母語者比較不會用英文溝通?
Wut...?
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When it comes to communicating in English with an international audience, native speakers don’t always do so well.
若要以「英語」與國際聽眾進行交流,母語者未必能與非母語者進行有效地溝通。
Sometimes, such inability to accommodate non-native speakers can lead to substantial financial losses for multinational companies.
有時,無法考量非母語者的溝通需求,可能會使跨國公司蒙受巨大的經濟損失。
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《NPR》報導:
Picture this: A group of nonnative English speakers is in a room. There are people from Germany, Singapore, South Korea, Nigeria and France. They're having a great time speaking to each other in English, and communication is smooth.
•picture(v.) 想像,設想
•have a great time doing sth 做某事很開心
•smooth 順利的,流暢的
想像一下:一群母語非英語的人同在一個房間裡。有來自德國、新加坡、韓國、奈及利亞以及法國的人。他們開心地以英語交談,而整體的溝通也相當流暢。
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And then an American walks into the room. The American speaks quickly, using esoteric jargon ("let's take a holistic approach") and sports idioms ("you hit it out of the park!"). And the conversation trickles to a halt.
•esoteric 極不尋常的;只有少數人(尤指內行)才懂的;限於小圈子的
•jargon 行話,行業術語
•a holistic approach 全面性的方法 ; 完整取向、全方位取向
•sports idioms 體育相關的成語,慣用語
•trickle to a halt 遂逐漸停止
•trickle 從…向下滴(或淌)
*hit/knock the ball out of the park 字面上的意思是「把球打出棒球場」,慣用語的意思則是「某事做的非常好,令人驚艷」。
結果,有個美國人走進房間。這位美國人說話很快,使用少數人才懂的的術語(「讓我們採用整全的方式」)以及與體育相關的成語(「你把球打出了公園!*」)。整場談話遂逐漸停止。
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Decades of research shows that when a native English speaker enters a conversation among nonnative speakers, understanding goes down. Global communication specialist Heather Hansen tells us that's because the native speaker doesn't know how to do what nonnative speakers do naturally: speak in ways that are accessible to everyone, using simple words and phrases.
•communication specialist 溝通專家
•accessible 可以理解的;易懂的
數十年的研究表明,當母語為英語的人參與非母語者之間的談話時,理解力會下降。全球溝通專家 Heather Hansen 告訴我們,這是因為母語者無法自然地以非母語者的方式來溝通:以大家都能接受的方式交談——使用簡單的詞彙與片語。
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And yet, as Hansen points out, this more accessible way of speaking is often called "bad English." There are whole industries devoted to "correcting" English that doesn't sound like it came from a native British or American speaker. …It turns out that these definitions of "good" and "bad" English may be counterproductive if our goal is to communicate as effectively as possible.
•point sth out 指出
•turn out …地發生(或發展);結果是(尤指出乎意料的結果)
•counterproductive 産生相反效果的;産生相反作用的;事與願違的,適得其反的
惟正如 Hansen 所指出,這種所謂更容易理解的說話方式,通常被稱為「破英語」。也有行業致力於「糾正」那些聽起來不像英國或美國母語者的英語。⋯⋯事實證明,如果我們的目標是盡可能地有效交流,那麼這些對「好」英語與「壞」英語的定義可能會適得其反。
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A balance needs to be struck. There is also a clear difference between helping students improve their English in a classroom and being overly judgmental in a business meeting (or on the Internet ><).
就我個人而言,我認為在這種情況下需探求一個平衡點。在課堂上幫助他人提高英語能力,以及在國際商務會議(或網路上)中過於苛刻,這兩者顯然有極大的區別。
However, if the goal is to communicate effectively with an international audience, native speakers could be more accommodating. At least, that's the view taken by the articles below.
