【美國大選結果底定:談「安全港截止日」及最後的訴訟結束】
美國時間12月8日是一個重要的截止日,稱為「安全港截止日」(Safe Harbor Deadline)。這個日子是選舉人投票選出總統的前六天,按照聯邦法律,選舉人投票日是「十二月的第二個週三之後的週一」,今年是12月14日,所以Safe Harbor Deadline就是12月8日。
這個日期就是所有州層級司法訴訟要結束的日子,超過這個日期就不能再提新的訴訟了。法律中對安全港截止日的敘述是:「聯邦法律敦促各州將計票結果以紙本紀錄送交國家檔案局(National Archives),正式確認(certify)該州由哪方勝出。」不過其實因為美國州權很大,因此聯邦法律也沒有強制各州一定要在這個日期之前送出紙本認證,只有說「在切實可行範圍內盡快」(as soon as practicable)。截至昨天為止還有不少州還沒送到紙本紀錄。安全港截止日在實際意義上,就是要國家檔案局必須要清點各州已經認證過的選舉人票數了。
川普陣營在六個州提出將近五十件的選舉訴訟案,結果幾乎都是駁回或者自行撤回。但最新的發展是,德州檢察總長在這最後期限內,向聯邦最高法院提出訴訟,主張賓州、威州、密西根、喬治亞四州改變選舉規則的作法是違憲的。後續還有至少17州也提出法律意見書(Amicus Brief ),贊同德州的訴訟案。
美國時間週五(12月11日)晚間,最高法院駁回德州的訴訟,理由是:德州無法證明法律上他們有管轄其他州選務的權利(has not demonstrated a judicially cognizable interest in the manner in which another state conducts its elections,https://reurl.cc/Q3vKvo) 。也就是說,這個案子最高法院並沒有進入實質的審理程序,因為德州根本沒有資格提出這樣的訴訟。
外界對於這樣的結果並不意外(參考李中志老師:https://pse.is/39c7ak) ,因為美國地方事務高度分權,選務都是由各州負責,投票辦法都是經由各州議會通過,很難由某一州去指責其他州違憲。而且,只挑選拜登勝選的四州主張違憲,本身似乎就會違反憲法的公平保護原則。大選中由川普勝出且為共和黨執政的俄亥俄州提出法庭意見指出,這個訴訟案挑戰了聯邦體制最基本的原則:州權至上。
另外,在這之前,12月8日時最高法院做了一個裁決,駁回川普陣營在賓州提出的選舉官司。該官司是由該州的聯邦眾議員麥可凱利(Mike Kelly)提出,因為他認為賓州的通訊投票辦法違反美國憲法(但是,該通訊投票辦法是經由共和黨佔多數的州議會確認通過的)。最高法院只簡單說了一句:訴訟駁回。判決書上面留了一大片空白,這是滿罕見的狀況。
在2000年布希和高爾的佛州計票爭議中,最高法院正是在安全港截止日做出最後的裁決,而高爾也放棄挑戰結果。該次選舉,佛州經重新計票後雙方只差了五百多票,而該州就是決定勝負的最後一州,誰拿下佛州誰就贏,和這次挑戰選舉結果必須要挑戰超過四州以上狀況並不一樣。
接下來國會兩院將在1月6日正式清點選舉人票,所以就程序上來說,拜登真正成為總統的時候是這個日子。但就如同說們之前提過的,實務上沒有人會等到國會做確認,而是在開票完的時候,就會根據各州票數差距以及計票誤差來「預測」(project)選舉贏家。
在1月6日這天,國會議員可以挑戰選舉結果,但需要有至少一位眾議員加上至少一位參議員附議提出,並經兩院多數通過,才能夠拒絕認證選舉人投票的結果。前面提到最高法院駁回的德州訴訟案,就有126位共和黨眾議員(相當於三分之二的眾議院共和黨議員)連署聲明力挺。由此看來,選舉人投票後,由國會議員挑戰選舉結果的狀況,可能性不小。
截至此文寫作時,全美五十州的州務機關都已經正式認證選舉開票結果,最終選舉人票的比數是306:232。
註:目前大選結果還有一個懸念就是參院到底誰會掌控多數,這要看1月5日喬治亞州的兩席參議員第二輪決選。共和黨必須要至少拿到一席,才能防止民主黨掌握參院。
✨ 贊助觀測站:https://ustaiwanwatch.soci.vip/
not practicable 在 Charles Mok 莫乃光 Facebook 的精選貼文
【高院裁定警方上訴得直 查手機不必取法庭手令?】
有份覆核嘅Johnson無講錯:
//原訟庭的說法是: 除非係緊急情況下,不可在無搜查令下搜查被捕人手機。"cannot do warrantless search unless in exigent circumstances"
上訴庭現在的說法是:除非無合理可行的方法去拎到搜查令,才可以無手令下搜被捕人手機。"cannot do warrantless search unless not reasonably practicable to obtain warrant"//
(https://www.facebook.com/Jsycy/posts/2789882611108384)
不過......
