關於 advanced glycation end products diabetes ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

無限期支持王醫師😂😂😂

〈植物的逆襲〉這由Dr. Steven Gundry所寫，這本書也是徐昂先生極力推薦的一本書，我選擇這書本來回應徐昂先生，是因為此書在我臨床上最多病患詢問而且感到疑惑的一本書。文章的結尾有我回應徐昂先生的一段文字。

以下來書中的摘要:

「凝集素（lectin）是一種毒性極強的毒素，它不僅存在於穀物，也常見於許多人們以為是健康的食物中，包括：多種水果、蕃茄、南瓜、堅果、豆類、傳統乳製品、小麥草……等。這些常見健康蔬果類的種子、穀物、表皮、硬殼和葉子裡的蛋白質，本來是設計來保護植物不受動物（包括人類）的傷害，一旦被動物吃下肚，就會累積於體內，漸漸對腸道造成破壞、阻斷荷爾蒙運輸，最後導致過敏、腸躁症、關節炎、心血管疾病等多種慢性病。」

「結果發現那些可以殺死昆蟲或讓昆蟲身體不能動的植物毒素，也能無聲無息地毀壞你的健康，並且在不知不覺中影響你的體重。我把這本書命名為《植物的逆襲（The Plant Paradox）》的原因，就在於雖然許多植物性食物對你很好，而且事實上也是我自己飲食計畫中的基礎，但是有很多被視為「健康食物」的植物，實際上卻是造成你生病和過重的罪魁禍首。
　　
沒錯，大部分植物其實都想要讓你生病。」

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以上是作者的主要論述，認為植物的「反營養素」如凝集素（lectin）、配糖生物鹼（glycoalkaloids）、植酸（Phytate）及小麥胚芽凝集素（wheat germ agglutinin / WGA）等對人體有極大的傷害，但此書的有足夠的醫學證據嗎？或者實證醫學的證據等級夠強嗎?

其實此書已經被專業的網站(https://www.redpenreviews.org)檢視過了，而此網站逐一檢視了這本書所提出的證據，結果發現此書提出的論點及證據非常薄弱，甚至一些論點都沒有提出相關醫學證據。
有興趣的人可以參觀此網頁。
https://www.redpenreviews.org/…/the-plant-paradox-the-hidd…/

作者提到凝集素（lectin）造成腸黏膜通透性增加，引發腸漏，進而造成慢性發炎。Redpenreviews提出有幾篇論文都是老鼠實驗，而且是運用高劑量純化的凝集素和未煮熟的生豆（uncooked beans）來餵食這些老鼠所引發的結果。而目前沒有證據顯示人體在適量及煮熟後的凝集素的情況下，增加腸黏膜通透性。

作者提到的小麥胚芽凝集素（wheat germ agglutinin / WGA）會引起暴飲暴食(overeating)和肥胖,因為有研究顯示WGA有類似胰島素的效應(insulin–like effects),這只有在細胞培養的實驗發現(cell culture experiments),而沒有在人體的實驗証實這一點.就算是細胞培養的實驗,作者沒有告訴我們的是, WGA在低劑量作用下的反而增加「細胞的胰島素敏感性」.

目前也有多研究提到了凝集素（lectin）、植酸（Phytate）及配糖生物鹼（glycoalkaloids）的好處，他們可以有降血壓、抑制癌細胞、抑制微生物及抗發炎等功能，以上這些好處作者也故意忽視不談。

植酸可降低糖尿病患者的糖化終產物(AGEs)。
Phytate Decreases Formation of Advanced Glycation End-Products in Patients with Type II Diabetes: Randomized Crossover Trial
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29941991

凝集素（lectin）與抗發炎
Lectin obtained from the red seaweed Bryothamnion triquetrum: Secondary structure and anti-inflammatory activity in mice
https://www.sciencedirect.com/…/artic…/pii/S0141813017344641

凝集素（lectin）與抗癌及抑制癌細胞
Lectins as bioactive plant proteins: a potential in cancer treatment.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16183566

Mushroom Lectins as Promising Anticancer Substances
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26916164

Lectins with Potential for Anti-Cancer Therapy
Molecules 2015, 20, 3791-3810; doi:10.3390/molecules20033791

Plant lectins in cancer prevention and treatment
Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka
orcid.org/0000-0002-3388-4645

Could plant lectins become promising anti-tumour drugs for causing autophagic cell death?
Cell Prolif. 2013 Oct;46(5):509-15.

