核廢監督專家:核安不能靠運氣,如何抵抗核能工業的環境不正義?(06/29/2021 the News Lens關鍵評論)
我們想讓你知道的是 : 美國看似先進,核工業卻習於侵害印地安人權利,壓迫底層、而政府則是管制失靈,而從美國的結構性問題反觀國內,類以的場景也在臺灣發生。
從鈾礦開採到高階核廢的處理,核工業集眾多環境不公義於一身。但核工業數十年來卻一再對外宣傳,最終處置高階核廢只是技術問題。近年來核工業更聲稱,先進反應爐的技術指日可待,唯有核能才能穩定供電,並因應迫切的氣候危機。
為了幫助民眾理解核電與氣候議題,綠色公民行動聯盟特別於2021年5月15日邀請美國反核運動的代表人物、超越核能(Beyond Nuclear)核廢監督專家凱文.坎普斯(Kevin Kamps)發表線上演講,探討北美核工業所造成的社會與環境壓迫以及環境運動者的持續抵抗,並以北美經驗說明核能為何無法減緩氣候危機。
坎普斯曾多次代表美國非營利組織與美國聯邦高層官員會面,包括能源部 、核能管理委員會和環境保護局。此外,他也就相關核能議題,教育國會辦公室官員和在聽證會作證。他曾於2010年1月於佛蒙特州眾議院與參議院的聯合聽證會上,就反應爐放射性洩漏的風險作證。幾週後,佛蒙特州參院遂以26票比4票的決定,關閉佛蒙特洋基核電廠(Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station)。此事也為反核運動寫下重要一頁。
坎普斯於演講中分析核能因應氣候變遷的能力、核燃料鍊不同階段所造成的社會、環環壓迫,乃至於軍工複合體在核工業所扮演的角色。
核電自顧不暇、又如何抗暖化?
綠色公民行動聯盟指出,今年8月台灣即將舉行「重啟核四」的公投,再加上513與517兩次停電事故,引發民眾關切能源議題。有人主張必須續建核四以避免日後發生類似事故。然而,核電需要三天才能達到滿載,是能力最差的救援投手,一旦發生故障,耗用的恢復時間不僅最長、更會造成整個供電系統極大的負擔。此外,核電在極端氣候漸成常態,一遇到酷寒或酷熱就自身難保,又如何能承擔減碳、抗暖化的任務?
關於核電能否因應氣候災害的研究汗牛充棟,坎普斯首先建議台灣聽眾可以先從美國史丹佛大學學者雅各森(Mark Jacobson)、洛文斯(Amory Lovins)、美國能源和環境研究所(the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research)主席馬凱賈尼(Arjun Makhijani)、該所首席科學家史密斯 (Brice Smith)與英國薩塞克斯大學(University of Sussex)學者索瓦庫爾( Benjamin K. Sovacool )等5名學者所發表的研究入手。這些研究明確顯示,核能無法解決氣候問題,再生能源方能減緩氣候危機。
坎普斯用以下幾個例子說明核電何以無法因應氣候危機。
2011年6月密蘇里河淹入內布拉斯加州的卡爾洪堡核電廠(The Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station),業者竟僅僅以砂包阻擋洪水。當時廠內因火災使得冷卻系統失法電力。業者因該嚴重事故停機3年後,再於2016年永久關閉卡爾洪堡核電廠。
同樣的場景也在內布拉斯加州古柏核電廠(Cooper Nuclear Station)上演。密蘇里河於2011年氾濫時,業者為了省錢,僅以堆置沙包因應洪患。古柏核電廠所使用的馬克一型沸水反應爐與福島核災爐心熔燬的反應爐為同型設計。(奇異公司刻意設計用過燃料棒冷卻池緊臨反應爐壓力槽 。如此一來,業者在取出用過燃料棒置於冷卻池時,不僅移動距離最短,也最省錢。) 若核電廠不幸失去電力,發生核災,情況就會與福島核災如出一轍。
內布拉斯加州尚有其它與極端氣候相關的天災人禍。例如密蘇里河流域有諸多大小不一的水壩,一旦密蘇里河氾濫造成水壩潰堤,就會造成內陸海嘯,吞噬該州的核子設施。
核子設施不只難以因應海嘯、洪患、高溫、也無法抵禦嚴寒。2021年2月中旬暴風雪侵襲德州。當時德州的核電廠冷卻水系統結凍,業者為避免反應爐溫度持續升高導致爐心熔燬,因此被迫停機。
核工業的社會和環境壓迫
與台灣多數民眾的印象正好相反,北美核工業絕非進步的象徵,而是立基於社會和環境壓迫。
核電背後的政治絕對不該化約為技術問題,而核工業的壓迫要從核燃料鍊源頭看起:採礦。坎普斯認為,發展核工業的過程中,政府、業者迫害北美原住民的事件並非個案,而是層出不窮的常態。
早在1930年代,曼哈頓計畫尚未開始前,加拿大第一民族(First Nation)(即原住民族)就飽受礦業的輻射危害所苦。加拿大於1930年在西北地區大熊湖(Great Bear Lake)發現鈾礦,鐳港(Port Radium)是大熊湖東岸的一個重要礦區,業者僱用第一民族甸尼人(Dene)開採鐳礦,結果甸尼族曠工因受到輻射曝露病故,身後只留下了寡婦村。
在二戰後美國大量製造核武,鈾原料需求持續增加,也使得開採鈾礦的公衛後果如影隨形。
艾利特湖(Elliot Lake)位於加拿大安大略省,也是一個以湖泊命名的城市。該市於1950年代大規模開採鈾礦後,具有氡氣的鈾尾礦堆積如山。因採礦時酸性徑流污染土壤森林,亦使氡氣釋放到空氣中,造成礦工肺癌和環境浩劫。由於工人多為經濟弱勢的原住民, 所以坎普斯引述當地部落領袖觀點,指稱:「用金錢收買飢餓之人,何來道德可言?」
加拿大開採鈾曠壓迫社經弱勢群體的情況也持續至今。加拿大常年以來是世界上最大的鈾礦出口國,自發現鈾礦後,境內的薩斯喀徹溫省(Saskatchewan)、不列顛哥倫比亞省、西北地區都有鈾礦場,境內更有24座反應爐。
不只加拿大,核能、核武為同一燃料鍊和產業鍊,持續造成巨大壓迫也在美國上演。坎普斯分析, 美國官方認定原住民善良可欺之事早在1942年時見於官方記戴。美籍義大利物理學家費米(Enrico Fermi)是世界第一座核子反應爐芝加哥1號機(Chicago Pile-1)的製造者。該反應爐是曼哈頓計畫的一部分,首度於1942年12月2日產出鈾裂變連鎖反應。 當時曼哈頓計畫主事者以「發現新大陸 」比喻製造出全球首座反應爐的冷酷對話,已經預示了北美印地安人未來的命運。
「義大利航海家已經登陸新世界。」
「當地原住民如何?」
「非常友善。」
美國核工業迫害原住民族之事,從新墨西哥州教堂岩(the Church Rock)鈾礦廠災害可見一斑。該廠區於1979年7月16日發生放射性尾礦處理池決堤的洩漏,池內具有酸性、重金屬、硫酸鹽等質物的輻射污水不僅污染了地下水,更使得居住於普埃科河(Puerco River)下游的亞利桑那州納瓦霍族(Navajo Nation)牧民首當其衝,當地人平日灌溉、畜牧、飲用和賴以維生的河水成了輻射污水,卻從未獲得賠償。
1970年教堂岩鈾礦廠污染事件,與二戰期間輻射污染事件有著相近的模式。
坎普斯指陳,美國於1945年7月16日首次於新墨西哥州試爆原子彈,該次試爆是曼哈頓計畫的一部分,行動代號為三位一體(Trinity)。美軍在7月16日所試爆的原子彈與日本長崎原爆的原子彈同型。兩個不同年代的事件卻殊途同歸。1945年7月16日新墨西哥州核武試爆,輻射落塵下風處的印地安人與1979年7月16日受輻射廢水毒害的下游牧民,至今並未得到美國政府和核工業的賠償。