判詞://218. In summary, we hold that the power to conduct a mobile phone search upon arrest can be exercised if:
(a) a warrant is obtained under Section 50(7); or
(b) when it is not reasonably practicable to obtain such warrant before a search is conducted, the police officer must also have a reasonable basis for having to conduct the search immediately as being necessary (i) for the investigation of the offence(s) for which the person was suspected to be involved, including the procurement and preservation of information or evidence connected with such offences; or (ii) for the protection of the safety of persons (including the victim(s) of the crime, members of the public in the vicinity, the arrested person and the police officers at the scene);//
即是說,一係(A)仍然攞法庭手令,一係(B)如果在合理情況下不可能即刻咁快攞到手令(即係話緊急啦),但都要「合理原因」,例如,啲證據會被刪除,或者要保護其他人人身安全云云。
乜法官大人你覺得警察會覺得有唔緊急、唔必要嘅情況咩?
即係(A)唔會發生,所有都係(B)。
你估班毅進會識得同你咬文嚼字,會識得諗你法官大人嘅邏輯?佢哋睇完CCTVB標題:『高院裁定警方上訴得直 查手機不必取法庭手令』,就乜都明晒啦!
要攞手令又如何?乜嘢陰招,包括攞手令喺警察總部,再搬哂啲手機去用黑客軟件打開,都無人奈得佢何啦,咁嘅『離奇手令』都有法官肯出啦!(上訴中)
阿法官大人仲話://有關警員須就搜查的目的及意圖保留書面記錄,及在不影響調查的情況下,將該副本交予被搜查人。//
說笑吧!可能一年無睇新聞,無睇電視(或者只睇CCTVB)。保留書面記錄?不如你建議將整個監察權力放落去《截取通訊及監察條例》(ICSO)管把啦,否則,鬼理你啦!其實,ICSO警察都唔多理?
不過,警方喺法庭上話「同意不提供智能電話密碼不屬『阻差辦公』」,亦扮哂嘢話「沒有密碼的話難以破解數碼內容」(唔係用緊我哋問極都唔肯答嘅Cellbrite之流黑客軟件破解嘅咩?)。話就話唔需要向警方提供手機密碼,咁手足試下唔俾密碼,測試下你有幾多條命?揼到你俾吧?
設計對白:
PC: 當時情況混亂,無機會寫低....
CP:我訓斥咗佢啦!
律師:佢留院中,出唔到庭
法官:.....
IPCC: 雙方證人N比一,投訴不成立。
想唔話法庭離地都唔得。你放條路警察,加啲要求限制,好似好合理,又好保障市民權益,多謝先,你話警暴?今次單案唔係審呢啲,法庭無理由唔信警察嘅。係咪?難怪咁多香港人對法庭和法治已經失去信心。
民陣成員被沒收手機案 警獲判上訴得直 可按情況下無法庭手令下查被捕者手機 但不交出密碼非阻差
https://www.thestandnews.com/politics/%E6%B0%91%E9%99%A3%E6%88%90%E5%93%A1%E8%A2%AB%E6%B2%92%E6%94%B6%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1%E6%A1%88-%E4%B8%8A%E8%A8%B4%E5%BA%AD%E8%A3%81%E8%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%8A%E8%A8%B4%E5%BE%97%E7%9B%B4-%E6%9F%A5%E9%96%B1%E7%96%91%E7%8A%AF%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1%E9%9D%9E%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E6%9C%89%E6%89%8B%E4%BB%A4/
not practicable 在 余海峯 David . 物理喵 phycat Facebook 的最讚貼文
港大校長宣布停課至二月十七號。
//Dear colleagues and students,
In light of the latest development of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak, classes at the University will be suspended after the Chinese New Year holidays and will resume Monday, February 17, 2020. Detailed arrangements about in-class examinations, online teaching and make-up classes will be announced in due course.
Non-local students who are in Hong Kong are advised to stay in Hong Kong during the period when classes are suspended. Those who are not in Hong Kong at present should consider not returning to Hong Kong at this point in time. Research postgraduates should discuss their study plans with their supervisors.
We have strengthened preventive measures as far as practicable across the University. However, students and colleagues, especially those in residential halls, should take proper precautions related to personal hygiene and prevention of transmission or infection. Please consult the advice and announcements provided by the University Health Service at http://www.uhs.hku.hk/phpedpr/novel_infectious_disease_of_PH_significance.php
In order to safeguard the health of all University members, and to be able to provide appropriate assistance to affected individuals, all students and colleagues returning from Mainland China must complete an online health screening form, which will be emailed to University members.
The campus will remain open, and office and research labs will continue to operate, but heads of units and supervisors should communicate clearly with colleagues about working arrangements and exercise discretion regarding staffing flexibility as necessary, including work at home arrangements for some colleagues.
Events on campus in the coming weeks, especially events involving a large number of participants, should be rescheduled or cancelled.
The University has established a Task Force on Infectious Diseases, chaired by Vice-President (IA) Professor Norman Tien, to continually monitor and assess the situation. We will post updates to the University’s FaceBook page, HKU App and HKU Portal and website as appropriate and send bulk emails as necessary.
Please stay vigilant and continue to make your personal health a top priority.
Professor Xiang Zhang
President and Vice-Chancellor//
not practicable 在 practicable中文(繁體)翻譯:劍橋詞典 的相關結果
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大量翻译例句关于"are not practicable" – 英中词典以及8百万条中文译文例句搜索。 ... Regarding the Group's financial assets, it is not practicable to provide ... ... <看更多>