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Googleの旅行アプリで使われている280年前のアルゴリズムとは？(2016)
https://gigazine.net/news/20160923-google-trips-algorithm/
📜 [專欄新文章] Gas Efficient Card Drawing in Solidity
✍️ Ping Chen
📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Assign random numbers as the index of newly minted NFTs
Scenario
The fun of generative art NFT projects depends on randomness. The industry standard is “blind box”, where both the images’ serial number and the NFTs’ index are predetermined but will be shifted randomly when the selling period ends. (They call it “reveal”) This approach effectively solves the randomness issue. However, it also requires buyers to wait until the campaign terminates. What if buyers want to know the exact card right away? We’ll need a reliable onchain card drawing solution.
The creator of Astrogator🐊 isn’t a fan of blind boxes; instead, it thinks unpacking cards right after purchase is more interesting.
Spec
When initializing this NFT contract, the creator will determine the total supply of it. And there will be an iterable function that is randomly picking a number from the remaining pool. The number must be in range and must not collide with any existing ones.
Our top priority is accessibility/gas efficiency. Given that gas cost on Ethereum is damn high nowadays, we need an elegant algorithm to control gas expanse at an acceptable range.
Achieving robust randomness isn’t the primary goal here. We assume there’s no strong financial incentive to cheat, so the RNG isn’t specified. Implementers can bring their own source of randomness that they think is good enough.
Implementation
Overview
The implementation is pretty short and straightforward. Imagine there’s an array that contains all remaining(unsold) cards. When drawIndex() is called, it generates a (uniform) random seed to draw a card from the array, shortens the array, and returns the selected card.
Algorithm
Drawing X cards from a deck with the same X amount of cards is equal to shuffling the deck and dealing them sequentially. It’s not a surprise that our algorithm is similar to random shuffling, and the only difference is turning that classic algo into an interactive version.
A typical random shuffle looks like this: for an array with N elements, you randomly pick a number i in (0,N), swap array[0] and array[i], then choose another number i in (1,N), swap array[1] and array[i], and so on. Eventually, you’ll get a mathematically random array in O(N) time.
So, the concept of our random card dealing is the same. When a user mints a new card, the smart contract picks a number in the array as NFT index, then grabs a number from the tail to fill the vacancy, in order to keep the array continuous.
Tweak
Furthermore, as long as the space of the NFT index is known, we don’t need to declare/initialize an array(which is super gas-intensive). Instead, assume there’s such an array that the n-th element is n, we don’t actually initialize it (so it is an array only contains “0”) until the rule is broken.
For the convenience of explanation, let’s call that mapping cache. If cache[i] is empty, it should be interpreted as i instead of 0. On the other hand, when a number is chosen and used, we’ll need to fill it up with another unused number. An intuitive method is to pick a number from the end of the array, since the length of the array is going to decrease by 1.
By doing so, the gas cost in the worst-case scenario is bound to be constant.
Performance and limitation
Comparing with the normal ascending index NFT minting, our random NFT implementation requires two extra SSTORE and one extra SLOAD, which cost 12600 ~ 27600 (5000+20000+2600) excess gas per token minted.
Theoretically, any instantly generated onchain random number is vulnerable. We can restrict contract interaction to mitigate risk. The mitigation is far from perfect, but it is the tradeoff that we have to accept.
ping.eth
Gas Efficient Card Drawing in Solidity was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌
元月刊アスキー編集長の遠藤諭が、世界を変えたガジェットをブロックでつくる！ 初代ウォークマンからApple II、ルンバ、たまごっち、Pongのアップライト筐体、VAX-11/780まで、最大64ピースの制限を自ら課して作った作品を紹介する連載動画です。
1983年にヤマハが発売した世界初のフルデジタルシンサセイザー。パソコンユーザーにはお馴染みのFM音源を採用。61鍵・きらびやかな音色を16同時発音。MIDIが登場した時期でもあり、押す強さで音の調子が変わるのをデモされてカッコ良すぎると思った人も多いはず。LSI技術を持つヤマハだから作りえたといえる。
▽ブロック de ガジェット再生リスト
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZRpVgG187CvTxcZbuZvHA1V87Qjl2gyB
▽出演者プロフィール
遠藤諭（えんどうさとし / @hortense667） 1991～2002年月刊アスキー編集長。ネットデジタルの歴史にくわしい。未開封aiboで「開運! なんでも鑑定団」に出演。カレーマニア。
https://twitter.com/hortense667
「in64blocks」Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/in64blocks/
▽関連記事
100個到達記念！「ブロック de ガジェット」つくり方動画講座（？）はじまる
https://ascii.jp/elem/000/004/059/4059966/
世界初のデジタルシンセ DX7をつくる
https://ascii.jp/elem/000/004/064/4064248/
00:00 オープニング
00:38 ファミリーコンピュータを作る
04:25 エンディング
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Life in Japan Diaries: https://bit.ly/3oIAyyk
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●LISTEN TO MY MUSIC●
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Hey, I’m Laura Ribeiro. I am Brazilian-Portuguese, raised in London. I moved to Tokyo in 2014.
I work as a full-time model, and a singer-songwriter musician. My channel is based on lifestyle, beauty & fashion videos. I have always loved documenting everything, and being able to look back.
thanks for watching, don't forget to subscribe ♡
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