然而處於核武試爆、核武工廠、鈾礦場、鈾燃料廠等污染場址的核子落塵下風處或下游處的居民,並不僅止於新墨西哥州、亞利桑那州,美國境內尚有內華達州、華盛頓州、俄勒岡州 、猶他州、南卡羅來納州和愛達荷州等地的居民,分別曝露於核武和和核能燃料鍊不同階段的輻射污染。受害民眾除了美洲原住民,尚有經濟弱勢的美國民眾。
位於南卡羅來納州的西屋核燃料廠污染場址就是一例,廠區的鈾洩漏持續污染當地的土壤、地下水長達數十年,但核管會和西屋卻一再坐視污染發生。更有甚者,南卡羅來納州境內除了西屋鈾洩漏的災難尚有其他核子設施污染。聯邦政府早在1950年代就在該州建立薩凡納河基地(The Savannah River Site)生產核武所需要的核子材料。基地附近居民多為非裔美國人。
基地鄰近尚有液態核廢料棄置場、薩凡納河國家實驗室製造核武的氚設施、乃至於位於巴納韋爾(Barnwell)的低階核廢貯存場收受來自康乃狄克州和紐澤西州的核廢。而南卡羅來納州與與喬治亞州交界處,還有一座全美最大的沃格特爾核電廠(Vogtle Electric Generating Plant),廠內有4座機組。
核能、核武燃料鍊同出一源
坎普斯力陳,艾森豪於1953年所宣傳的「原子能和平用途 」根本是以核電掩飾核武的手法。首先,當年的反應爐是由美國海軍興建和營運,再者,美國在1970年代前只有少數反應爐真正用於發電,所以不論是開採鈾礦與發展軍事民生兩用的反應爐都是為了發展核武。
關於核能、核武同出一源之事,美國官方說得再清楚不過。莫尼茲(Ernest Moniz)曾於歐巴馬主政時期擔任能源部長。他近年明言,美國政府必須持續補貼核能產業,方能維持核武優勢。這種共生關係也說明了核工業為何會一再申請老舊機組延役,堅持要運作至80年、甚至於100年。
即使核電廠設備老舊、無法與再生能源競爭,核工業都因政府大方補貼,而有恃無恐。坎普斯直言,美國核工業向來能用錢買到最好的民主(The best democracy money can buy)。核工業者以6000萬美金賄賂俄亥俄州議會議長、議員,使得州議會為境內兩座危老反應爐通過10億美金的「紓困」計畫,而核工業買通州議會的作法也是該州有史以來最大的醜聞。
坎普斯相信,核工業產官一體的現象不是美國獨有,各國皆是如此,例如日本國會所公布的調查報告直指,福島核災是日本政府、東京電力公司與管制機關間的勾結、腐敗和犯罪(collusion, corruption, and criminality)所導致的人禍。所以反核運動就是抵抗體制的力量。
核電無法與社會、環境和平共存
美國原住民和非裔人口在核能與核武工業發展過程中首當其衝,但其他人口密集和水資源豐富的地區也同樣面臨輻射危害的威脅。例如鄰近紐約市的印地安角核電廠(Indian Point Energy Center)雖然已經在2021年4月30日關閉,但高階核廢乃持續污染地下水。
坎普斯表示,身為密西根人,他非常熟悉核子設施遍佈五大湖區、形成核子熱點的情況。目前核電廠、核燃料加工設施、核廢料處理乃至於鈾尾礦場址圍繞於休倫湖、密西根湖、伊利湖和安大略湖 。
五大湖所組成湖泊為全球面積最大的淡水水域。坎普斯憂慮,湖區四週遍佈核子設施,一旦遭遇天災、人禍,輻射危害影響所及會是地球表面21%的淡水和全美84%的淡水。
因坎普斯長年關注美加邊境五大湖區的核電和核廢議題,所以他曾代表美加環境團體,於加拿大核能安全委員會所辦的聽證會作證,說明核電和核廢的跨境影響。
川普雖然已經下台,但坎普斯對拜登政府所說的氣候承諾卻不表樂觀。目前拜登政府已任命新墨西哥州的勒瓜那普韋布洛(Laguna Pueblo)印地安女性哈蘭德(Debra Anne Haaland)擔任內政部長。哈蘭德深知,該州的傑克派爾(Jackpile)鈾礦區緊鄰當地部落所致的健康和環境危害。
坎普斯判斷,任命哈蘭德之事應與拜登政府的其他高層人事安排相互對照。例如拜登的氣候顧問麥卡錫(Gina McCarthy)於2013年至2017年間擔任歐巴馬政府環境保護局局長,卻坐視密西根州弗林特市(Flint)飲用水受到鉛污染的災難,傷害當地經濟弱勢的非裔美國民眾。
拜登政府高層也多與核工業、化石燃料業交好,如能源部長格蘭霍姆(Jennifer Granholm),這也呼應坎普斯先前所提的事實,抵抗美國核工業的過程會是個與體制對抗的漫長過程。
當日聽眾線上參與和提問相當踴躍。坎普斯在短講前多次表達想與聽眾交換意見,以下為他演講活動當日的答問記要。
問:美國意圖發展小型反應爐、比爾.蓋茲等人聲稱新一代反應爐更加安全、可當成暖化解方,講者的看法為何?
坎普斯答道:所謂的「新型反應爐」其實都是老舊設計。「新型反應爐」過去研發屢屢失敗,未來也是所費不貲、重蹈覆轍 。蓋茲的反應爐計畫並不是自己拿錢去投資,而是藉著核能和核武為同一個產業鍊,想方設法爭取美國能源部的補貼。
1979年三哩島核電廠發生核災時,反爐爐正是當年的新型設計(三哩島2號機於1978年12月30日運轉,1979年3月28日2號機發生部分爐心熔毁)。車諾比核災發生時,反應爐也是當時的新型設計。在福島第一核電廠發生爐心熔毁後,核管會不僅拒絕採取管制作為,更聲稱發生爐心熔毁的機率微乎其微。
此外,美國核管會允許小型反應爐省去安全設計以節省成本,想走捷徑只會使「新型反應爐」比更過往更危險。
問:台灣的核四廠已經是40年前的設計,在尚未完工階段封存至今,如果要啟用會有哪些風險?
坎普斯答道:台灣核四廠為40年前的舊設計,無法針對35年前車諾比核災、10年前福島核災所面臨的挑戰做出改善。美國田納西州瓦特斯巴核電廠(The Watts Bar Nuclear Plant)是個類似案例。兩座反應爐始建於1973年,2016年2號機才完工商轉,但之後卻多次停機。
此外,反應爐無論新、舊一樣無法解決核廢問題。新型反應爐更依賴以核燃料再處理技術分離鈾、鈽等核種,這類高危險的技術,不僅昂貴、高污染,更增加核武擴散的風險。
問:對台灣的核一、核二廠區核安有何建議?例如加強鋼板和水泥?對於核四位於斷層帶的看法?
核電廠坐落於斷層帶附近或斷層帶上本身就令人憂心,因為不論用任何技術強化廠區安全都無法阻止地震發生。
美國過去已有管制機關勾結業者的醜聞,如核管會的前身、原子能委員會(The United States Atomic Energy Commission)確知維吉尼亞州的北安娜核電廠(The North Anna Nuclear Generating Station )就位於斷層帶,卻隱匿斷層帶事證,業者更企圖使核電廠延役運作至80年。
司法部原先想起訴原能會官員,但真要追究,只會使政府顏面掃地,所以事情就不了了之。
維吉尼亞州於2011年8月23日發生芮氏規模5.8地震,當時震央距離北安娜核電廠只有15英哩(約24公里)。地震卻已經造成核電廠冷卻系統損壞和冷卻池洩漏。這也顯示,美國核電廠常與核災擦身而過。福島核災的教訓就是:要確保核安絕不能只憑運氣。
問:上週看到美國漢福德核廢料貯存桶破裂外洩的新聞,請問講者可否說明為何會有外洩事故、影響為何?