Lectins as Promising Therapeutics for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV and Other Potential Coinfections
BioMed Research International
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3750646

Glycoalkaloids and Metabolites Inhibit the Growth of Human Colon (HT29) and Liver (HepG2) Cancer Cells
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf030526d

凝集素（lectin）可抗菌及抗黴菌
Lectins as antimicrobial agents.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30053345

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Lectin Extracted from Fruiting Bodies of the Korean Cauliflower Medicinal Mushroom, Sparassis latifolia (Agaricomycetes).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27481295

Insights into Animal and Plant Lectins with antimicrobial activities
Molecules 2015, 20, 519-541; doi:10.3390/molecules20010519

Antimicrobial Activity of Lectins from Plants
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/…/983af6440005d0b0d55783b1…

目前已經有好幾篇大型的研究顯示攝取含有凝集素的食物如豆類，全穀物和堅果等與降低心血管疾病，體重減輕和第二型糖尿病的發病率有關。(注意:這裡不是攝取精緻加工食品或精緻澱粉哦)

Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and systematic review. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e261.

Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28:845-58.

Whole-grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses’ Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:412-9.

Resistant starch: the effect on postprandial glycemia, hormonal response, and satiety.Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Oct 1;60(4):544-51.

研究也顯示類風濕關節炎多攝取足夠的蔬菜、豆類、香料(薑黃及生薑)、季節性水果、益生菌優酪乳等,及避免精緻加工食品或添加糖，可以大大改善類風濕關節炎的症狀。

Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis with Dietary Interventions
Front. Nutr., 08 November 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2017.00052

其實很多人不知道其實是肉類或魚都含有所謂的凝集素（lectin），如果凝集素如此恐怖，那肉類、魚和植物我們都不能吃了，我們還能吃什麼？難道只能「灌油」！

Animal lectins: a historical introduction and overview.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Sep 19;1572(2-3):187-97

Animal Lectins: A Functional View
https://www.crcpress.com/Animal-Lectins-A-F…/…/9780849372698

Animal Lectins as Cell Adhesion Molecules
https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/46456

A review of fish lectins.
Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2015;16(4):337-51

Functional Aspects of Fish Mucosal Lectins—Interaction with Non-Self
Molecules. 2018 May; 23(5): 1119. doi: 10.3390/molecules23051119

Lectins of the innate immune system and their relevance to fish
health ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58: 380–385. 2001
doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.1020

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我個人對〈植物的逆襲〉這本書是不推荐的，雖然書中還是有很好的建議，認為我們應多攝取低熱量高營養密度的原型食物及少吃精緻加工食品，我想這都是大家的共識。但作者對植物的「反營養素」的論述過於誇大而且提出的醫學證據非常薄弱，故意了忽略這些「反營養素」對人體的好處及所有大型研究提出的實證。而且我們也可以透過浸泡，發芽，發酵和烹飪等方法來降低植物中「反營養素」對人的傷害。而且我個人認為適量攝取植物中的凝集素（lectin）反而對人體有益。

植物當中富含有維生素、微量元素、纖維及植物生化素，纖維又可在大腸發酵成短鏈脂肪酸(SCFAs)，這些已經有大量的醫學論文證實對人體有益。

在功能性醫學的領域，確實有少部分人在短中期去掉部分的植物攝取臨床症狀會得到改善，就好像Low FODMAP diet或GAPS diet很有效，這不代表他們需要一輩子執行這樣的飲食法。我們最主要還是幫助患者運用一些方法重整腸道功能，改善後慢慢加入植物纖維的攝取。

回覆徐昂先生：

你提到了你看了很多國外書籍，只是將書籍中的論點分享給你的粉絲。其實這一點是值得鼓力的，但我個人建議你或許應該小心的檢視書中的內容，以中立的態度去分享。國外書籍的作者就算他們是醫師、教授或某專業人士，他們所寫的內容不一定正確，我們應該小心求證而且要有思辨能力，這種情況下分享給群眾才是負責任的態度。

我個人幾天前私底下透過「某負責人」邀約你進行一場「君子之辯」，但是你拒絕了。而你在你的個人網頁雖然沒有指名道姓，說我是「壞人」及「噁心的人」，其實這些我都不在意。我真誠的希望你放下你對我個人的成見，我倆好好來一場理性高品質的「君子之辯」，給大家做個正面的示範。

