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#種類繁多128元起
盒底都有標籤不怕忘記礦物名唷
✨圖中種類只是一小部分
✨更多隱藏版於3/25 22:30線上直播上架唷
🎉小編先提供一些礦物的名字
有興趣的朋友可以先查詢相關資料唷
等開賣上架時就會比較有印象😂
#日光螢石 英國唯一產地 太陽光下會變色
#墨西哥維拉克魯茲紫水晶 貴貴der😅
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❤️以上100種是我們有的原礦
當然還有好多是沒有打出來的
除了原礦,我們也有很多天然石的手鍊🥰
(可以先參考相簿裡的美物)
有興趣的朋友都可以線上詢問唷
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石膏板種類 在 當張仲景遇上史丹佛 Facebook 的最佳解答
從非典到新冠肺炎
From SARS to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) - English version is in the second half
新冠肺炎,Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) 新型冠状病毒肺炎,疫情越來越嚴重,被證實可以人傳人,也在武漢以外的許多地方發現病例,造成世界各國及世界衛生組織(WHO)高度關切,當然也讓很多住在中國大陸及附近區域的華人非常緊張,就好像當年的非典肺炎疫情即將再一次大爆發一樣。
目前,現代醫學還沒有找到治療新冠肺炎的方法,只能針對某些症狀來處理,疫苗的研發更是遙遙無期。怎麼辦?每次遇到這種情況,中醫就會被搬出來,這次也不例外。新冠肺炎爆發後,網上馬上有許多中醫對付新冠肺炎的文章。當然,除非哪位中醫師看過、治好過大量的新冠肺炎病例,所有的討論都是猜想、假設。然而,有些猜想及假設值得參考,有些猜想及假設卻明顯在誤導大眾。
我還沒有治療過新冠肺炎,不能大肆評論。不過,我治好過很多禽流感、豬流感、及每年流感導致的嚴重肺炎及其它病變的病人。其中許多病人是被美國大型西醫院證實為嚴重肺炎,被要求醫院或居家隔離,偷偷溜出來找中醫看診的。也因此許多病人及討論中醫的網站,希望我能針對新冠肺炎發表一些意見。
我們以前就討論過,這些彪悍的流感病毒,經過那麼多年、那麼多次的變種(mutation),每年都不一樣,東漢時期傳下來的經典中醫,根本沒有遇到過現在的病毒,怎麼可能治療如此嚴重的肺炎呢?
中醫從來就不認識病毒,也不從病毒種類的角度來思考。中醫是探討人體受到外界因素破壞,失去平衡後,身體會有哪些現象、哪些反應,根據那些現象、那些反應來調整身體狀況,期待身體能恢復到平衡狀態,把外界因素帶來的破壞減到最小。我打個半開玩笑的比方,警匪槍戰時,我們注意到壞人哪個方向來的火力強大,造成我們部署在哪個位置的警員傷亡,這時我們會趕緊重新部署人員,或者想辦法增派警力,我們大概無暇去管壞人是用哪個牌子的槍、哪個工廠做的子彈!
