[學術寫作] Coherence and Cohesion in Writing
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英文寫作強調文字和文意上的連貫,包括字句連貫 (cohesion) 以及語意邏輯連貫 (coherence),也就是說句子和段落之間的詞彙及主題都必須環環相扣。同學們在學習進階英文寫作時,需要多留意這些準則,寫出來的文章才能符合字句連貫 (cohesion) 及語意連貫 (coherence) 兩大原則。
Coherence 一般來說是指將論點與想法合邏輯地安排。從語意的觀點來看,欲寫出思路清晰、邏輯連貫 (coherent) 的文章,需要注意兩大重點: 1. 主題一致 (unity) 整篇文章所傳達的意念需要有一致性,將相同主題的句子放在同一段落。2. 承先啟後 (logical order and transitions) 有系統地和有邏輯地提出論點。在說明論點方面,要按部就班地說明,藉此作者對於自己論點提出足夠的支持理由,使讀者有足夠的資訊來理解作者的想法,如此一來也可使作者的論點更具有說服力和邏輯性。先介紹主題 (topic sentence),然後循序漸進地鋪陳 (major support),最後以最新資訊作結 (details and/or exemplification)。
Cohesion 簡單來說是指用有相關性的單字的語言來串連句子、段落與文章使讀者在易於理解前後文。指標詞(signposts and linking words) 可以加強語意連貫 (cohesion): 1. 主要指標詞: 示意文章中的目的,結構,作者的立場,主要觀點,爭論的方向,和結論。 2. 關聯詞和片語: 呈現出句子和句子與段落和段落的連結。
Cohesion 的詳細說明: http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=17303
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一些主要指標詞:
The aim of this study is to ....
The purpose of this thesis is to ....
This essay argues that ....
The main questions addressed in this paper are ....
This essay critically examines ....
This chapter reviews the literature ....
In conclusion, ....
一些關聯詞:
Indicating order:
First (ly), ... / Second(ly), ... / Finally, ... /
Indicating addition or similarity:
also, ... / additionally, ... / furthermore, ... / similarly, ...
Indicating contrast:
however, ... / nevertheless, ... / on the other hand, ... /
Giving a reason:
for this reason, ... / because ... / because of ... / due to ...
Indicating result or consequence:
therefore, ... / thus, ... / as a result, ... / consequently, ...
Reformulating an idea:
in other words, ... / to put it simply, ... / that is ...
Exemplifying:
for example, ... / for instance, ... / to exemplify, ...
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要讓一段文字的字句有連貫性 (cohesive) 可透過以下方式:
1. 重複 (repetition): 可以在第二句再重複前一句所用過的字彙。
2. 同義字 (synonym): 若不想直接重複字彙,也可以用同義字來代表你想重複單字或其概念。
3. 對稱構句 (parallelism): 重複句子的結構。這個技巧雖是最基本的,但也是製造cohesion的有效的方法之一。
4. 連接詞 (conjunctions and transitions): 使用適當的連接詞或副詞使句子符合邏輯地串聯在一起。
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一段文字可能符合字句上的連貫性 (cohesion) 但不符合語意邏輯上的連貫性(coherence)。文章中要達到 cohesion,在句與句之間必須字彙上主題要有相關,而 coherence 是要達到語意上邏輯上的一致性或相關性。
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1. 有字句連貫(cohesion)及語意連貫 (coherence)
"My favorite color is blue. I like it because it is calming and it relaxes me. I often go outside in the summer and lie on the grass and look into the clear blue sky when I am stressed. For this reason, I'd have to say my favorite color is blue."
Cohesive AND coherent: blue --> calming and relaxing --> clear blue sky --> reduces stress --> blue.
這個句既有字句連貫(cohesion)及語意連貫(coherence)。
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2. 有達到字句連貫(cohesion)但不符合語意連貫(coherence)
"My favorite color is blue. Blue sports cars go very fast. Driving in this way is dangerous and can cause many car crashes. I had a car accident once and broke my leg. I was very sad because I had to miss a holiday in Europe because of the injury."
Cohesive NOT coherent: blue --> sports car --> fast driving --> car crashes --> broken Leg --> very sad --> miss holiday in Europe
如你所見,這段文字間具有相關性 (cohesion),但當這些句子放在同一個段落中卻無法構成意義。文字一開始說明我喜歡藍色但卻以歐洲的旅行作結,語意上的不連貫導致理解困難。
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3. 有達到語意連貫(coherence)但不具有字句連貫(cohesion)
"My favorite color is blue. I'm calm and relaxed. In the summer I lie on the grass and look up."