坎普斯答道:位於華盛頓州漢福德基地(The Hanford site)的地下高階核廢料儲存槽已多次發生洩漏,目前該處有177個儲存槽 ,並放置了高達5000萬加倫的液狀高階核廢。
漢福德基地因曼哈頓計畫的需要於1943年啟用,並生產核子武器所需要的鈽,長崎原爆中美軍所使用的鈽就是在漢福德生產。漢福德不僅為全美污染最為嚴重的地區,更破壞了哥倫比亞河的生態環境。政府多次想要固化液態高階核廢,卻屢屢失敗,目前當地核廢大多是液態,雖然一部分核廢已固化,卻因美國高階處置設施付之闕如,使得核廢仍然留在當地,無法移出。
類似的情況,也在我先前提到的南卡羅來納州薩凡納河基地發生。能源部選擇在經濟弱勢的非裔美國社區,興建地下高階核廢料儲存槽,棄置核廢污泥,這使得當地居民賴以維生的薩凡納河不堪飲用。
反核運動每次的抵抗都與環境運動者和當地居民攜手合作,但是對手是軍事上、經濟上極為強勢的核武暨核能工業。而美國的能源部與核管會永遠只為核工業的利益服務,而非為民眾利益服務。
問:美國為何至今都沒有成功設立高階核廢料最終處置場?如果暫時找不到適合的場址,應如何處理與保存高階核廢料?
坎普斯答道:美國核工業所擁有的129座反應爐目前已累積高達10萬立方公噸的高階核廢,其中93座反應爐持續運作並製造高階核廢。能源部過去30年一直鎖定內華達州猶卡山(Yucca Mountain)為最終處置設施場址,但因選址欠缺科學依據,引發當地的印地安原住民西休休尼族(The Western Shoshone)挺身抵抗30年。過去全美超過1000個環境和團結組織加入西休休尼族的抗爭。為阻擋各地高階核廢運送至內華達州,沿途各州的人民也加入抗爭。
美國目前面臨核廢難題時,既不能永遠留存核廢於核電廠內,但又欠缺最終處置設施。我認為採3個步驟可以處理這個問題:
首先,以再生能源取代核電,停止繼續製造核廢。
其二,在沒建立最終地質處置設施前,先建立強化現場儲存(hardened on-site storage),這也是全美的環璄團體所提出的要求 。實際做法是使冷卻池回歸冷卻功能,非而核廢儲存池。經一定年限後,池內用過的燃料棒必須改以乾式儲存。
福島核災時4號機於4月11日發生火警事故,若當時冷卻池起火,日本政府就必須疏散5000萬人,而非疏散16.4萬人。日本首相菅直人承認,若真要疏散5000萬人,就相當於終結日本這個國家了。不過,美國的冷卻池用以儲存用過的燃料棒的密度還遠高於日本,一旦發生核災時,危害也會更為嚴重。
第三,美國必須建立一個符合科學與技術要求、環境正義的最終地質處置設施。該地質設施必須達成核廢應與生物圈安全隔離數百萬年要求,還要能因應極端氣候、恐攻的挑戰 。目前計算核能碳排時,從不計入數百萬年最終處置所涉及的高量碳足跡。這也使核電看似低碳,實則不然。
內華達州猶卡山設施若真用於最終處置,輻射洩漏問題遲早會發生。要想一勞永逸地解決高階核廢,就是不要使用核電。我的環境導師——五大湖非核聯盟(Coalition for a Nuclear Free Great Lakes)領導人奇根(Michael Keegan)指出,核廢就是詛咒後代長達萬年,所以應該停止製造核廢。
問:目前擁核人士希望以核能當成基載,解決氣候問題,請問是否可行?
坎普斯答道:洛文斯(Amory Lovins)指出,為了減緩氣候危機,我們必須以最少成本、最短時間內減去最多的碳,因此我們必須權衡碳、成本和時間等三個因素,方能評估氣候有效性,就也是每花費一美元時能多快減少多少碳排,而非只看碳排一項。
在同時衡量三項因素後,再比較核能和再生能源何者才是氣候解方,我們很快發現,投資核電不僅昂貴、耗時,更使有限資源無法投入用於符合氣候效益的再生能源選項,所以核能絕對不是解方。
問:各國民眾和政府針對日本政府決定排放「稀釋的」福島核電廠廢水入海,可以如何採取行動?
坎普斯答道: 排放核廢水入海就是以海洋為垃圾場,構成危害海洋罪(crimes against the ocean)。
核廢水入海侵害了洋流行經之處的所有人,核廢水含氚,氚是氫的同位素之一,因過濾不掉,排放「稀釋的」輻射廢水後會生物集中於食物鏈高層,既破壞海洋生態,也影響生物和人的分子細胞、組織、器官,造成癌症和先天缺陷。福島廢水中尚有如銫和鍶等放射性同位素,日本政府因無法處理,索性隱匿事實,直到消息曝光,難以再抵賴。
日本政府應有的做法就是儲存輻射廢水125年,直至氚對人體真正無害為止。
日本政府自欺欺人的作法與美國政府、核工業如出一轍。美國政府與核工業因無法處理漢福德輻射污泥,所以一概宣稱該場址的「污泥對人體無害」。日本漁業合作社聯合會多來強烈反對排放核廢水入海,中、韓政府、台、韓民間團體也強烈反對。我們必須繼續強化反對力道。
主辦方–綠色公民行動聯盟在演講最後總結表示,從坎普斯的分析,使我們警覺到美國看似先進,核工業卻習於侵害印地安人權利,壓迫底層、而政府則是管制失靈。
從美國的結構性問題反觀國內,類以的場景也在台灣發生,講者不僅提出了與美國官方論述大相逕庭的進步觀點,也使台灣民眾了解美國核工業加速氣候崩壞的情況十分盤根錯結。不論身處任何一任政府治下、20或21世紀,反核之路註定漫長艱辛,而北美最缺乏社會資源的原住民和底層挺身抵抗核工業的跨國壓迫、官資一體,這種不屈不撓的精神,當可為台灣各界帶來許多啟發。
(本文為2021年5月15日綠盟主辦【如何抵抗核工業的環境不正義?從美國環境運動談起】之講座紀錄)
完整內容請見:
https://www.thenewslens.com/article/152140
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同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過29萬的網紅超認真少年Imserious,也在其Youtube影片中提到,超認真少年到了核能研究所焊接實驗室 來看看台灣焊接的發展新里程碑 ►感謝 核能研究所 協助拍攝 https://www.iner.gov.tw/ -核能所焊接技術合作請直接寫信給李博 [email protected] 【隱形工廠】系列:隱形在臺灣各地的冠軍工廠,值得被認識。 #TIG #M...
