TSC Protein Complex, mTOR Complex 1, and Downstream Effects. The tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) proteins, which include TSC1, TSC2, and TBC1D7, are negatively regulated by phosphorylation (+P) by AKT, ERK, and RSK, which are all core kinases that are activated during growth signaling. This complex is activated under hypoxia and on phosphorylation by AMPK in response to energy stress and functions as a GTPase-activating protein to negatively regulate RHEB, a Ras family member GTPase. RHEB-GTP activates mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1), which is also regulated by intracellular amino acid levels and has multiple direct kinase targets and even more secondary targets of phosphorylation. In some cases, the mechanism of regulation is not completely understood (as indicated by a dashed line). In aggregate, these transcription factors, translation factors, and enzymes lead to biosynthesis of ribosomes and other components that are needed for efficient translation, including ATP and amino acids, as well as lipid precursors, NADPH, nucleotides, RNA, and DNA, to enable an increase in cell size and growth. Arrows indicate stimulatory events, which at times are mediated by phosphorylation; blocked lines indicate inhibitory effects. Biallelic (complete) loss of TSC1 or TSC2 leads to the loss of negative regulatory effects of the TSC protein complex and constitutive activation of mTORC1. CAD denotes carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamoylase, dihydroorotase; EIF4E eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E; 4EBP1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; HIF1A hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; PPP pentose phosphate pathway; SREBP1 sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; and S6K1/2 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 and 2.
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過6萬的網紅Herman Yeung,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Note download 筆記下載 : https://hermanutube.blogspot.hk/2016/01/youtube-pdf.html -----------------------------------------------------------------------...
eukaryotic cell 在 Herman Yeung Youtube 的最讚貼文
Note download 筆記下載 : https://hermanutube.blogspot.hk/2016/01/youtube-pdf.html
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1. Cells and Molecules of Life 細胞與生命分子… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8pimOHKxXgEB4A7BkIU_fvE
2. Genetics and Evolution遺傳與進化… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qxXqviCcE59G2o2S-SZmLz
3A. Essential life processes in plants植物維持生命的活動… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8oaLqXiViAOyF-wt_wxD62w
3B. Essential life processes in animals動物維持生命的活動… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8petIdjLSGd9BbyfUcDdHim
3C. Reproduction, growth and development生殖、生長和發育... https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8ramUz1FlN0c8vG47a8qChA
3D. Coordination and response協調和反應… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8o6aa0bT1nTs5QbaBpJ69W7
3E. Homeostasis體內平衡… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qIF_r_7bLzL_gbkzL3NRiZ
3F. Ecosystems 生態系… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8qHQPt5HmieWo0EjPGnmD81
4. Health and Disease健康與疾病… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8oWMLSCZvYm_HxnOCnw0ePt
5. Human Physiology: Regulation and Control人體生理學︰調節與控制… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8r0Af7WKwjPf5Ih3hk4rRpw
6. Applied Ecology應用生物學… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8rbkiK9KEPGav6_z6otcqA7
7. Microorganisms and Humans微生物與人類… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8pA3IcS8sxv5JgWHZ0Ifvrk
8. Biotechnology生物工程… https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8oNgT2rFFmtFP_PBDbCqn0N
Notes Only Version : https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8osiwrVWzQRQ9wWCLgZUYS5
Definition 背誦︰
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HKDSE Biology Past Paper Solution :
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HKCEE Biology Past Paper Solution :
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eukaryotic cell 在 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells (Updated) - YouTube 的推薦與評價
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