Coherent NOT cohesive: blue | calm and relaxed | looking up
這段文字語意邏輯上符合一貫性,但缺乏足夠的連接用語 (connector) 把想法串連起來導致整個段落缺乏cohesion,也會造成理解困難。
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字句連貫 (cohesion) 和語意連貫 (coherence) 的教學影片
1. http://tw.91voa.com/home/advanced/ielts/ielts-preparation/3-03-cohesion-coherence-in-writing
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43AlGwz1Aq0
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhGnPh84Vkg (Unity, Coherence, Cohesion)
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學術寫作資源 (Writing Resources): http://goo.gl/5HzXvh
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資料來源:
http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=17303
http://www.cavesbooks.com.tw/CET/ArtContent_tw.aspx?CDE=ART201309060959110XI
http://www.criticism.com/da/coherence.php
http://seas3.elte.hu/coursematerial/KormosJudit/appling7.pdf
http://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-Cohesion
http://www.bothell.washington.edu/wacc/for-students/eslhandbook/coherence
http://www.slideshare.net/nakulrtm/signposting-writing-development-centre-newcastle-university
http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/courses/discourse-13/contents/slides/slides_lexical_chains.pdf
Image source: http://www.rgd.ca/database/images/SLD_BrandCoherenceStudy_Final.jpg
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心智圖詞彙攻略: https://bit.ly/2OcAJTb
同時也有7部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過38萬的網紅CH Music Channel,也在其Youtube影片中提到,《SPARK-AGAIN》 Ash flame / 焰火餘燼 作詞 / Lyricist:aimerrhythm 作曲 / Composer:永澤和真 編曲 / Arranger:玉井健二、 百田留衣 歌 / Singer:Aimer 翻譯:澄野(CH Music Channel) 意譯:CH(CH...
aim to同義 在 CH Music Channel Youtube 的最讚貼文
《SPARK-AGAIN》
Ash flame / 焰火餘燼
作詞 / Lyricist:aimerrhythm
作曲 / Composer:永澤和真
編曲 / Arranger:玉井健二、 百田留衣
歌 / Singer:Aimer
翻譯:澄野(CH Music Channel)
意譯:CH(CH Music Channel)
English Translation: CH(CH Music Channel)
背景 / Background - Memory - tarbo:
https://www.pixiv.net/artworks/66951851
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Copyright Info:
Be aware this channel is for promotion purposes only without any illegal profit. All music's ownership belongs to the original creators.
Please support the original creator.
すべての権利は正当な所有者/作成者に帰属します。あなたがこの音楽(または画像)の作成者で、この動画に使用されたくない場合はメッセージまたはこのYoutubeチャンネルの概要のメールアドレスにご連絡ください。私はすぐに削除します。
如果你喜歡我的影片,不妨按下喜歡和訂閱,你的支持就是我創作的最大原動力!
If you like my videos, please click like and subscribe! Thx :)
粉絲團隨時獲得最新訊息!
Check my Facebook page for more information!
https://www.facebook.com/chschannel/
中文翻譯 / Chinese Translation :
https://home.gamer.com.tw/creationDetail.php?sn=4911625
日文歌詞 / Japanese Lyrics :
うらぶれたシグナル 無暗に光らせ
果てない迷路 進んだってどうせ
a 9 days wonder 絡まった旋律
解かぬままリピートしたら いつまでも 疼いて痛い
満ち足りない
変わりはしない? この世界
心したいようにして 吠える勇気は 微塵もないくせに
愛されたい
すがろうとしてるの? もういいって
澱んでくだけの思いこそ解けば
夜を撃つ サイレン 夢想への SOS
全部 朽ち果てていいから
透き通った一瞬を 呼び覚ましてよ
ねえ ここから Ash flame 宿して抗え
どんな無様でも手を伸ばせ
苦い笑みも ひび割れたくらいじゃ 壊れやしない
ぐしゃぐしゃ 丸めて心を 捨てようとして
的外れのまま 耐えるのには長すぎる滑走路
託されたい 変えようとしてるよ どうしたって
だからお願い あのフレイズを繋いでみせて
ぼやけたシグナル 両手にあつめて
急かすように 紡ぎだしたストーリー
a 9 days wonder 真夜中の不文律
ひとつも置いていかないよ いつまでも 抱いていよう
夜を穿つ サイレン 瞬くは SOS
どんなに 汚れ 削られても
夢という怪物は 美しいんだよ
何度でも Ash flame 宿して刃向かおう
誰に追われても構わない
過ぎし日の cloud nine 宿命果たすまで 絶やさないよ
中文歌詞 / Chinese Lyrics :
落下深淵的破舊信號燈,僅是毫無意義與規律地閃爍著
心中不存在終點的迷宮,無論如何前進也無法改變
僅需曇花一現般的短暫,便能呈現內心糾纏成結的雜亂旋律
若不解開而任其肆意反覆迴響——便將深藏心頭隱隱作痛
「還不滿足嗎?」
「難道連一點變化都沒有嗎?這無趣的世界。」
內心故作在意一般,卻連一絲回過頭喊叫的勇氣都沒有
「我僅是渴望被愛。」
「現在還在乞求能夠被拯救嗎?差不多夠了吧?」
若能將陷至水底深淵的思緒解開的話——
在這夜晚響徹的鳴笛,將劃破夜空為夢想呼救
哪怕一切早已腐朽枯涸也無妨
在萬物沉寂,而能聽見聲音的那一瞬喚醒我吧
聽我說,就從現在起,哪怕此身由焰火餘燼所成,仍不畏抵抗
即便那是多麼不堪入目的模樣,只要伸出手——
就算僅能迎來苦澀的強顏歡笑,也不會只因些許裂痕而盡數毀壞消逝
想將蜷曲成團、早已碎裂崩壞的內心捨棄擲出
卻難以擲中目標,看來膽怯而緩和衝擊的跑道仍太過冗長
希望能受到託付,故仍試著改變紊亂的心,難道不行嗎?
