t force you to do it. You chose to do it.
（私は強制してないよ。あなたが自分で選択したんでしょう。）
　
　
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3) Even（たとえ〜でも）
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Evenは状況に応じて様々な意味を持つ単語ですが、今日の会話では、「たとえ〜でも」や「〜でさえ」を意味します。何かを強調する時に使われ、「祝日でも仕事をしている」は「I work even on holidays.」という具合に使われます。
　
＜例文＞
　
I listen to the Hapa Eikaiwa podcast all the time, even when I’m sleeping.
（Hapa英会話のポッドキャストをいつも聴いています。寝てる時でもね。）
　
It’s OK to make mistakes. Even native speakers make mistakes.
（間違っても大丈夫だよ。ネイティブだって間違えるんだから。）
　
He goes running before work even if it’s raining.
（彼は雨が降っていても、仕事前にランニングをします。）
　
　
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4) Meet someone’s expectation（人の期待に沿う）
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Meetには「人に会う」の他に、「要求や条件を満たす」という意味があり、「人の期待に沿う」ことをMeet someone’s expectationと言います。カジュアルな会話でも、ビジネスの場でも使える表現です。
　
＜例文＞
　
Did their service meet your expectations?
（あそこのサービスは期待どおりでしたか？）
　
We are very sorry that we did not meet your expectations.
（ご期待に沿うことができず大変申し訳ありません。）
　
I had high hopes for this restaurant but it didn’t meet my expectations.
（このレストランは非常に期待していましたが、期待にはかないませんでした。）　
　
　
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5) Look through （〜に目を通す）
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本や雑誌や書類などに目を通すことを、look through 〜と言います。状況によって「〜を調べる」という意味にもなりますが、その場合も、詳細に調べるというより、全体的にざっと見るニュアンスがあり、感覚的にはexamineとcheckの中間です。日常会話やビジネスでよく使われる表現です。
　
＜例文＞
　
Can you look through these documents when you get a chance?
（時間がある時にこの書類に目を通してくれない？）
　
I looked through your essay and everything looked good.
（あなたのエッセーを確認しましたが、いいと思いましたよ。）
　
Can you look through Tabelog and see if there’s an Italian restaurant around here?
（この辺にイタリア料理のお店があるか、食べログで調べてくれない？）
　
　
　
　
　
～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～
本日ご紹介したフレーズは、iTunes Japanの「Best of 2017/2018」に2年連続選出されたHapa英会話の人気コンテンツPodcast第220回「子供の頃に読んだ本」の内容の一部です。Podcastの全内容をご覧になりたい方は、Hapa英会話のブログをチェック！会話の全文、会話の要約、ピックアップしたフレーズ、ポッドキャストでは説明できなかった表現や言い回しが掲載されています。
　
https://hapaeikaiwa.com/podcast220
～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～