但以下文章認為,若母語者的目標是有效地溝通,那麼在以英語與國際聽眾交流時,母語者應表現得更加隨和。
*accommodating 樂於助人的;與人方便的;通融的
完整NPR報導:https://n.pr/3y6g9IM
BBC相關報導:https://bbc.in/3h5MkCy
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圖片出處: https://bit.ly/3x2lr7X
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[英文學習] 到底該如何閱讀英文?
Extensive, intensive, or narrow reading? What is skimming and scanning?
英語學習者經常被要求在課堂上以多種方式閱讀。有些學習者被要求開口朗誦,讀出每個單詞。有些學習者則默念於心以理解文本。但默讀時,學習者該略讀其要義還是掃讀關鍵細節?抑或專注於語言功能還是練習閱讀策略?
English learners are often asked to read in diverse ways in the classroom. Some are asked to read orally and sound out each word. Others are told to read silently for comprehension. However, when reading silently, should learners skim for essential meanings or scan for key details? Or should they focus on linguistic features and practice reading strategies?
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Oral Reading
在找到一種閱讀方法之前,讓我們來檢視一下不同的閱讀類型。朗誦需要老師或學生大聲地朗讀,並幫助學生掌握聲韻,幫助他們改進語調、腔調、重音與節奏。默讀則包含精讀、泛讀以及窄式閱讀。
Before we can address these questions and find a suitable reading approach, let’s examine what the different reading types are.
Oral reading involves the teacher or students reading aloud and helps students to develop prosody, improving their intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm. Silent reading consists of intensive, extensive, and narrow reading, amongst others.
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Intensive Reading
精讀需要學習者在特定的學習目標與任務中進行精細的閱讀。這通常是課堂上的要求,學生須專注在文法及標示語等細節。同時學生還須辨別關鍵詞彙,並在老師的指導下仔細且反覆地閱讀文本。其目的在於建立語言知識以及對字面意涵、言外之意與修辭關係的理解。閱讀材料通常是少於500字的文本,因為較長的文本可能導致閱讀時難以關注到所有細節。
Intensive reading refers to reading in detail with specific learning aims and tasks. It is typically classroom-based, and students focus on features such as grammar and discourse markers. Students also identify key vocabulary, and text is read carefully and repeatedly with instructor input. The aim is to build language knowledge and understanding of literal meaning, implications, and rhetorical relationships. The materials used are usually shorter texts of 500 words or less at a time because it might be too difficult to focus on so many details with longer texts.
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Narrow Reading
窄式閱讀可被視為一種特殊的精讀,它是基於「可理解輸入」此一概念,意即學生閱讀略高於自身語言能力的材料。如此一來,在老師的協助下,學生得以輕鬆地專注於新的語言特徵。在練習窄式閱讀時,教師通常會找同一作者或同一主題的文章。因此,關鍵詞彙與文法結構會重複出現,學生便有更多機會在稍異的文本中看到這些特徵。這是一種非常成功的方法,因為它可以增進學生對文本的理解。
Narrow reading can be classified as a specific type of intensive reading. It is based on the concept of comprehensible input, in which students read materials slightly above their current linguistic abilities. In this way, students can easily focus on new language features with the aid of their teacher. When practicing narrow reading, teachers can find texts by the same author or the same topic. Thus, key vocabulary and grammatical structures repeat themselves, and students get many opportunities to see these features in slightly different contexts. It is a highly successful method because the comprehension of the text is enhanced due to learner familiarity with the author and subject matter.
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Extensive Reading, Scanning & Skimming
另一方面,泛讀需要學習者閱讀較長的文章,甚至閱讀整本小說以自娛並發展一般的閱讀技巧。泛讀經常是課外活動,因為老師可能會覺得這無法有效利用課堂時間,或者老師不希望課堂上太過安靜。
泛讀可能需要兩項技能:掃讀與略讀。我們可以掃讀關鍵細節或略讀要義。略讀與掃讀可使讀者大致掌握文本涵意。這並非意味著您在精讀時就不能略讀或掃讀,只是精讀通常專注在學習並理解語言特徵。當代的教育政策格外強調泛讀,因為我們期許學習者可以自主學習,並在課外進行閱讀。就其核心理念而言,泛讀鼓勵語言學習者讀其所愛!