所以,就拜託你了,請將那纏繞我心的旋律一同繫起
早已模糊不清的老舊信號燈,就用這雙手收集四溢的光芒吧
如此朦朧,彷彿受催促而編撰出的故事般破碎
曇花一現般消逝,於午夜的月光下不成文形
哪怕早已四散,我也不會拋下任何事物離去。不論何時,我都會緊抱所有
在這夜晚響徹的鳴笛,將轉瞬穿過夜空呼救
不論染上多少汙穢、不論被剝奪了多少
曾名為「夢想」的怪物,仍是如此令人著迷
我將不斷地化作焰火餘燼,緊握利刃奮力前行
即便遭遇他人追趕阻卻也無妨
為了重拾逝去的欣喜過往,在抵至命運終點之前,我永不停歇
英文歌詞 / English Lyrics :
The falling shabby signal recklessly sparkles.
There's no meaning keep walking in this endless maze.
A 9 days' wonder with tangled rhythm.
If you don't untie it and just let it repeatedly playing, you only receive more pain in the end.
Not satisfied.
"Still no changes in this world, huh?"
As if keeping in mind, yet I don't possess any courage to yell it out loud.
I want to be loved.
"Still begging for help? It's enough."
If I can release all those emotions precipitating like dregs in the deepwater...
The siren that blasts through the night is the SOS sent from a dream.
I don't mind if it has already died in obscurity.
Call and wake me the moment when everything is clear.
Hey, I'll resist like the ash flame existing in my body from now on.
No matter how clumsy I may look like, I'll reach out my hand.
Even if the result is a bitter laugh, it won't break just by some cracks.
I have thrown this twisted, broken heart away.
Yet I can't hit my aim, the runway that endures impact seems to be too long.
I want to be reliable; I want to change no matter what. What's wrong with that?
So please, help me connect with that phrase.
The fuzzy signal I collected with my hand.
It's obscure as if the story that fabricated abruptly.
A 9 days' wonder with midnight's unwritten law.
I won't leave anything behind; I'll hold them forever.
The siren that pierces through the night is the instant SOS.
I don't care how much it has been tainted or deprived.
The monster called "dream" is fascinating.
I'll move forward with the knife like the ash flame existing in my body, again and again.
I don't care who tries to chase and stop me.
I won't let the flame die until I fulfill my fate and regain those bygone days of cloud nine.
![post-title](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/1BPVOXW0QmQ/hqdefault.jpg)
aim to同義 在 志祺七七 X 圖文不符 Youtube 的最佳貼文
#AORUS #VISION
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各節重點:
00:07 前情提要
01:36「卍」的起源
04:32「卍」為何會到希特勒手中?
