上次同大家分享COVID現有的不同治療方案
今日跟大家分享下當一個國家COVID爆發時需要大量接種COVID疫苗時面對的困難和難題
***以下內容只作分享用途,所有臨床診斷的考慮請跟隨個別醫院指引***
首先講講全球最常見較為有效而又打了很多劑的疫苗
Adenovirus vector: AZ and J&J
mRNA: Pfizer-BNT and Moderna
至於另一款疫苗如Novavax或台灣高端由於打的人數不多,就沒有太多數據分享
第一件事要認清的是,由於Delta的出現,疫苗並非神藥,以往大家期望的群體免疫在original或alpha上可能可以達到,但在delta蔓延的今日,似乎有難度。
根據大名鼎鼎的NEJM的研究,兩劑AZ對symptomatic infection的保護率大約為67%、而Pfizer-BNT的保護率大約為88%。不過可惜的是同時間有一些研究,例如牛津大學研究發現當接種疫苗過一段時間後,保護力會漸減,BNT尤其受到時間的影響。
另外,初步數據顯示針對delta,疫苗並不能像alpha或original一樣大幅減少打完疫苗的人的病毒含量。打了疫苗的人的病毒含量跟沒打的相當接近,不過疫苗對防止出現病徵和重症或死亡非常有效,只耐何疫苗來得太遲,delta搶先在世上出現。同時初步數據顯示Delta似乎較alpha/original更大機會出現重症和住院的機會,尤其於年輕人身上,不過這需要更多數據支持。
這代表面對惡名昭彰的Delta,我們不能再依靠打疫苗去保護他人,因為疫苗並不能夠阻止delta asymptomatic transmission。當打完疫苗後的病毒量一樣高時,唯一可以做的便是靠打疫苗保護自己,減低自己感染、住院、重症和死亡風險。
不過當大量接種疫苗時,便會出現一些罕有的副作用,這些副作用醫護人員必須Alert的,而處理這些懷疑的副作用亦對醫療系統造成沉重的負擔。但目前所有大型研究都顯示,疫苗副作用造成對醫療系統的負擔跟任由COVID爆發的社會和醫療成本相比是兩個不同級數的事。
================================
VITTS - Vaccine-induced immune thrombosis thrombocytopenic syndrome
在adenovirus vector的疫苗身上被發現罕有地會出現這種病症。初步數據是懷疑因為出現platelet factor 4 (PF-4) antibodies,原理跟HITTS (Heparin Induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic syndrome)類似。
VITTS多數會出現Cerebral Venous Sinus或Splanchnic thrombosis,但亦可在一般常見的血栓位置,例如DVT or PE but much less likely
一般臨床上可能會出現劇烈頭痛/腹痛/成因不明的瘀血(Petechiae)等等,較常於第一劑的4-42日內出現,亦較常見於年輕女性身上 機率視乎人種和年齡和研究的地方,歐洲數據為約0.00034%的機會出現。同時驗血報告中亦會發現血小板偏低和D-dimer偏高以及positive anti-PF4。
不過值得注意的是即使病發初期血小板和d-dimer正常都不一定沒有VITTS,個別個案可以於24-48小時後才出現這些features,視乎clinical suspicion, serial review and FBC might be indicated
================================
心肌炎及心包炎Myocarditis and pericarditis
在mRNA疫苗身上發現的已知罕有副作用,常見炎第二針後的年輕男性(30歲以下)身上,大多於接種第二針後第1-5日後出現,多以心口痛、心悸、暈厥(Syncope)、呼呼短促(SOB)等呈現,病發機率視乎人種、年齡和性別,美國數據為Myocarditis/Pericarditis - 12.6/million = 0.000126% (American Heart Association)
成因未完全了解,但似乎跟免疫系統激活的過程有關(詳情refer AHA report)。大部分患者病情相對輕微,個別患者可能有ECG dynamic changes, ST elevation, troponin rise, mild reduced LvEF on echo,但大部分患者都在短期內出院with full recovery (96% as per AHA)
值得注意的是,myocarditis在歷史上的其他疫苗例如流感、乙肝、天花(small pox)等等都有罕有的機會出現,約10-20 individual/100000 per year
同時感染COVID或其他病毒性感染的話亦可能會出現myocarditis,臨床懷疑的話或需要ECG, troponin, CXR, +/- echo +/- cardiac MRI
=================================
任何醫療選擇都有風險,當一個國家進行社區大型接種時,便需要處理這些問題,英美兩大國的經驗其實為世人提供了好多寶貴實用的資訊,好讓大家不用走冤枉路。
隨著時間的過去,愈來愈多數據和研究讓大家自行分析,多讀書多看研究才不會被任何人誤導,緊記保持批判性思考,無論任何人的高見都別不經消化和思考去接受。
Reference for further reading
1. ATAGI statement ATAGI statement regarding COVID-19 vaccines in the setting of transmission of the Delta variant of concern
https://www.health.gov.au/news/atagi-statement-regarding-covid-19-vaccines-in-the-setting-of-transmission-of-the-delta-variant-of-concern
2. NEJM - Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2108891
3. Oxford University Studies Preprint - Vaccines still effective against Delta variant of concern, says Oxford-led study of the COVID-19 Infections Survey
https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-08-19-vaccines-still-effective-against-delta-variant-concern-says-oxford-led-study-covid
4. AHA - Myocarditis With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135
Photo: internet
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|Ze and Zir|
今年受邀參與韓國 Asia Culture Center 的展覽《Solidarity as Spore》,主題為各種形式的愛(Love: in all its forms and inclusivity) 。2019年,台灣成為亞洲第一個同性婚姻合法化的國家,同一年,Ze 與 Zir 在 2019 年正式收錄於牛津英語辭典,將特指單一性別的 He or she 取代成中性的代名詞。作品也類比成華文的「也」,取下「他」或者「她」的性別部首符號,作為這次創作的核心理念。