146 Reasons Why Sugar Is Ruining Your Health
146 เหตุผลที่เราไม่ควรกินน้ำตาล
By Nancy Appleton, Ph.D.
(สำหรับคนที่ยังคิดว่ามันมีข้อดีบ้างครับ อาหารทุกชนิดมีข้อดีบ้าง เพียงแต่ว่าเราต้องชั่งข้อดีกับข้อเสียกันครับ)
1. Sugar can suppress the immune system.
2. Sugar upsets the mineral relationships in the body.
3. Sugar can cause hyperactivity, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and crankiness in children.
4. Sugar can produce a significant rise in triglycerides.
5. Sugar contributes to the reduction in defense against bacterial infection (infectious diseases).
6. Sugar causes a loss of tissue elasticity and function, the more sugar you eat the more elasticity and function you loose.
7. Sugar reduces high density lipoproteins.
8. Sugar leads to chromium deficiency.
9 Sugar leads to cancer of the ovaries.
10. Sugar can increase fasting levels of glucose.
11. Sugar causes copper deficiency.
12. Sugar interferes with absorption of calcium and magnesium.
13. Sugar can weaken eyesight.
14. Sugar raises the level of a neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
15. Sugar can cause hypoglycemia.
16. Sugar can produce an acidic digestive tract.
17. Sugar can cause a rapid rise of adrenaline levels in children.
18. Sugar malabsorption is frequent in patients with functional bowel disease.
19. Sugar can cause premature aging.
20. Sugar can lead to alcoholism.
21. Sugar can cause tooth decay.
22. Sugar contributes to obesity
23. High intake of sugar increases the risk of Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.
24. Sugar can cause changes frequently found in person with gastric or duodenal ulcers.
25. Sugar can cause arthritis.
26. Sugar can cause asthma.
27. Sugar greatly assists the uncontrolled growth of Candida Albicans (yeast infections).
28. Sugar can cause gallstones.
29. Sugar can cause heart disease.
30. Sugar can cause appendicitis.
31. Sugar can cause multiple sclerosis.
32. Sugar can cause hemorrhoids.
33. Sugar can cause varicose veins.
34. Sugar can elevate glucose and insulin responses in oral contraceptive users.
35. Sugar can lead to periodontal disease.
36. Sugar can contribute to osteoporosis.
37. Sugar contributes to saliva acidity.
38. Sugar can cause a decrease in insulin sensitivity.
39. Sugar can lower the amount of Vitamin E (alpha-Tocopherol in the blood.
40. Sugar can decrease growth hormone.
41. Sugar can increase cholesterol.
42. Sugar can increase the systolic blood pressure.
43. Sugar can cause drowsiness and decreased activity in children.
44. High sugar intake increases advanced glycation end products (AGEs)(Sugar bound non-enzymatically to protein)
45. Sugar can interfere with the absorption of protein.
46. Sugar causes food allergies.
47. Sugar can contribute to diabetes.
48. Sugar can cause toxemia during pregnancy.
49. Sugar can contribute to eczema in children.
50. Sugar can cause cardiovascular disease.
51. Sugar can impair the structure of DNA
52. Sugar can change the structure of protein.
53. Sugar can make our skin age by changing the structure of collagen.
54. Sugar can cause cataracts.
55. Sugar can cause emphysema.
56. Sugar can cause atherosclerosis.
57. Sugar can promote an elevation of low density lipoproteins (LDL).
58. High sugar intake can impair the physiological homeostasis of many systems in the body.
59. Sugar lowers the enzymes ability to function.
60. Sugar intake is higher in people with Parkinson’s disease.
61. Sugar can cause a permanent altering the way the proteins act in the body.
62. Sugar can increase the size of the liver by making the liver cells divide.
63. Sugar can increase the amount of liver fat.
64. Sugar can increase kidney size and produce pathological changes in the kidney.
65. Sugar can damage the pancreas.
66. Sugar can increase the body's fluid retention.
67. Sugar is enemy #1 of the bowel movement.
68. Sugar can cause myopia (nearsightedness).
69. Sugar can compromise the lining of the capillaries.
70. Sugar can make the tendons more brittle.
71. Sugar can cause headaches, including migraine.
72. Sugar plays a role in pancreatic cancer in women.
73. Sugar can adversely affect school children's grades and cause learning disorders..
74. Sugar can cause an increase in delta, alpha, and theta brain waves.
75. Sugar can cause depression.
76. Sugar increases the risk of gastric cancer.
77. Sugar and cause dyspepsia (indigestion).
78. Sugar can increase your risk of getting gout.
79. Sugar can increase the levels of glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test over the ingestion of complex carbohydrates.