雖然幾百年幾千年下來,病毒變種等等的外界因素改變了非常多,人體演化的改變卻非常有限。人體的功能,無論是怎麼被破壞的,某項功能被破壞而導致的症狀、反應、後續演變,卻依然有明顯的脈絡可循。也因為如此,在很多情況下,中醫以專注人體本身平衡狀態的治療方式,反而比西醫專注在外來敵人的治療方式來得有效許多。
依據多年累積大量的臨床病例觀察,無論是禽流感、豬流感、還是每年的流感,人體敗壞的進程依然如同傷寒雜病論探討的一樣,非常簡化的說,從一般桂枝湯證、葛根湯證等的表寒,轉變到小青龍湯證等的裡寒,津液不足、水道運化失調而化熱,變成比較嚴重的大青龍湯證,或者更嚴重肺臟的寒熱夾雜,金匮要略肺痿肺癰咳嗽上氣病脈證治第七篇中的射干麻黃證、葶藶大棗瀉肺湯證、澤漆湯證、小青龍加石膏湯證等等混雜出現,搞得亂七八糟,也不再是什麼簡單方劑可以對應的。
然而,雖然進程很像,不同於一般外感的是,這些嚴重流感肺炎病情加重的改變速度快非常多,也來得猛烈頑強很多。一般的外感從桂枝湯證、葛根湯證等轉變到大青龍湯證或更複雜的病情,通常需要一兩週的時間。同時,還得病人自己非常不注意,或者醫生治療錯誤,一般感冒才會沒辦法自己好,反而變成嚴重的病症。這幾年的流感,從一開始覺得不太對勁,到嚴重複雜的病情,只需要三四天,而且有越來越快的趨勢。這大幅提高中醫師治療流感時,判斷功力及敏感度的要求,中醫師必須在許多症狀還沒有出現時,就得抓緊時間,趕緊行動,卻又不能預防過度,反而讓病情加重。換句話說,時機、劑量、藥材比例變得非常重要,稍有不慎,就無法反轉病情。
舉個例子,有些病人得了流感,咳嗽非常嚴重,痰非常多,呼吸困難。依照中醫的辨證,假如一致都是寒,舌苔白、小便清、怕冷等等,本來依照辨證論治,我們可能會開射干麻黃湯加減給病人。然而,因為流感的進程非常快速,中醫師得非常敏感,譬如看到舌苔白卻帶有一絲絲乾的感覺,就很可能得加上大寒的石膏來避免肺喪失津液,卻又不能加太多石膏,以免肺寒加重。又譬如聽到咳嗽聲音非常深沈,從肺的底部發出,又帶有膿痰的濁音,就很可能得加上瀉肺的葶藶來避免肺中水飲、痰飲大幅增加,卻又不能加太多葶藶,以免肺變得太虛弱。
我們回頭來看這次的新冠肺炎。根據有限的資訊,我們知道感染後有大約兩週的潛伏期,這段時間沒有什麼症狀,病人可能只會感到有些疲憊。剛開始發病時,很像一般的感冒,病人會發熱、乏力,並不嚴重,沒有什麼流鼻涕等上呼吸道的症狀,有的甚至沒有發熱。約一半的病人一週多後恢復,另一半的病人卻在一週後出現呼吸困難,有些病人會快速進展為急性呼吸窘迫綜合征、膿毒症休克、代謝性酸中毒、凝血功能障礙等等嚴重的問題,可能導致死亡。
從上面的敘述,我們不難發現,一開始很像一般中醫外感的桂枝湯證、葛根湯證,一半的病人也就自己恢復了,另一半的病人卻出現快速的入裡化熱現象,肺津液迅速流失,非常濃稠的痰飲沈積在肺部下方。同時,中醫認為肺為人體調節津液的源頭,肺金生水,好比天空下雨一般,而當肺的功能及津液調節出現嚴重障礙,很快就會拖累三焦水道、腎臟等的功能,導致上面提到的幾種嚴重病情。換句話說,新冠肺炎可以讓輕微的太陽證外感,迅速發展成嚴重的肺痿肺癰,再進一步瓦解人體其它功能的運作。
怎麼治療?在沒有直接治療武漢肺炎病人的情況下,我們也只能根據有限的資訊來推論,不過,以前大量的流感肺炎治療病例,可以讓我們比較有信心的面對新冠肺炎。當病人已經出現明顯新冠肺炎症狀時,大多已經入裡化熱,嚴重的肺痿肺癰。這個時候,得用大劑量的石膏清肺熱、加強肺津液運作。也得靠葶藶、大戟等把肺下方濃稠的痰飲及胸腔可能的積液去掉,痰飲積液不去,是無法修復肺家津液運作的。同時,肺氣不宣,就好像吸管上頭堵住了,吸管內的水無法上下,我們還得使用麻黃等宣肺、發陽的中藥來配合。另外,肺已經受損了,除了大動作急救外,比較穩定後,還得靠一些潤肺的藥來收尾,讓肺完全恢復。如果我們列一個可能加入的中藥單,大致有石膏、葶藶子、大戟、生半夏、麻黃、射干、紫菀 、款冬花、 生薑、炙甘草、紅棗、麥門冬、杏仁等等。當然,如前面所言,用藥的時機、劑量、藥材比例非常重要,每一個病人的差異也很大,嚴格考驗中醫師的功力與膽識,一旦判斷錯誤,不但沒有效果,反而可能會加重病情。
網上有些中醫師,說新冠肺炎或其它流感肺炎可以用板藍根清熱解毒來治好。也有些中醫師說可以用麥門冬湯等等的輕劑治好嚴重的肺炎。甚至還有些中醫師說多喝綠豆湯可以預防新冠肺炎!其實,真的遇過、治好過禽流感、豬流感等嚴重流感肺炎的中醫師,一看這些文章,就幾乎可以確定這些人根本沒有治療過嚴重肺炎的經驗,充其量只是在西醫治療下,在旁邊幫幫病人一些小忙而已。這樣的情況下,難怪中國政府平時大力推展中醫,真的有如同新冠肺炎這樣重大疫情爆發時,卻看不到中國政府大量使用中醫方法來治療病人、控制疫情。醫學是實戰的學問,沒有大量臨床病例,講得再好聽都是沒有用的,如果希望中醫真的在主流醫學裡站立起來,希望中醫真的能面對大規模的疫情,回歸最基本的臨床療效,才是最重要的,其它都只像是武術表演,而非實際作戰。
From SARS to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Written in Chinese by Dr. Andy Lee, January 21, 2020
Translated to English by Dr. James Yeh and Dr. Andy Lee, March 28, 2020
The epidemic from Novel Coronavirus is becoming much more serious. Transmissivity among people has been proven. (Note: It's now named COVID–19. The term “Coronavirus” will be used here.) Cases were found in areas beyond Wuhan. It has caused serious attentions from the WHO (World Health Organization) and many countries around the world. The residents in China and the surrounding regions are quite worried and wonder whether it will break out like SARS (2003). (Note: The article was written on January 21, 2020, before Coronavirus became a global pandemic.)