On the other hand, extensive reading involves learners reading longer texts and even complete novels for enjoyment, and it aids learners in developing general reading skills. Extensive reading is usually done outside the classroom because teachers might feel it is not an effective use of class time, or are just uncomfortable with the extended silence.
Scanning and skimming are two skills commonly used in extensive reading. Readers can scan for key details or skim for essential meaning. Reading quickly with skimming and scanning can give readers a global or general understanding of the materials. This does not mean students cannot skim or scan when reading intensively, but typically, intensive reading focuses on learning and understanding linguistic features. Extensive reading is stressed in contemporary education policies, as learners are expected to be autonomous and read outside of class. At its core, extensive reading encourages language learners to read what they like!
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How should you read?
既然您已大致瞭解這幾種閱讀方式,您決定好要使用哪一種了嗎?答案是——您需要視情況而定!若您想進行泛讀,可閱讀更多有趣的新聞。若想精讀,您可以分析段落並與老師以及同學們回答問題。若想使用窄式閱讀,您可以找同一作者的同一主題文章,並專注在語言特徵。有些人甚至想以朗誦的方式來加強韻律或是重複閱讀來增加流暢度。
Now that you have a glimpse of different reading approaches, have you decided which you will use? The "answer" is that you need each for a different situation! You can practice extensive reading when reading for pleasure, or intensive reading when analyzing paragraphs with your teachers and peers. As for narrow reading, you can find articles by the same author on the same topic and focus on language features. Some might even want to practice oral reading to improve prosody or repeated reading to increase fluency.
訓練有素的老師可以傳授您各種不同的閱讀方法與策略,如此您便可自行練習。但即便您知道該怎麼做,您是否有足夠的決心與毅力?您該如何選擇閱讀材料並且積累閱讀策略呢?
A trained teacher can provide you with approaches and strategies for each situation so you can practice them on your own. However, even when you know how to read, do you have the determination and perseverance to read or do so much? How do you select the right materials, and how do you acquire reading strategies?
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Narrow Reading Course
如果您需要這些閱讀技巧與學習方法,也想練習窄式閱讀,那麼王梓沅老師的英文課程可以幫助到您。王梓沅老師將窄式閱讀拓展為窄式學習法,在不同的媒體上關注同一作者的同一主題資料。他的課程還使用「成長心態」與「恆毅力」學習法,傳授學習者如何開始並持之以恆,而後成為自己成功路上的最佳導師!
If you need these reading and learning strategies and want to practice narrow reading, Alexander Wang’s course is the one for you. Alex expands the narrow reading approach into narrow learning, focusing on effective language learning by using materials from the same author, the same theme, but different media. His class also guides students in developing a growth mindset with an emphasis on grit, teaching learners how they can start and sustain their learning.
The class aims to help learners become their own teachers on their English learning journey!
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Check out his class here:
限時折扣,最後倒數 >>> https://bit.ly/34DG64O
推薦該課程的所有收益將捐獻給慈善機構。在收到資金並完成捐贈後,我將會發表一個公告。
All proceeds from the referral of the class will be donated to charity. I will make an announcement when the funds are received and donated.
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References
Gardner, D. (2008). Vocabulary recycling in children's authentic reading materials: A corpus-based investigation of narrow reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 20(1), 92-122.
Krashen, S. (2004). The case for narrow reading. Language Magazine 3(5):17-19.
MacLeod, M. (2013). Types of Reading. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
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english articles for students 在 6 Exceptional Online News Article Resources for ESL Students 的推薦與評價
Feb 22, 2021 - Breaking news bulletin: News articles are perfect for ... English in class Language School, Professional Development, Student Learning. ... <看更多>