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nuclear energy institute 在 說說能源 Talk That Energy Facebook 的最讚貼文
【核燃料持續進化多重屏障】
#核電廠事故關鍵防線 #那個很厲害的燃料棒
核電廠的多重屏障設計理念,旨在儘可能地降低事故發生機率,並在事故發生時儘可能地將放射性物質留置於廠內。從核分裂反應為起點、由內到外的防護分別為:燃料丸、燃料護套、反應度先天穩定設計、反應爐控制棒、反應爐冷卻水、反應爐壓力槽、緊急爐心冷卻系統、水泥圍阻體。為防範事故於未然,核能材料科學家和工程師們聚焦於頭兩道防線:
>燃料丸:核分裂反應發生之處。高溫燒結的陶瓷固體且可承受2000度以上高溫,只有少量惰性氣體和碘會藉由擴散作用離開燃料丸。
>燃料護套:第二道防線,留置氣體和碘等放射物。鋯合金材料能承受約1200度的高溫。通常護套破損的機率小於百萬分之一。只要護套不破裂,溢出燃料丸的放射性氣體及碘都能被鎖在護套內。
在核工業黎明時期(1970至80年代初期),不純熟的製程使燃料丸內因核分裂反應生成之氣體無法順利排出丸外、氣體堆積致使陶瓷丸膨脹龜裂;作為燃料護套的不鏽鋼也因嚴重的輻射膨脹和熱應力問題而隨後替換為鋯合金。鋯合金在應用早期階段曾發生護套和燃料丸過於靠近致使了燃料丸與護套效應(Pellet-cladding interaction, PCI);巨觀上則讓燃料棒變成竹子般的形狀、俗稱竹節效應。不過,此類技術障礙早已於80年代末期克服,並於90年代起全面更換為抗PCI的燃料。
鋯元素和氫氣先天的高親和性,表示兩者相遇時容易反應生成鋯氫化合物;這個脆性化合物可能讓鋯合金面臨氫脆(Hydrogen Embrittlement) 問題。此外,鋯元素和水蒸氣在高於攝氏七百度時會行鋯水反應生成氫氣和氧化鋯。導熱性差的氧化鋯薄膜可能使燃料護套更難導熱降溫。
針對前者,工程師們透過製程改良大幅抑制氫脆的可能性;針對後者,則設計了多套主動冷卻系統和嚴重事故管理指南以確保鋯合金護套溫度處於正常範圍。在第三代核電廠的設計中,又額外導入了"被動式安全"設計進一步降低人為操作疏失、延長黃金搶救時間並拉高安全度。
▋耐事故燃料
2000年初期,美國的核能材料專家們開始尋找比鋯合金更優異的護套材料,候選材料包括:改良版鋯合金、SiC/SiC、鐵鉻鋁合金(此時的研究報告仍以“APMT”稱呼、APMT是Kanthal®公司旗下的一款產品)。作為次世代燃料護套材料,在福島事故後有了正式的名字:Accident-tolerant Fuel(簡稱ATF。日:事故耐性燃料、中:耐事故燃料)。
判定為人為災難的福島事故,並非意味著核能的終結,而是新的起點。美國能源局迅速串連起電力研究所、大學、相關機構和企業,提供經費及技術支援執行加強版耐事故燃料計畫(enhanced ATF program)。日本則遲至2014年,官方組織重整、原子力規制委員會建立、第四次能源基本計劃定案後,才投入ATF研發。
耐事故燃料在燃料丸和燃料護套上有以下幾點改良:
>燃料丸:添加微量氧化鉻以拉高安全溫度餘裕。且能提供更高的燃耗值,讓核電廠得以拉高輸出功率同時升級為24個月週期燃料(亦即裝填一次燃料可連續運行24個月)。
>燃料護套:改採用鐵鉻鋁合金。和鋯合金相比,鐵鉻鋁合金能承受約1400度的高溫,同時避免高溫時生成導熱性差的氧化物和氫氣。
兩相組合,新一代的燃料棒除了讓核電廠變得更安全、還讓核電廠得以拉高輸出功率和容量因子,成為更加可靠的基載零碳排電力來源。
▋商用核電廠測試
在美國,耐事故燃料於2014年左右完成實驗室規模測試,隨後於座落於愛達荷國家實驗室的先進測試爐中進行測試。
美國能源局在2019年1月決定對核工業巨頭挹注資金,但同時也附帶了嚴格但書:要求各企業必須在資金挹注後頭14個月內於商用核電廠安裝新燃料並完成首輪測試。
不過,奇異的Global Nuclear Fuel公司已在2018年3月、
於隸屬於旗下的核電廠測試了鐵鉻鋁合金、以及表面進一步鍍鋯的燃料護套。該測試於2020年3月結束、並運往橡樹嶺國家實驗室分析。2019年4月,Framatone公司於喬治亞州、Southern Nuclear公司旗下的核電廠測試了自家開發的耐事故燃料。
兩間公司的進度超越了美國能源局原先要求的進度。不落人後的西屋,也於同年在自家的核電廠測試了新燃料。
美國核能工業組織(Nuclear Energy Institute, NEI)表示希望加速這個進度,同時驗證SiC/SiC材料的可能性。SiC/SiC材料的熔點高達2800度,有潛力運用於極端高溫的環境:重大災害情境下的輕水爐、第四代高溫氣體反應爐乃至核融合爐爐壁。
目前,西屋和Framatone正在驗證SiC/SiC護套包覆技術和全SiC/SiC護套材料,預計於2022年在核電廠中測試。
▋其他國家動態
俄羅斯國家原子能公司(Rosatom)則在2019年底宣布自家研製的耐事故燃料已完成首輪測試、預計於2020年初開始製造。
至於台灣嗎?如果核四廠商轉,屆時剛好可以用到最新的ATF喔,畢竟同樣是奇異生產,也是為了輕水反應爐所打造,往好處想,或許我們現在燃料棒暫時運到別地保管,啟封運回台灣時就是一批更先進的ATF了~~
▋參考資料
1. https://www.powermag.com/vogtle-2-installs-worlds-first-accident-tolerant-nuclear-fuel-assemblies/
2. https://rosatom.ru/en/press-centre/news/rosatom-has-manufactured-first-russian-accident-tolerant-fuel-for-commercial-reactors/
3. https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/06/westinghouse-formal-launch-of-safer-nuclear-fuel-with-tests-planned-from-2018-2022.html
4. https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/new-accident-tolerant-fuel-framatome-being-tested-idaho-national-laboratory
nuclear energy institute 在 范國威 Gary Fan Facebook 的最佳解答
「千古罪人」同Sir Malcolm Rifkind嘅國際級文宣!
由前港督Lord Patten of Barnes同前英國外交大臣Hon Sir Malcolm Rifkind發起嘅國際聯署聲明,一個星期內由廿幾個國家嘅201個議員,依家聯署議員人數去到50國家728個議會政界人士!最壯觀不外乎係日本,不過唔該留意下嗰啲小國,例如科索沃、阿爾巴尼亞、立陶宛、斯洛伐克、緬甸等等小國,哪怕佢地得一兩個代表支持,但係以前人地國家出現問題,自問大家何曾理會過?睇完新聞下一秒就已經「哦,邊度黎㗎?」,然後食買玩揾錢唔記得...依家人地反而出黎支持...喂!簽個名有政治代價㗎,唔係應份!(本人自己都覺得有些少羞恥)
5月23號開始國際報導有19個國家(EU27國當一個)201位
5月26號30個國家284位
5月27號33個國家457位
5月28號33個國家659位
5月29號36個國家728位
肥彭見到之後表示:
"The statement shows growing and widespread international outrage at the decision by the Chinese government to unilaterally impose national security legislation in Hong Kong. The breadth of support, which spans all political parties and four continents, reflects both the severity of the situation and ongoing unified international support for the principle of one-country, two-systems."
(呢個聲明嘅簽署人數增長同國際上擴闊嘅速度,代表全世界都對中國單方面响香港行使國安法嘅不滿程度不斷增加。咁多地區同國家嘅跨黨派政界人士支持,就了解到情況有幾嚴重,同時代表國際幾咁支持香港維持「一國兩制」。)
仍然都係嗰句,728呢個唔係數字,除咗代表咗呢兩個廢國銀髮「舊電池」嘅外交文宣實力,亦表示全世界有咁多國家同地區嘅政界同民選議員,背負住佢地嘅選民支持香港(班「暴徒」)。請無知的Haters、Doubters、負能樣唔好再用簡單易分法將一個國家當係黃藍店或者偽人,剩係得「奶」同「唔奶」!因為佢地都係有名有姓,為咗尊重,係需要再重新列多次,今次長三倍!