So far, the modern medical field has not found a cure for Coronavirus, but resorts to treating patients’ symptoms only. Any vaccine to treat Coronavirus is still no way in the sight. What do we do? Every time such a situation happens, the topic of using Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is raised (at least among the Chinese communities). There is no exception this time. Many articles related to using TCM on Coronavirus have been popping up on the web. However, unless some TCM doctors who have actually treated many Coronavirus cases, all the discussion would be hypotheses or assumptions. Some hypotheses are worth considering while many others could be quite misleading.
Personally I have not treated patients cases related to Coronavirus. (Note: Shortly after this writing, the author has directly and indirectly participated in treating patients of Coronavirus successfully, and has published other later blogs which included his involvement in treating those patients. Please refer to his medical blog http://www.DrLee.us.) However, I did treat and cure patients inflicted by other viruses in the past, such as the Bird Flu, Swine Flu, and other influenza. A good amount of those patients were diagnosed as severe pneumonia by large hospitals and were required for isolation or self-quarantine. Hence many of patients and online medical forums online are asking for my opinions about Coronavirus.
As we discussed before, all these viruses from the outbreaks are either newly found or mutated from previous strands. The strand can be different every year. Therefore, people always ask how one can say that the TCM knowledge developed in East Han Dynasty (25-220 AD) would be any useful for treating the modern diseases, let alone the severe ones.
It turns out that TCM does not recognize any virus and does not deal with the concept of which type of virus is microscopically at work. TCM looks at how human bodies would become out-of-balance and react to external stimuli. Once the body is out of balance, what symptoms will exhibit and what reactions will be to adjust the body conditions to regain the balance, hence to reduce the damage to the body to the minimum. Let me take an example to illustrate: when there is a gunfight between the police and bandits, we want to see which direction the shots are coming from, causing casualties of the police force, so that we are able to adjust or reinforce the police power. We have no time to think about which brand of the guns or bullets the bandits use.
Over thousands of years, the external viruses have changed and evolved quite a bit, but the evolution of human beings was quite limited. The human body function, no matter how it was damaged, the symptoms due to the damage of the function, the reactions, and the following progression of the disease still follow certain paths. For this very reason, TCM’s focus on the balance of the human body often surpasses the effectiveness of Western medicine, which focuses more on external treats and the microscopic aspect of how human body’s cells are impacted by the external treats.