80. Sugar can increase the insulin responses in humans consuming high-sugar diets compared to low sugar diets.
81 High refined sugar diet reduces learning capacity.
82. Sugar can cause less effective functioning of two blood proteins, albumin, and lipoproteins, which may reduce the body’s ability to handle fat and cholesterol.
83. Sugar can contribute to Alzheimer’s disease.
84. Sugar can cause platelet adhesiveness.
85. Sugar can cause hormonal imbalance; some hormones become underactive and others become overactive.
86. Sugar can lead to the formation of kidney stones.
87. Sugar can lead to the hypothalamus to become highly sensitive to a large variety of stimuli.
88. Sugar can lead to dizziness.
89. Diets high in sugar can cause free radicals and oxidative stress.
90. High sucrose diets of subjects with peripheral vascular disease significantly increases platelet adhesion.
91. High sugar diet can lead to biliary tract cancer.
92. Sugar feeds cancer.
93. High sugar consumption of pregnant adolescents is associated with a twofold increased risk for delivering a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant.
94. High sugar consumption can lead to substantial decrease in gestation duration among adolescents.
95. Sugar slows food's travel time through the gastrointestinal tract.
96. Sugar increases the concentration of bile acids in stools and bacterial enzymes in the colon. This can modify bile to produce cancer-causing compounds and colon cancer.
97. Sugar increases estradiol (the most potent form of naturally occurring estrogen) in men.
98. Sugar combines and destroys phosphatase, an enzyme, which makes the process of digestion more difficult.
99. Sugar can be a risk factor of gallbladder cancer.
100. Sugar is an addictive substance.
101. Sugar can be intoxicating, similar to alcohol.
102. Sugar can exacerbate PMS.
103. Sugar given to premature babies can affect the amount of carbon dioxide they produce.
104. Decrease in sugar intake can increase emotional stability.
105. The body changes sugar into 2 to 5 times more fat in the bloodstream than it does starch.
106. The rapid absorption of sugar promotes excessive food intake in obese subjects.
107. Sugar can worsen the symptoms of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
108. Sugar adversely affects urinary electrolyte composition.
109. Sugar can slow down the ability of the adrenal glands to function.
110. Sugar has the potential of inducing abnormal metabolic processes in a normal healthy individual and to promote chronic degenerative diseases.
111.. I.Vs (intravenous feedings) of sugar water can cut off oxygen to the brain.
112. High sucrose intake could be an important risk factor in lung cancer.
113. Sugar increases the risk of polio.
114. High sugar intake can cause epileptic seizures.
115. Sugar causes high blood pressure in obese people.
116. In Intensive Care Units, limiting sugar saves lives.
117. Sugar may induce cell death.
118. Sugar can increase the amount of food that you eat.
119. In juvenile rehabilitation camps, when children were put on a low sugar diet, there was a 44% drop in antisocial behavior.
120. Sugar can lead to prostrate cancer.
121. Sugar dehydrates newborns.
122. Sugar increases the estradiol in young men.
123. Sugar can cause low birth weight babies.
124. Greater consumption of refined sugar is associated with a worse outcome of schizophrenia
125. Sugar can raise homocysteine levels in the blood stream.
126. Sweet food items increase the risk of breast cancer.
127. Sugar is a risk factor in cancer of the small intestine.
128. Sugar may cause laryngeal cancer.
129. Sugar induces salt and water retention.
130. Sugar may contribute to mild memory loss.
131. As sugar increases in the diet of 10 years olds, there is a linear decrease in the intake of many essential nutrients.
132. Sugar can increase the total amount of food consumed.
133. Exposing a newborn to sugar results in a heightened preference for sucrose relative to water at 6 months and 2 years of age.
134. Sugar causes constipation.
135. Sugar causes varicous veins.
136. Sugar can cause brain decay in prediabetic and diabetic women.
137. Sugar can increase the risk of stomach cancer.
138. Sugar can cause metabolic syndrome.
139. Sugar ingestion by pregnant women increases neural tube defects in embryos.
140. Sugar can be a factor in asthma.
141. The higher the sugar consumption the more chances of getting irritable bowel syndrome.
142. Sugar could affect central reward systems.
143. Sugar can cause cancer of the rectum.
144. Sugar can cause endometrial cancer.
145. Sugar can cause renal (kidney) cell carcinoma.
146. Sugar can cause liver tumors.