廢國下議院議員:
Debbie Abrahams MP, former Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
Gareth Bacon MP
Andrew Bowie MP
Andrew Bridgen MP
Anthony Browne MP
Fiona Bruce MP, Chair of the Conservative Party Human Rights Commission
Chris Bryant MP, Member of the UK Foreign Affairs Committee
Alistair Carmichael MP, Liberal Democrats Foreign Affairs Spokesman
Wendy Chamberlain MP
Sarah Champion MP, Chair of the International Development Committee
Daisy Cooper MP
Neil Coyle MP, Member of the Foreign Affairs Committee
Rt. Hon Ed Davey MP, Leader of the Liberal Democrats and former Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change
Geraint Davies MP
Dr James Davies MP
Dehenna Davison MP
Martyn Day MP
Dave Doogan MP
Peter Dowd MP, former Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury
Tim Farron MP, former Leader of the Liberal Democrats
Simon Fell MP
Marion Fellows, MP
Rt. Hon Liam Fox MP, former Defence Secretary and International Trade Secretary
Rt. Hon Damian Green MP, former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for the Cabinet Office
Jonathan Gullis MP
Andrew Gwynne MP, former Shadow Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
Antony Higginbotham MP
Wera Hobhouse MP
Kevin Hollinrake MP
Christine Jardine MP
Imran Khan MP
Daniel Kawczynski MP
Chris Law MP, SNP Spokesperson for International Development
Caroline Lucas MP
Craig Mackinlay MP
Paul Maynard MP
Jason McCartney MP
Stewart M McDonald MP, Member of the UK Foreign Affairs Committee
Anne McLaughlin MP
Gagan Mohindra MP
Carol Monaghan MP
Layla Moran MP
Kieran Mullen MP
Caroline Nokes MP
Sarah Olney MP
Tom Randall MP
Rob Roberts MP
Andrew Rosindell MP, Member of the UK Foreign Affairs Committee
Bob Seely MP, Member of the UK Foreign Affairs Committee
Andrew Selous MP
Virendra Sharma MP
Henry Smith MP, Member of the UK Foreign Affairs Committee
Rt.Hon Sir Iain Duncan Smith MP, former Secretary of State for Work andPensions and Leader of the Conservative Party
Alyn Smith MP, SNP spokesman for International Affairs
Jamie Stone MP
Rt. Hon Stephen Timms MP, Chair of the Work and Pensions Select Committee
Tom Tugendhat MP, Chair of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee
Jamie Wallis MP
James Wild MP
Craig Williams MP
Munira Wilson MP
廢國上議院議員:
Rt. Hon Lord Addington
Rt. Hon Lord Alderdice, former President of Liberal International
Lord Alton of Liverpool
Rt. Hon. Lord Adonis
Rt. Hon Lord Arbuthnot of Edrom
Rt. Revd Nicholas Baines, Bishop of Leeds
Baroness Bakewell of Hardington Mandeville
Rt. Hon Lord Balfe
Rt. Hon Baroness Barker
Baroness Bennett of Manor Castle, former Leader of the Green Party
Lord Blackheath
Rt. Hon Baroness Blackstone
Rt. Hon Baroness Boothroyd of Sandwell, former Speaker of the House of Commons
Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury
Lord Bowness
Rt. Hon Lord Boyle, Earl of Cork and Orrery
Baroness Burt of Solihull
Rt. Hon. Lord Campbell of Pittenweem QC, former leader of the Liberal Democrats
Rt. Hon Baroness Chalker of Wallasey
Lord Craig of Radley, former Chief of the Defence Staff
The Lord Bishop of Coventry
Baroness Cox of Queensbury
Rt. Hon Baroness D’Souza, former Lord Speaker
Rt. Hon Lord Dholakia OBE
Rt. Hon Lord Dubs
Lord Foster of Bath
Rt. Hon Baroness Falkner of Margravine
Rt. Hon Lord Fox
Rt. Hon Baroness Garden of Frognal
Lord German
Lord Gilbert of Panteg
The Earl of Glasgow
Rt. Hon Lord Goldsmith of Allerton, former Attorney General
Rt. Hon Lord Hain of Neath, former Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Northern Ireland
Baroness Hamwee
Lord Hannay of Chiswick, former UK Ambassador to the United Nations
Baroness Harris of Richmond, Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords
Lord Hogan-Howe of Sheffield, former Metropolitan Police Commissioner
Rt. Hon Lord Howard of Lympne, former Home Secretary and Leader of the Conservative Party
Baroness Humphreys
Rt. Hon Lord Hunt of Kings Heath
Rt. Hon Lord Hylton
Baroness Janke
Rt Hon. Baroness Jolly
Lord Jones of Cheltenham
Baroness Kennedy QC of the Shaws
Rt. Hon Lord King of Bridgewater, former Defence Secretary and Northern Ireland Secretary
Rt. Hon Lord Kinnock, former Leader of the Labour Party and Vice-President of the European Commission
Lord Kirkharle of Curry
Rt Hon. Baroness Kramer
Rt. Hon. Lord Levy, former special envoy to the Middle East
Rt. Hon Baroness Lister of Burtersett
Lord Lucas
Baroness Ludford
Lord Marks of Henley-on-Thames
Rt. Hon Lord Murphy of Torfaen
Lord Newby, Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords
Rt Hon. Baroness Northover
Lord Oates
Lord Palmer of Childs Hill
Baroness Pinnock
Lord Pendry of Stalybridge, Middleweight Colonial boxing champion, Hong Kong 1957
Lord Purvis of Tweed
Lord Razzall
Lord Rennard
Lord Ricketts, former Permanent Secretary at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and former Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee
Lord Scriven
Lord Sharkey
Lord Shipley
Rt. Hon Lord Shutt of Greetland
Baroness Smith of Newnham
Rt. Hon Baroness Stern
Lord Strasburger
Baroness Stroud
Rt. Hon Baroness Suttie
Rt. Hon Lord Swinfen
Baroness Thomas of Winchester
Baroness Thornhill MBE
Lord Tope
Lord Trees
Rt. Hon Viscount Trenchard
Rt. Hon Lord Tugendhat, Former Vice-President of the European Commission
Baroness Tyler of Enfield
Lord Wallace of Saltaire
Lord Wallace of Tankerness, former Deputy First Minister of Scotland
Baroness Walmsley
Rt. Hon and Rt. Revd Lord Williams of Oystermouth, former Archbishop of Canterbury
Lord Willoughby de Broke
Lord Wood of Anfield
Lord Wrigglesworth
蘇格蘭議員:
Ruth Davidson MSP, former leader of the Scottish Conservative Party
Ross Greer MSP, Scottish Green External Affairs Spokesperson
威爾斯議會議員:
Angela Burns MS
Andrew RT Davies MS
Paul Davies MS
Mark Isherwood MS
Caroline Jones MS
Mandy Jones MS
Darren Millar MS
Mark Reckless MS
David Rowlands MS
廢國其他人士:
Bill Browder
廢國前議員:
Rt. Hon John Bercow, former Speaker of the House of Commons and former MP
Rt. Hon David Miliband, former Foreign Secretary and MP
Rt. Hon Rory Stewart, former Secretary of State for International Development and former MP
Rt. Hon Jack Straw, former Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, and Justice Secretary and former MP
廢國前駐美帝大使:
Sir David Manning, former UK Ambassador to the United States of America
宗教領袖:
Dr Desmond Biddulph CBE, President The Buddhist Society
Fr Timothy Radcliffe, former Master of the Dominican Order Worldwide
美帝參議員:
Senator Benjamin L Cardin, Ranking Member of the Senate Small Business Committee
Senator Ted Cruz, Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Senator Josh Hawley
Senator Edward J Markey, Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on East Asia, the Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy
Senator Robert Menendez, Ranking Member, Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Senator Marco Rubio, Acting Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee
美帝眾議院議員:
Congressman Robert B Aderholt
Congressman Ami Bera, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and Non-proliferation, House Foreign Affairs Committee
Congressman Eliot L Engel, Chairman of US House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs
Congressman Mike Gallagher
Congressman Vicky Hartzler
Congressman Michael T McCaul, ranking member of US House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs
Congressman James McGovern, co-chair of the Congressional Executive Commission on China
Congressman Adam B Schiff, Chairman of the US House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
Congressman Adam Smith, Chairman of US House of Representatives Committee on Armed Services