From the accumulation of many years of clinical treatment and observations, no matter it is Bird Flu, Swine Flu or other influenza, the bodily ‘damage’ and its progression by the viral attack still follow the description of the classic TCM literature “Treatise on Cold Damage on Miscellaneous Disease” (傷寒雜病論). In short summary, the disease usually starts with “Exterior Deficiency or Weakness” (表虛) or “External Coldness” (表寒), for which is matched to one of the several syndromes named with the corresponding herbal remedies such as “Gui Zhi Tang” (桂枝湯) and “Ge Geng Tang” (葛根湯). Then, the disease moves onto the next stage “Interior Coldness” (裡寒) or “Lung Coldness” (肺寒), which shows the syndromes named as “Xiao Qing Long Tang” (小青龍湯), etc. When the respiratory system is “affected by the coldness”, the body fluid function of the respiratory system gets affected. The circulation function of the lung becomes “Dry and Overheated” (燥热). This would lead to a more serious stage “Heated Interior” (入裡化熱) and would often be matched to its herbal remedy “Da Qing Long Tang” (大青龍湯). Or, even worse, it becomes so-called “mixed coldness and heat” (寒熱夾雜) in the lung. Such a complex situation was extensively discussed in Chapter 7 of the classic literature “Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber” (金匮要略肺痿肺癰咳嗽上氣病脈證治第七篇). At this complex stage, the illness development varies significantly among patients of different preconditions and other variants. It is no longer the situation that a simple herbal remedy can be applied to all the situations. The TCM theory illustrates various treatments by those herbal remedies such as “She Gan Ma Hung Tang” (射干麻黃湯), “Ting Li Da Zao Xie Fei Tang” (葶藶大棗瀉肺湯), ”Ze Qi Tang” (澤漆湯), “Xiao Qing Long Jia Shi Gao Tang” (小青龍加石膏湯), and others.
However, even the disease progressions are similar, the more serious viral attacks like Coronavirus can and often do progress much faster with more severe consequences than the common flu. As described in the previous paragraph, normally the disease progression of the “External Coldness” stage to the more serious “Heated Interior” stage usually takes one to two weeks. It is also often due to the ignorance of the patient or misdiagnosis and treatment of the doctor, which prevents the patient from recovering from this “catching a cold”. In the recent several years though, the time period between the time that the patient did not feel well and the time that the patient is in a serious and complex situation can be as short as 3 to 4 days. We also see the trend that this period gets shorter and shorter. In other words, the disease progression is getting much faster. This phenomenon poses a much higher demand on TCM doctors’ ability to make a quick and proper judgment and sensitivity to the subject matter. TCM doctors must intercept the disease progression before it reaches to a more serious stage, even without obvious symptoms of the next stage. TCM doctors have to timely prescribe the proper herbal remedy in terms of the type of herbs and relative dosages of herbs. Too weak a dosage could not stop the progression while too strong a dosage could worsen the condition also. A misjudgment would not be able the turn the conditions around, but hurt the patient more.
The above can be illustrated by a simple example. A patient caught flu and has symptoms such as heavy coughing, lots of sputum, and difficulty in breathing. From the TCM dialectics, with observations of white tongue coating, clear urine, and feeling chilly, etc., it is clearly caused by “Coldness”. Such a patient typically should be prescribed with “She Gan Ma Hung Tang” (射干麻黃湯) or its variations. However, due to the fast progression of the modern flu, the TCM doctor would need to pay attention to much subtle details such as the dryness of the tongue although it still shows the white coating. In this case, Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) might need to be added to the herbal remedy to make sure that the lung would not suffer dryness. Given that Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) itself is an ingredicient that is “very cold” in nature, the dosage could not be too strong to make the lung too chilly. At the opposite end of the spectrum, if the sound of the coughing is very ‘deep’, like dense sputum coming from the bottom of the lung, the herbal remedy might need to add Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶) to clear up the lung to avoid too much mucus in the lung. And again, the dosage of葶藶 could not be too much to weaken the lung. (Note: Handling the proper timing and proper remedy can be a real test to the ability and experience of the TCM doctor.)
Let’s go back to the discussion on Coronavirus. From the limited information available so far, we know that there are about two weeks of incubation period after the infection. There are little symptoms during this period and the patient may just feel more tired than usual. More obvious symptoms will start like those of common flu with fever, fatigue but not too serious. Upper respiratory symptoms like running nose are less common. Some patients may not even exhibit fever. About half of the patients infected will recover over a week or so. The other half of the patients will experience difficulty in breathing, or rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, coagulopathy, etc. Some patients had died due to these severe conditions.