06:30被希特勒染指的卍,在二戰被視為禁忌
07:41來自東方的抗議
08:56近期的爭議事件
10:40我們的觀點
11:39提問
12:05結尾
【 製作團隊 】
|企劃:力寧
|腳本:力寧、羊羊
|編輯:土龍
|剪輯後製:Pookie、絲繡
|剪輯助理:歆雅、范范、珊珊
|演出:志祺
——
【 本集參考資料 】
→ :Popular online retailer Shein apologizes for selling swastika necklace after backlash:https://cbsn.ws/31nmuSm
→ :賽夏族祖傳「雷女紋」 不是納粹圖騰啦:https://bit.ly/2EzOB7V
→ :《符號的故事》:直到希特勒出現,「卍」才出現廣為人知的邪惡意義:https://bit.ly/32ln0Qb
→ :THINK TANK; A Symbol of Hatred Pleads Not Guilty:https://nyti.ms/3hq5hNW
→ :How the world loved the swastika - until Hitler stole it:https://bbc.in/3j6VFrN
→ :把 卐 字傳入德國的男人:https://bit.ly/2QiN20K
→ :Emile Louis Burnouf | French archaeologist | Britannica:https://bit.ly/3leVQDm
→ :Learn To Love The Swastika? Tattoo Parlours Aim To 'Take Back' Symbol From The Nazis In New Scheme:https://bit.ly/3hsFkNQ
→ :Friends of the swastika' shirts sold on USC campus:https://bit.ly/2YqATLF
→ :Vendor Selling ""Friends Of The Swastika"" Shirts On USC Campus Asked To Leave:https://bit.ly/2EpyXvX
→ :Hindu Swastika Is Not Hitler’s Hakenkreuz, Stupid:https://bit.ly/3gwXmgF
→ :Recognize Swastika as spiritual, not just hateful, to foster mutual respect and tolerance.:https://bit.ly/2QkHXFo
→ :Bill to teach students about symbols of hate passes Senate:https://bit.ly/3hsFGEa
→ :Hindu Student Leader In US Faces Cyber-bullying For Pointing Out That Sacred Dharmic Symbol ‘Swastika’ Is Different From Nazi Hakenkreuz: https://bit.ly/2El13J7
→ :There’s nothing ‘peaceful’ about the swastika:https://bit.ly/32nhNar
→ :Jewish-Hindu relations and a case for greater understanding:https://bit.ly/2CStqxu
→ :Why did Hitler choose the swastika, and how did a Sanskrit symbol become a Nazi emblem?:https://bit.ly/2FVCWRT
【 延伸閱讀 】
→ :空軍悄悄撤下「卐」字標誌 一個遲遲走不出納粹陰影的古老符號:https://bit.ly/3jcYZSn
→ :外國人真的看不懂? 日本政府改地圖拚觀光惹惱民眾:https://bit.ly/3l9ej4h
→ :軍國主義復活? 日極右派高舉卐字旗反中韓:https://bit.ly/2CUswR7
→ :赫見納粹圖騰引爭議 馬公潮音寺新建工程擺烏龍:https://bit.ly/2QgHzro
→ :外媒看光復高中事件:台灣不是特例,亞洲人對二戰、納粹歷史的認知「不太一樣」:https://bit.ly/3jcZcVF
→ :A Thai Singer Wore a Swastika. Was It Prejudice or Ignorance?:https://nyti.ms/3aT7rTN
→ :Thailands Nazi pop culture phenomenon:https://nyti.ms/31nYfnd
→ :Watch: Thailand’s military rulers use Hitler in propaganda video:https://wapo.st/31offdd
→ :Deadly Style: Bauhaus’s Nazi Connection:https://bit.ly/32isvz3
→ :These are the new symbols of hate:https://cnn.it/3lgqV9x
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aim to同義 在 Tung I-Fen Youtube 的精選貼文
60 A Minute 在作品『與時間牽手』的結構核心,是採用心理學角度作為出發,觀者在60個一分鐘的結構裡,體驗大腦對時序、時距和時點的不同感知,證明時間是主觀和人性化的,不同人對其意識程度和認知也有不同。
在董怡芬的編舞經驗中,「時間」一直在她的創作元素裡佔有極大且重要的位置,時間長度地掌握也一直是創作裡非常重要的功夫,巧妙運用時間的長短與快慢變化,產生所需的效果傳達。時間是一條持續向未來延伸的長線,20世紀的天才哲學家海德格(Martin Heidegger),把人生描繪為不斷做選擇並「被拋向未來」的存在。此製作其最終目標並非在於辯證出時間理論其正確性,而是藉此製作處理一向以時間推進為主要感官知覺的觀舞方式,能夠有其他的閱讀機會。安娜琪舞者一向擅長處理現場表演與觀眾之間的對應關係,在精細舞蹈編排設定後,時而慘入對時序的打破、時而對現實時間的推移做改變、時而藉由空間的流轉改變時間的定義。
The core structure of “60 A Minute” derives from a psychological perspective. In 60 one-minute-sections, the audience find themselves experience time order, time interval, and timing differently, proving that how we perceive time is subjective, human-centered, and variant among one another.
In I-Fen Tung’s choreography, “time” has been a constant key element. She values the mastering of time, utilizing different time length and speed to create the desired effects in her pieces. Time is a continuous extension into the future. Martin Heidegger, a renowned philosopher of the 20th century, depicts life as incessant decision-making and “being tossed towards the future”.
The aim of this production is not to debate the theory of time, but to generate an alternative to the usual perception of viewing dance in the chronology of time. Anarchy Dance Theatre excels in creating strong interfaces between audience and live performance. Their choreography, delicate and well thought out, integrates the shatter of time order, the shifting of real-time, and the influence of space transformation towards the meaning of time.
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