Congressman Christopher Smith, former Chair of the House Veterans' Affairs Committee
Congressman Tom Suozzi
Congressman Ted Yoho, ranking member of the Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and Non-proliferation, US House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs
Frank Wolf, Member of Congress 1981-2014 (retired)
美帝前外交官:
Derek Mitchell, President of the National Democratic Institute and former Ambassador to Burma
Samantha Power, former USA Ambassador to the United Nations
Grover Joseph Rees, former USA Ambassador to East Timor
美帝人權及學術界:
Professor Jerome A. Cohen, Professor of law at New York University School of Law, founding director of its US-Asia Law Institute and adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations
Garry Kasparov, Chairman of Human Rights Foundation
Daniel Twining, President of the International Republican Institute
歐盟議會議員:
Alviina Alamesta MEP (Greens, Finland)
Francois Alfonsi MEP (Greens, Germany)
Gerolf Annemans MEP (Identity and Democracy Group, Belgium)
Margrete Auken MEP (Greens, Denmark)
Petras Austrevicuis MEP (Renew Europe, Lithuania)
Malik Azmani MEP, (Renew Europe, Netherlands), First-Vice Chair of Renew Europe Group
Jose Ramon Bauza Diaz MEP (Renew Europe, Spain)
Francois-Xavier Bellamy MEP (European People’s Party, France)
Vladimír Bilčík MEP (European People’s Party, Slovakia)
Benoit Biteau MEP (Greens, France)
Malin Björk MEP (European United Left - Nordic Green Left, Sweden)
Michael Bloss MEP (Greens, Germany)
Damian Boeselager MEP (Greens, Germany)
Geert Bourgeois MEP (European Conservatives and Reformists, Belgium)
Reinhard Buetikofer MEP (Greens, Germany)
Damien Careme MEP (Greens, France)
Anna Cavazzini MEP (Greens, Germany)
Olivier Chastel MEP (Renew Europe, Belgium)
David Cormand MEP (Greens, France)
Katalin Cseh MEP (Renew Europe, Hungary)
Ciaran Cuffe MEP (Greens, Ireland)
Gwendoline Delbos-Corfield MEP (Greens, France)
Karima Delli MEP (Greens, France)
Pascal Durand MEP (Renew Europe, France)
Bas Eickhout MEP (Vice-Chair Greens, Netherlands)
Engin Eroglu MEP (Renew Europe, Germany)
Anna Fotyga MEP, (European Conservatives & Reformists) Poland former Foreign Secretary of Poland
Daniel Freund MEP (Greens, Germany)
Michael Gahler MEP (European People’s Party, Germany)
Evelyne Gebhardt MEP (Socialists & Democrats, Germany)
Sven Giegold MEP (Greens, Germany)
Raphaël Glucksmann MEP (Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, France)
Markéta Gregorová MEP (Greens, Czech Republic)
Bart Groothuis MEP (Renew, Netherlands)
Claude Gruffat MEP (Greens, France)
Francisco Guerreiro MEP (Greens, Portugal)
Bernard Guetta MEP (Renew Europe, France)
Heidi Hautala MEP, Vice President of the European Parliament (Greens/European Free Alliance, Finland)
Yannick Jadot MEP (Greens, France)
Rasa Jukneviciene MEP, (European People’s Party, Lithuania) former Minister of Defence of Lithuania and former President of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly
Eugen Jurzyca MEP (European Conservatives & Reformists, Slovakia)
Assista Kanko MEP (Vice Chair of the European Conservatives and Reformists, Belgium)
Karin Karlsbro MEP (Renew Europe, Sweden)
Moritz Körner MEP (Renew Europe, Germany)
Andrius Kibilius MEP (European People’s Party, Lithuania), former Prime Minister of Lithuania
Ilhan Kyuchyuk, MEP (Renew Europe, Bulgaria), Vice President of the ALDE
Philippe Lamberts MEP (Co-President Greens, Belgium)
David Lega MEP (European People's Party, Sweden)
Miriam Lexmann MEP (European People’s Party, Slovakia)
Erik Marquardt MEP (Greens, Germany)
Javier Nart MEP (Renew Europe, Spain)
Lucia Ďuriš Nicholsonová MEP (European Conservatives & Reformists, Slovakia)
Niklas Nienaß MEP (Greens, Germany), Coordinator in the Committee on Regional Development, Member of the Committee on Culture and Education
Urmas Paet MEP (Renew Europe, Estonia), former Foreign Secretary of Estonia
Mikulas Peksa MEP (Greens, Czechia)
Kira Peter-Hansen MEP (Greens, Denmark)
Kati Piri MEP (Vice-President of the group of Socialists and Democrats, Netherlands)
Guliano Pisapia MEP (Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, Italy)
Peter Pollák MEP (European People’s Party, Slovakia)
Terry Reintke MEP (Vice-Chair Greens, Germany)
Diana Riba I Giner MEP (Greens, Spain)
Michèle Rivasi MEP (Greens, France)
Dorien Rookmaker MEP (GO, Netherlands)
Caroline Roose MEP (Greens, France)
Bert-Jan Ruissen MEP (European Conservatives and Reformists Group, Netherlands)
Mounir Satouri MEP (Greens, France)
Petra de Sutter MEP (Greens, Belgium)
Michaela Šojdrová MEP (European People’s Party, Czech Republic)
Ivan Štefanec MEP (European People’s Party, Slovakia)
Tineke Strik MEP (Greens, Netherlands)
Antonio Tajani MEP (European People’s Party, Italy), former President of the European Parliament
Hermann Tertsch MEP, (European Conservatives and Reformists Group, Spain)
Romana Tomc MEP (European People’s Party, Slovenia)
Marie Toussaint MEP (Greens, France)
Ernest Urtasun MEP (Greens, Spain)
Hilde Vautmans MEP (Renew Europe, Belgium)
Guy Verhofstadt MEP (Renew Europe, Belgium), former Prime Minister of Belgium
Thomas Waitz MEP (Greens, Austria)
Lara Wolters MEP (Socialists and Democrats, Netherlands)
Salima Yenbou MEP (Greens, France)
前歐盟議會議員:
John Cushnahan (Ireland), European Parliament Rapporteur on Hong Kong from 1997 -2004, member of the Northern Ireland Assembly 1982-86 and leader of the Alliance Party
前歐盟專員:
Jan Figel, former Deputy Prime Minister of Slovakia and EU Special Envoy for Promotion Freedom of Religion or Belief outside of the EU
日本國會議員:
Sen. Shigeharu Aoyama
Sen. Haruko Arimura
Sen. Tadayoshi Ichida
Sen. Taiga Ishikawa
Sen. Yoshiko Kira
Sen. Yukihito Koga
Sen. Akira Koike
Sen. Takashi Koyari
Sen. Akiko Kurabayashi
Sen. Yuichi Mayama
Sen. Tamayo Marukawa
Sen. Teruhiko Mashiko
Sen. Junko Mihara
Sen. Shingo Miyake
Sen. Satoshi Nakanishi
Sen. Katsumi Ogawa
Sen. Kimi Onoda
Sen. Masahisa Sato
Sen. Hideya Sugio
Sen. Katsunori Takahashi
Sen. Ryosuke Takeda
Sen. Hirofumi Takinami
Sen. Hiroshi Yamada
Sen. Eriko Yamatani
Sen. Taku Yamazoe
Rep. Yukihiko Akutsu
Rep. Akira Amari
Rep. Yoichi Anami
Rep. Hiroshi Andou
Rep. Akinori Eto
Rep. Yasufumi Fujino
Rep. Keiji Furuya
Rep. Kentaro Gemma
Rep. Yoshiaki Harada
Rep. Hiroshi Hase
Rep. Kaichi Hasegawa
Rep. Kimie Hatano
Rep. Yasushi Hosaka
Rep. Kenichi Hosoda
Rep. Maki Ikeda
Rep. Shinji Inoue
Rep. Masatoshi Ishida
Rep. Akimasa Ishikawa
Rep. Kaori Ishikawa
Rep. Tohru Ishizaki
Rep. Takeshi Iwaya
Rep. Mito Kakizawa
Rep. Akiko Kamei
Rep. Yasushi Kaneko
Rep. Akira Kasai
Rep. Hitoshi Kikawada
Rep. Tetsuya Kimura
Rep. Shuhei Kishimoto
Rep. Minoru Kiuchi
Rep. Keiji Kokuta
Rep. Seiichi Kushida
Rep. Jin Matsubara
Rep. Koichi Matsudaira
Rep. Hidehiro Mitani
Rep. Hiromi Mitsubayashi
Rep. Shin Miyakawa
Rep. Tooru Miyamoto
Rep. Hiroyuki Miyazawa
Rep. Nobuko Motomura
Rep. Fumiyoshi Murakami
Rep. Shunsuke Mutai
Rep. Youji Muto
Rep. Takashi Nagao
Rep. Keiko Nagaoka
Rep. Akihisa Nagashima
Rep. Hiroyuki Nakamura
Rep. Kishiro Nakamura
Rep. Yasutaka Nakasone
Rep. Gen Nakatani
Rep. Kazuma Nakatani
Rep. Hideki Niwa
Rep. Kazuhide Okuma
Rep. Makoto Oniki
Rep. Hiroyuki Onishi
Rep. Kensuke Onishi
Rep. Hiroaki Saitoh
Rep. Yoshitaka Sakurada
Rep. Shu Sakurai
Rep. Hiroyoshi Sasakawa
Rep. Akio Sato
Rep. Masahiko Shibayama
Rep. Tadashi Shimizu
Rep. Ryu Shionoya
Rep. Mio Sugita
Rep. Junji Suzuki
Rep. Kaname Tajima
Rep. Kei Takagi
Rep. Takashi Takai
Rep. Tom Tanigawa
Rep. Kiyoto Tsuji
Rep. Hiroshi Ueno
Rep. Yoshiaki Wada
Rep. Kenji Yamada
Rep. Miki Yamada
Rep. Shunichi Yamaguchi
Rep. Shiori Yamao
Rep. Takashi Yamashita
加拿大議員:
Hon. Jim Abbott P.C., Parl. Sec. to the Minister of International Cooperation
Honourable Diane Ablonczy P.C.