From the above description, this Coronavirus, in the beginning, is very much like the common flu and will stay in stages of “Exterior Deficiency or Weakness” (表虛) or “External Coldness” (表寒). Half of the patients infected will recover by themselves as in common cold. The other half of the patients may exhibit situations of rapid penetration into inner organs and excess ‘heat’, which causes loss of fluidity of respiratory system and accumulation of dense sputum at the lower part of the lung. In the TCM theory, the lung serves as the initial “gating factor” of body fluids. When the lung fails to serve the proper function, other organs like the kidney will be adversely affected also. In other words, Coronavirus can turn a light “External Coldness” to extremely severe “Lung Atrophy” (肺痿) and “Lung Abscess” (肺癰), which in turn will impair the function of other organs.
How to treat? Without direct experience of treating Coronavirus patients, we can only postulate from our limited information available in hand. (Note: Shortly after this writing, the author has directly and indirectly participated in treating patients of Coronavirus successfully. The treatments were exactly as outlined in this article.) From the ample experience of dealing pneumonia cases caused by flu, we are confident that we can also treat Coronavirus successfully. When patients are showing the obvious Coronavirus symptoms, most of them would have entered the stage of “Heated Interior” (入裡化熱) with “Lung Atrophy” (肺痿) or “Lung Abscess” (肺癰) to a certain degree. At this stage, we will need large dosages of Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) to clear the heat to ensure the proper fluidity function of the lung. Also, we will rely on Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶), Da Ji (Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., 大戟), etc. to clear up the dense mucus at the lower part of the lung and to remove the edema of the chest chamber. Without getting rid of the excess mucus and fluid, the lung cannot properly function. We need to use Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica Stapf., 麻黃), etc. to enhance the lung function (宣肺、發陽) and restore proper breathing. When the lung is damaged as in fibrosis, after the conditions stabilize, we need to “moisturize” the lung (润肺) to help the lung to recover fully. In other words, we will most likely use the herbal ingredients such as Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏), Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶), Da Ji (Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., 大戟), Sheng Ban Xia (Pinellia ternate, 生半夏), Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica Stapf., 麻黃), She Gan (Belamcanda chinensis, 射干), Zi Wan (Aster tataricus, 紫菀), Kuan Dong Hua (Tussilago farfara flower, 款冬花), Sheng Jiang (Ginger, 生薑), Zhi Gan Cao (processed Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., 炙甘草), Hong Zao (Ziziphus jujube, 紅棗), Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicas, 麥門冬), Xing Ren (Prunus armeniaca, 杏仁), and others. As we discussed in previous paragraphs, the timing, dosage, the relative ratios of different herbal ingredients are very critical. Given that there are quite some variations in patient conditions, the challenges on TCM doctors’ comprehensive knowledge, judgment and courage are unprecedented.
In those articles online, some TCM doctors claimed that Coronavirus can be cured by Ban Lan Gen (Isatis tinctoria root, 板藍根), which is believed to have natural antibiotic chemicals to “clear up the heat and toxics”. Some TCM doctors suggested using a simple mild herbal remedy “Mai Men Dong Tang” (麥門冬湯), which mainly relies on the ingredient Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicas, 麥門冬). Some people even suggested that having the green bean soup could prevent Coronavirus. In fact, those TCM doctors who have good experience of treating Bird Flu, Swine Flu, and pneumonia caused by other influenza would know that the people making those claims never had the real experience of treating severe pneumonia. They at most helped in a minor way the patients under Western medicine treatments. Under such conditions, it is not a surprise that the China government has not used TCM as the primary method of treating Coronavirus, despite its big promotion of TCM in the recent years. (Note: After this writing, Coronavirus epidemic became so severe in China that the China government changed its strategy and started to use TCM extensively in treating many mild Coronaviurs cases.)
Medicine is the science based on real treatment results. Without a good amount of successful cases in clinical treatments, it is useless to promote any fancy idea of treating patients. If we would like TCM to be respected in the mainstream medicine and to be meaningfully used in a severe epidemic like Coronavirus, it is critical to focus on the most fundamental. That’s the clinical results. Like the martial arts, unless you can fight off the bad guys, it’s just a show of fancy movements.