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二元社會性別是所有性別問題的根源,當人們選擇成為伴侶、選擇衣著、選擇以一種特定形象生活時,捨棄掉性別的標籤就可以超脫目前所有的問題,我們不需要透過刻板印象來建立自我價值,自己可以隨意建立個人識別象徵而不需要參考模範,滿足任何有限的想像空間。
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作品呈現三幅動態視覺系列稿,同時在垂直並排的三面螢幕重複播放,它們各自擁有不同的主題。打破性別刻板印象,沒有男孩應該要做什麼,女孩應該要做什麼,呈現更自由的性別氣質與性向。女人不用一定要穿高跟鞋,男人也可以喜歡化妝。
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最後,一個彩色的玻璃球穿梭在各個畫面中,打破界線劃破三個螢幕的彩色玻璃球,劃破時間與空間。
|Sydney Sie / Zen Yun Zon,
|Ze and Zir, 2020. Three-channel
|video, color, silent, 2 min.
|Commissioned by Asia Culture
|Center; courtesy of the artist.
|Special Thanks: 親愛的 Aaron Nieh (✾♛‿♛) 聶永真 Aaron Nieh / Elise Chen
————————————————
If there were no genders, it should not cause any troubles to say “ze has loved cars since childhood”, “ze dreams to become a ballet dancer”, or “ze loves zir deeply and wants to spend zir life with zir”.
Gender binary is the source of all gender troubles. If people could choose to become partners, how to dress and how to present themselves in life without gender labels, then we no longer need to establish self-value by conforming to gender stereotypes. An individual could build a personal image freely without referring to gender roles and instead according to their unlimited imagination.
Taiwan became the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage in 2019. In the same year, the Oxford English Dictionary update included gender-neutral third-person pronouns Ze and Zir. With a similar spirit, we experiment with removing the radicals of Chinese characters “他(he)”/“她(she)”, reinventing the character “也” as the potential gender-neutral pronoun and using it as the core concept of this creative project.
The work consists of three moving posters, which will be displayed in loop on three aligned, vertical screens, each with a different theme. We incorporate elements of gender stereotypes in these images while seeking to break the traditional gender framework through a visual dynamic, as well as to discover more freedom in gender expression. There is no “should”; women don’t need to wear heels and men can enjoy putting on makeup.
Lastly, a colorful glass ball travels through the images on the screens, metaphorically crossing the boundaries of time and space.
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● Solidarity as Spore
● Dates: May 14–October 25, 2020 (opening May 13)
● Venue: Asia Culture Center (https://new.acc.go.kr), Gwangju, South Korea
● Organized by: Asia Culture Institute (http://aci-k.kr) and Asia Culture Canter
● Artistic director: Kim Sung Won
● Contributing curators: Bojana Piškur, Vali Mahlouji, Museo de la Solidaridad
Salvador Allende, Sulki and Min, Goto Tetsuya, Kim Seong Hee, and Seo Dongjin
● Overarching theme: history of Non-Aligned Movement and its relevance to the
contemporary artistic practice in Asia
Section Participants
● Bae Minkee (Seoul, South Korea)
● Gideon Jamie (Singapore)
● So Hashizume (Tokyo, Japan)
● Saki Ho (Hong Kong, China)
● Hong Eunjoo (Seoul, South Korea)
● Sueh Li (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)
● Scarlett Xin Meng (Shanghai, China)
● Rikako Nagashima (Tokyo, Japan)
● Nguyen Giang (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)
● Januar Rianto (Jakarta, Indonesia)
● Shin In-ah (Seoul, South Korea)
● Sydney Sie and Zen Yun Zon (Taipei, Taiwan)
● Yui Takada (Tokyo, Japan)
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