The Hon David Anderson, P.C., O.C., Former Senior Federal Minister for British Columbia and Former Minister of Environment
Hon. W. David Angus, QC, Ad. E.
Iain Angus
Ann Atamanenko
The Honourable Eleni Bakopanos, P.C.
Leon Benoit
Tyrone Benskin
David Berger
Maxime Bernier, former Foreign Affaires Minister and now leader of the People’s Party of Canada
L’honorable Jean-Pierre Blackburn
Jean Jacques Blais, P.C., Q.C.
Rod Blaker
Peter Braid
Honorable Herb Breau P.C.
Hon. Pauline Browes, Former Minister of Indian Affairs
Dr. Jan Brown
Lois Brown
Robert Carrier
Hon. Sharon Carstairs PC CM, Former Government Leader Senate of Canada
Corneliu Chisu
Roger Clinch
Irwin Colter, former Minister of Justice and Attorney General
George Cooper
Paul Crete
Hon. Roy Cullen, P.C.
Libby Davies
Nicole Demers
Gilles Duceppe
Leo Duguay
Hon. Art Eggleton P.C.
John English
Ken Epp
Hon. Steven Fletcher
Joan Fraser
Gordon Gilchrist
The Honourable Shelly Glover P.C., Former Minister of Canadian Heritage and Minister for Official Languages for Canada as well as Regional Minister for Manitoba
The Hon. Jerry S. Grafstein
Hon. Bill Graham, P.C., C.M., Q.C., Former Foreign Minister and Minister of Defence
Richard Grisé
Sadia Groguhé
Gary M Gurbin
Jim Hart
Ross Harvey
Loyola Hearn, Former Minister of Fisheries and Oceans and Former Canadian Ambassador to Ireland
Ted Hsu
Lynn Hunter
Hon. David Kilgour, former Canadian Secretary of State for Asia-Pacific and former MP
MPP Daryl Kramp
Hon Walt Lastewka
Derek Lee
Pierre Lemieux
Wendy Lill
Hon. Peter Mackay, former Minister of Foreign Affairs Canada
Hon. Gurbax Singh Malhi
Arnold Malone
Peter Mancini
Richard Marceau
Inky Mark
Philip Mayfield
Murray McBride
Hon. John McDermid P.C.
Lynn McDoanld
Joe McGuire
Audrey McLaughlin
Hon. Tom McMillan P.C.
Isabelle Morin
Eva Nassif
Con Di Nino
Patrick W. O’Brien
John Oliver
Pierre A. Paquette
LaVar Payne
Jean-Claude Poissant
Hon. David Pratt, former Minister of National Defence
Hon. David W Price P.C.
Bob Rae, former Premier of Ontario and Federal MP
Nelson Riis
Svend Robinson
Bob Runciman
Terence J Sargeant
Rathika Sitsabaiesan
Hon Carol Skelton P.C.
Robert D. Sopuck
Thierry St-Cyr
Peter Stoffer
Mike Sullivan
Anna Terrana
Nycole Turmel
Barry Turner
Frank Valeriote
Angela Vautour
Ian G Waddell Q.C
John Weston
Nick Whalen
Rev. Lois M Wilson C.C.
Borys Wrzesnewskyj, Former Chair Canadian Nato Parliamentary Association
Wai Young
澳洲議員:
Kevin Andrews MP, Former Australian Defence Minister, Chairman of the Human Rights sub-committee of the Australian Parliamentary Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade
George Christensen MP, Chair, Parliamentary Joint Standing Committee on Trade and Investment Growth
Andrew Hastie MP, Chairman of the Parliamentary Joint Committee for Intelligence and Security, Australia
Ian Goodenough MP
Peter Khalil MP, Member of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade
Dr Daniel Mulino MP, Member for Fraser
Hon. Edward O’Donohue MP, Victorian Shadow Attorney-General
Dave Sharma MP
Phillip Thompson MP, Member of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade
Tim Wilson MP
Senator Eric Abetz, former Leader of the Government in the Senate
Senator Alex Antic
Senator Slade Brockman
Senator Matthew Canavan, former Minister for Resources
Senator Claire Chandler
Senator Raff Ciccone, Deputy Opposition Whip in the Senate
Senator David Fawcett, Chair of the Joint Standing Committee Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade, former Assistant Minister for Defence
Senator the Honourable Concetta Fierravanti-Wells, Chair of the Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Delegated Legislation and former Minister for International Development and the Pacific
Senator Kimberley Kitching, Shadow Assistant Minister for Government Accountability and member of the Joint Standing Committee Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade
Senator Jim Molan
Senator Matthew O’Sullivan
Senator James Paterson
Senator Tony Sheldon
Senator Amanda Stoker
Vicki Dunne, Deputy Speaker, Legislative Assembly for Australian Capital Territory
Bernie Finn MLC, member of the Victorian Legislative Council (upper house)
Janelle Saffin
Hon Michael Danby, former member for Melbourne Ports, former Chair of the Joint Standing Committee Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade
新西蘭議員:
Simeon Brown MP
Marama Davidson MP, co-leader of the Green Party
Simon O’Connor MP, Chair of the Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade Committee
Louisa Wall MP, Deputy Chair of PNND New Zealand and Co-Chair Cross Party Women Parliamentarians
德國議會議員:
Margarete Bause MdB, Green Party Spokeswoman for the Human Rights and Humanitarian AidCommittee
Dr. Danyal Bayaz MdB
Michael Brand MdB, CDU / CSU Spokesman for the Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid Committee
Peter Heidt MdB
Frank Heinrich MdB
Dr. Anton Hofreiter MdB
Eckhard Gnodtke MdB
Gyde Jensen MdB, the Chair of the Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid Committee
Frank Müller-Rosentritt MdB
Omid Nouripour MdB
Martin Patzelt MdB, member of the Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid Committee
Claudia Roth MdB, Vice President of German Bundestag
Dr. Frithjof Schmidt MdB
Jürgen Trittin MdB, former leader of the Greens and former Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety
德國前外交官:
Dr. Volker Stanzel, former German ambassador to China and Japan
意大利議員:
Alex Bazzaro MP
Matteo Luigi Bianchi MP
Enrico Borghi MP
Paolo Formentini MP, Vice-President Foreign Affairs Committee
Alessandro Giglio Vigna MP
Eugenio Zoffili MP
Senator Alessandro Alfieri
Senator Lucio Malan
Senator Roberto Rampi
Senator Adolfo Urso, former Deputy Minister of Productive Activities with delegation to foreign trade
意大利前議員:
Marco Beltrandi, former MP
Rita Bernardini, former MP
Sergio D’Elia, former MP