(http://andylee.pro/wp/?p=7169)
#當張仲景遇上史丹佛
石膏板種類 在 每日一冷 Facebook 的最佳解答
#成語一冷 俗語說「不分青紅皂白」,「皂」為什麼是指「黑色」?兼講肥皂的落落長歷史。
※各位不用找惹,本篇不是跟風,與時事無關。
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話說,即使在肥皂發明了很久之後,它都不是給人拿來洗澡的。最原始的肥皂,是由每家每戶都會有的爐灶燒出的草木灰燼,混合動物的油脂所製成的,十分簡單。
草木灰中含碳酸鉀、鈉等鹼性物質,植物一生中根部從土壤中吸收進去很多水,溶解在水裡的礦物質,最終就會在植物細胞中的「液胞」裡堆積儲存,這些礦物質就是「灰分」。脂肪=三酸甘油酯,遇到鹼性就會被「水解」被切成了甘油和三個脂肪酸(所以叫三酸)就是皂化反應。脂肪酸的鹼性鹽類就是肥皂的主成分。
也就是說肥皂是由他的宿敵:油脂所製成的。咦,相煎何太急,何太急。 #皂化弄人 #濕主這要看您的皂化
但古人是用什麼洗澡呢(指除了冷熱水之外),不久前我聽耶魯大學的希臘史公開課,由 Donald Kagan 教授主講,談到地中海克里特島的「米諾斯文明」,和古埃及有的經常的船隻貿易時,一則有趣的題外話被我記住了
——早在紀元前 2700 年,青銅器時代的地中海文明就持續從埃及進口香料,用途之一居然是給有錢的貴族男女洗澡。
米諾斯文明,同時與北邊的愛琴海文化圈、南邊的埃及文化圈有著貿易往來,希臘的特產橄欖油和埃及的特產香料(其實來自葉門,透過阿拉伯人的先祖進行貿易,貿易路線曾是由埃及掌控)就被人結合在一起洗香香,方法是在沐浴告一段落後,再搽橄欖油來軟化、浸潤皮膚,最後將油和汙垢一起刮掉。
橄欖油浴之後,油多少會殘留在肌膚上,「有一種橄味」有的人不喜歡,故需要用香料蓋過。
克里特島的宮殿遺跡中,也有發現華麗的雪花石膏雕刻出的澡盆——我們能想像克里特貴妃沐浴的情景。但其實用不著想像,米諾斯遺址的特色是充滿了彩色、栩栩如生的「濕壁畫」。畫中有窈窕仕女,還有可愛的海豚,品味真是一級棒,建議搜尋觀賞。
日後古希臘、羅馬文明依然延續塗油軟化這樣的清潔方式,間或使用粗糙的火山浮石粉末摩擦皮膚來進行脫角質的一個動作。在羅馬浴場中,為了刮到背後等地方的汙垢,還有一種金屬製的「不求人」形狀的用具稱為 strigil,用來抓背XD 見附圖。
說到這邊照例的岔題一下,說到用油來洗澡,我就想到亞塞拜然共和國有一種暴發戶風格的油浴:泡石油澡。亞塞拜然的納夫塔蘭(Naftalan),當地盛產的黑黑、黏黏、味道刺鼻的石油,據說用來泡澡有治療效果。納夫塔蘭和希臘的關係是?希臘語 naphtha (νάφθα) 就是石油的意思。
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回來,話說肥皂這東西在埃及、兩河流域的古文明都有發明——配方實在太簡單,混合動物脂肪和鹼性的植物灰就成了,很難不發現。但目前發現的楔形文字石板(多是買賣紀錄,就是發票和帳簿的作用)上,幾乎沒有提到肥皂的買賣紀錄,有可能是一般人並不用肥皂洗澡澡,而是專門用於產業如皮革、羊毛業的去油脂方面。是工業用的肥皂,而非日常商品。
草木灰肥皂流行不起來的原因可能是鹼性太強,太「苛性」會傷害皮膚的緣故?歷史沒有如果,我們也只能這樣猜測惹。
前面提過,羅馬人洗澡也不用肥皂。在歷史學家老普林尼《自然史》中有提到,高盧(古法國)的日耳曼男人都會用草木灰和動物脂肪混合物(94肥皂)來保養、呵護他們的頭髮,甚至用的比女人還多。
我們看過《魔戒》都曉得,日耳曼民族的長髮和蓄鬍是一種很man的社會地位象徵,附圖中的青銅像是維欽托利(Vercingetorix),他是領導高盧人抵抗羅馬入侵的將軍。雖是現代法國人的想像復原面貌啦,但你看看他那飄逸的髮鬚uwu。難怪男人更加需要肥皂。
* 2020 回顧糾錯:可是科宅,高盧人是凱爾特族。凱爾特和日耳曼的唯一共通點只有個「爾」XD。把 Vercingertorix 當日耳曼人他可是會很難過。咩噗。歷史知識要加強喔~~再講錯殺頭。
我們也注意到,身為羅馬人的老普林尼是用一種「噁,野蠻人怎麼這樣」的角度去描述肥皂(作為潤髮產品,而可能不用於身體上)的使用。只能說是 culture shock 吧。
西元後2世紀,羅馬的醫師蓋倫(Galen)提到肥皂有深度清潔、除汙的功能。表示當時用肥皂的風氣已經傳開了。而由中歐的日耳曼人生產的肥皂也是當時羅馬帝國境內的暢銷商品。那之後羅馬就崩潰了,日耳曼人文化取而代之,可以猜想肥皂仍然是貴族護髮聖品。但出於一些原因,後來的中世紀時期,歐洲人沒有出大事是不洗澡的,相反,洗了澡就表示要出大事。十字軍東征時「法蘭克人」(伊斯蘭世界對歐洲人的通稱)身上的怪味也給了注重清潔的穆斯林好大的 culture shock。 #未戰先臭暈
而當越來越多次十字軍,進行一個經由搶劫順便文化交流的動作後,若干「十字軍王國」在中東建立,公共浴池洗澡的習慣漸漸又傳回了歐洲......直到一個陰錯陽差,「東方式洗香香」又在歐洲變成禁忌了。那正是因為 #鼠疫來啦塊陶啊——當時歐洲人認為疾病是透過不好的空氣(miasma)傳染。而洗澡會將身體表面由汗水形成的保護層洗掉,讓毒氣得以從毛細孔進入人體。
怎麼覺得有點像雞蛋XD 洗過的雞蛋不利於保存真的是因為類似的理由。
總之,歐洲人會一直髒到相當近代,甚至醫師終於搞懂開刀前要洗手,髒污致病的原因是微生物的時候。
但相較之,伊斯蘭文明就十分清潔。目前所知最早含有香料、較弱的鹼性、含有甘油而更滋潤肌膚的「香皂」,正是西元八世紀在敘利亞一帶製造的(附圖:敘利亞阿勒波 Aleppo 的肥皂)。考慮到敘利亞這地點絕佳,融會了埃及、兩河、黎凡特、東羅馬、波斯、希臘、中國等等文明的製造技術,也掌控了阿拉伯半島南方葉門的香料貿易,當時阿拉伯科學家有著世界數一數二先進的化學技術(故分離出鹼性物質如碳酸鉀),然後先知穆聖的教導又說人體要清潔,香皂出現就順理成章了。
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好像講了幾千字都沒說到標題,真是超惡性風的作者啊。好的,中國話「不分青紅皂白」裡面,皂指的是黑色,那是因為皂這個字有幾千年都不是指肥皂,一直到很近代肥皂一物才由西洋傳入於中國普及。而皂這個字上半是個白的理由很謎,沒有權威性的說法,也不易考據,或認為與「草」字有關。(聳肩)
中國古代是用皂角樹(Gleditsia sinensis)的果實——嘿呀,沒有筆誤,豆莢是一種果實——磨碎後的粉末來清潔油汙。皂角樹我目前找不到開源版的圖片,為不侵權請大家自行搜尋觀看謝謝。而因為那種豆莢是黑色的,因此皂=黑色,這是一種說法。但到底是豆莢得名於皂,還是皂得名於豆莢,誰先誰後就待有心人考據惹,我們跳過XD
皂角樹遇水會發泡的原理和肥皂有一點點像,但卻出於完全不同的化學分子:皂角和很多植物一樣,在種子、果實、根莖葉中都會產生【皂素】(saponin),皂素這種分子和肥皂清潔劑有著一共通點,就是分子有一端親油性、一端親水性,可以起到「乳化」的功用讓油水「交融」←形成懸浮乳液的狀態。黃豆煮豆漿會拼命冒泡「假沸騰」,也是因為豆子含有皂素的緣故。