Amb. Giulio Terzi di Sant’Agata, former Minister of Foreign Affairs (President of the Global Committee for the Rule of Law “Marco Pannella”)
Elisabetta Zamparutti, former MP
瑞典議會議員:
Joar Forssell MP
Hampus Hagman MP
David Josefsson MP
Kerstin Lundgren MP
Frederik Malm MP
Niels Paarup-Petersen MP
Lorentz Tovatt MP
奧地利議員:
Dr. Ewa Ernst-Dziedzic MP
Michel Reimon MP
瑞典議員:
Joar Forssell MP
Hampus Hagman MP
David Josefsson MP
Kerstin Lundgren MP
Frederik Malm MP
Maria Nilsson MP
Lina Nordquist MP
Niels Paarup-Petersen MP
Yasmine Posio MP, member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs
Jonas Sjöstedt MP, party leader of the Left party
Håkan Svenneling MP, member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs
Lorentz Tovatt MP
Ilona Szatmári Waldau MP, member of the Committee on European Union Affairs
Solveig Zander MP
丹麥議會議員:
Uffe Elbæk MP, former Minister of Culture
Viggo Fischer, former member of parliament
挪威挑議員:
Ola Elvestuen MP
Trine Skei Grande MP
Tina Shagufta Munir Kornmo MP
荷蘭議員:
Kathalijne Buitenweg
Femke Merel van Kooten
Henk Krol
Bram van Ojik
Lilianne Ploumen
Sjoerd Sjoerdsma
Boris Dittrich
Ruud Koole
Ria Oomen-Ruijten
Mei Li Vos
Kathleen Ferrier, former Member of Parliament
Rick van der Ploeg, former Secretary of State for Culture and former Member of Parliament
比利時議員:
Séverine de Laveleye, Member of the Chamber of Representatives
愛爾蘭議員:
Senator Ronan Mullen
烏克蘭:
Hanna Hopko, former member of Parliament and Chairwoman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of Verkhovna Rada (2014-2019), zero Corruption Conference chairwoman, Head of the Board of National Interests advocacy network “ANTS”
Ihor Lutsenko, former member of Parliament (2014-2019), activist of the Revolution of Dignity
Dr. Ulana Suprun, Chairwoman of NGO ArcUA and former Acting Minister of Health (2016-2019)
立陶宛議會議員:
Mantas Adomenas MP
Arvydas Anusauskas MP
Audronius Azubalis MP, former Minister of Foreign Affairs
Laurynas Kasciunas MP
Gabrielius Landsbergis MP
Radvilė Morkunaite-Mikuleniene MP
Emanuelis Zingeris MP, Chair of the Subcommittee on Transatlantic Relations and Democratic Development
Žygimantas Pavilionis MP, former Ambassador of Lithuania to the United States of America
斯洛伐克議會議員:
Alojz Baránik MP
Ján Benčík MP
Peter Cmorej MP
Ondrej Dostál MP
Gábor Grendel MP, Deputy Speaker
Jarmila Halgašová MP
Radovan Kazda MP
Miroslav Kollár MP
Vladimíra Marcinková MP
Peter Osuský MP
Peter Pollák MP
Juraj Šeliga MP, Deputy Speaker
Andrej Stančík MP
Romana Tabák MP
Marián Viskupič MP
Anna Zemanová MP
Miroslav Žiak MP
Jana Žitňanská MP
斯洛伐克議會前議員:
František Šebej, former MP and Chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee
捷克議員:
Jan Lipavsky MP
科索沃議員:
Senton Kaçaniku, President of the Institute for Freedom and Justice
俄羅斯:
Vladimir Kara-Murza, Vice-President of the Free Russia Foundation
阿爾巴尼亞議員:
Fatmir Mediu MP, Former Minister of Defense of the Republic of Albania
馬來西亞議員及代表:
Andrew Khoo, Advocate and Solicitor, High Court of Malaya in Malaysia, former Co-Chair of the Human Rights Committee, Bar Council Malaysia
The Hon. Senator P. Waytha Moorthy
Charles Santiago MP, Chair of ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights
馬爾代夫代表:
Dr Ahmed Shaheed, former Foreign Minister of the Maldives and Chair, Universal Rights Group, Geneva
緬甸議員及宗教領袖:
U Kyaw Min San, Member of the Bago Regional Parliament and former legal adviser to the International Commission of Jurists Office
His Eminence Cardinal Charles Bo, Archbishop of Yangon, Myanmar and President of the Federation of Asian Bishops Conferences
南韓代表:
Jin-Tae Kim, Member of the National Assembly and former Prosecutor (Chief of the Wonju Public Prosecutor's Office)
Jung-Hoon Lee, former Ambassador for Human Rights
Yanghee Lee, former UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar; former Chairperson of UN Committee on the Rights of the Child; Professor at Sungkyunkwan University South Korea
Kyung Won Na, member of the National Assembly and former Chair of the Foreign Relations and Unification Committee and floor leader of the main opposition party
Wonsik Shin, Member-elect of the National Assembly and retired Lieutenant General of the ROK Army
印度前議員:
Dr John Dayal, former President of the All India Catholic Union and Member of the National Integration Council
印尼前東南亞國家協會(ASEAN)代表:
Rafendi Djamin, former Representative of Indonesia to the ASEAN Inter-Governmental Commission on Human Rights
Yuyun Wahyuningrum, Representative of Indonesia to the ASEAN Inter-Governmental Commission on Human Rights
菲律賓議員:
Senator Risa Hontiveros, Chair of the Senate Women, Family Relations and Equality Committee
Senator Francis N. Pangilinan, former Senate Majority Leader
#超級國際文宣
原版名單:
https://www.hongkongwatch.org/…/patten-led-group-of-198-par…
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YouTube新片:
RTHK《視點31》完整無刪剪完整版(連圖文字畫不乎字幕)
https://youtu.be/HgKNJvZjAuw
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https://www.patreon.com/goodbyehkhellouk
英國移民生活網 重要舊文重溫
www.goodbyehkhellouk.com
*********************************
nuclear energy institute 在 超認真少年Imserious Youtube 的精選貼文
超認真少年到了核能研究所焊接實驗室
來看看台灣焊接的發展新里程碑
►感謝 核能研究所 協助拍攝
https://www.iner.gov.tw/
-核能所焊接技術合作請直接寫信給李博 jjlee@iner.gov.tw
【隱形工廠】系列:隱形在臺灣各地的冠軍工廠,值得被認識。
#TIG #MIG#核能 #焊接 #3D列印
➡️訂閱我們 ➡️ https://pse.is/Q26YB
【超認真少年IG】https://www.instagram.com/imseriou
【超認真少年FB】https://www.facebook.com/Imseriou
【工業技術交流平台】https://www.facebook.com/groups/imseriou
【熱門影片】
「空壓機」-基礎示範教學,原來每個家裡都要買一台空壓機 How to use Air compressor
https://youtu.be/Wghd4LpM6DE
沒有切不斷的金屬 [電]等離子切割基礎教學plasma cutter
https://youtu.be/DkMWxk3LTzo
五金行連女兒都賣?台灣五金行攻略 Taiwan Hardware Store
https://youtu.be/_Y0jLEeENp8
氬焊教學-5分鐘教五彩魚鱗焊 TIG Welding Tips and Techniques
https://youtu.be/fSFLGxh6AUw
1台車床抵6間工廠 車床基礎介紹 傳統車床 CNC 自動化整合 Taiwan lathe history (traditional lathe , CNC, DMG MORI )
https://youtu.be/60u4TepzKlo

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