植物們例如苦茶、無患子、皂角、甚至黃豆......並沒有那麼好心,生產皂素並不是為了有朝一日能讓人類拿去洗布洗澡。皂素是一種給動物的下馬威,許多皂素分子很苦,難以入口,有些種類甚至有毒。概念上是說,動物意圖去吃植物種子,其中的皂素就會引發腸胃道不適,或更兇猛的毒性反應,動物便學到教訓不會碰它了。
以上所說只是概念上,皂素的種類實在一籮筐,欠大量研究,有很多例外(例如甘草酸算是一種皂素,但它是甜的),其中還不乏有藥效的分子存在,特此平衡報導~~就不一味汙名化植物啦。
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話說,我一直有個怪想法:既然護膚皂基本上和炸雞排裡的脂肪含有相同的成分→脂肪酸和甘油(為了保濕護膚,把甘油加回去),只是鹹了點、鹼性了點。那麼如果當我落難荒島,在包裹裡找到一盒肥皂,我能不能啃肥皂以獲得和脂肪相當的熱量而活下去,或是吃了會翹翹?
是這樣,正常腸胃消化過程中,由「胰腺」分泌的胰液和「肝臟」分泌的膽汁,在十二指腸混合的時候,雞排的油就會像肥皂一樣被拆成脂肪酸和甘油進而被血液吸收了。乳糜化、然後皂化,是十二指腸的正常生理過程。
這麼說,吃肥皂不是只替身體省了一步驟嗎XD?但仔細再想,這裡會遇到的問題和植物皂素會造成的腸胃道傷害類似:大量的脂肪酸鹽會破壞細胞。我們的細胞膜基本上就是兩層油脂,遇到清潔劑就會開始被溶解破裂。更別提肥皂還有高滲透壓......腸子會GG 在性命危急時,是否要先用酸(例如胃酸)把肥皂轉換為中性才能吃呢? #千空醬我問問你
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剛剛也說到苦茶,台語中肥皂有兩個講法,第一個是「雪文」(Sap-bûn)←來自葡萄牙語 sabão,拉丁語 sebum 的意思是動物脂肪。也就是說皮脂腺 sebaceous gland 和肥皂 soap 都是同一個字的衍伸,就像肥皂是由他要洗掉的油製成的,拿摸奇怪。
第二個講法是「茶箍」(tê-khoo),是由於苦茶籽放進榨油機壓榨後,留下來的圓餅狀苦茶籽的殘渣(箍=圓,例如桶箍)被人們發現遇水會起泡——其實這又是皂素的作用啦。皂素是一種雜七雜八的統稱,可以是各種形狀的植物性分子,有「界面活性」即是。
我們能想像有這樣標榜的肥皂廠商「本產品完全天然,不含任何界面活性劑」,可是瑞凡,肥皂——不管是皂素還是脂肪酸鹽,94界面活性劑啊,那可是字典定義。
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說到胰臟的酵素可以把油脂分解,中國北方叫肥皂「胰子」或是「豬胰子」,是因為不曉得哪位天才屠戶發現,把豬的胰腺和腸繫膜的脂肪混合、剁碎,和一些草木灰、香料等物混合成的產物可以用來洗滌......可以,這很肥皂!化學上是相同的。
所以當終於在現代,北方中國人接觸到(終於流行起洗澡愛乾淨的)歐洲所進口的(其實製法源自於伊斯蘭帝國的)香皂的時候,會把香皂叫做「洋胰子」了。不,其實我們都念嚕啦拉。
久久一更新,取材很費心,希望大家不棄嫌看得開心,不太每日的每日一冷,我們下次見!by科宅
石膏板種類 在 營養師媽媽Priscilla Youtube 的最佳貼文
豆腐營養價值 高, 但吃太多豆腐會有害處嗎? 豆腐每天吃多少 ? 營養師分析 豆腐營養價值 , 含植物雌激素, 鈣質, 如何吃才可以得到最大好處? 營養師為你剖析 豆腐可以天天吃嗎?
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