📜 [專欄新文章] Ethereum RNG (RANDAO & VDF)
✍️ Kimi Wu
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Ethereum RNG solution(RANDAO & VDF)
RNG是Random Number Generator,也就是亂數產生器
在現實世界中要產生真正的隨機數,其實不容易,各個語言的library所提供的隨機數,都是偽隨機數,是可以預測的,不過在大部分的應用場域,都是可以應付的。區塊鏈的世界,面對的是全世界的人,怎麼產生不可預測的隨機數,就很重要,不然就可以被有心人所操作。例如Ethereum Beacon chain(POS chain)中的validator/attester(產塊跟驗證的角色),若是可以被預測,那大概就沒有人會相信這條鏈了。而這也是Ethereum Serenity(Eth-2.0),所遇到的問題之一。目前隨機數的產生,就由RANDOA + VDF所產生,以下就分別介紹
RANDAO
RANDAO是利用經濟模式(獎勵跟處罰)的方式,促使在公共場域中能產生隨機變數
原理很簡單,想參加的人把拿錢來抵押,需要產生隨機數的人要付錢。所以參加者就可以從中分潤,當然不守規矩抵押的錢也就會被沒收,利用獎勵跟處罰的方式迫使大家都守規矩。詳細步驟如下:
首先,會有個收集seed的時間,例如6個block的時間。接著,想參與的人,投入某個數量的ETH到RANDAO這個smart contract(作質押),然後附上secret(某個只有你知道的值s,然後作sha3)。
等收集時間結束,就是驗證時間。此階段所有參與著需要把s傳入smart contract做驗證,smart contract會把s作sha3,去驗證是不是跟第一階段傳進來的一致。最終會把驗證過的s當作seed去產生隨機數。
最後,就是產生隨機數,然後把隨機數傳給之前有請求過的contract。然後歸還質押的ETH跟利潤分給參與者。
此外有幾個附加條件
第一階段若收集到數筆一樣的secret,只接受第一筆
第一階段會規定基本人數,若結束後未到達人數門檻,則此次的產生就失敗
若第二階段需提供s3.1 若未提供,則質押的ETH會被沒收3.2 若此階段有一個以上參與著未提供s,則此次產生失敗,並且把沒收的 ETH分給有提供s的參與者。且退還請求者所支付的ETH。
VDF
VDF 全名為Verifiable delay functions,從字面上有點難懂在幹嘛,從運作方面做解釋,就是輸入一個值,然後運算一段時間(delay),得出一個結果,最後這個結果是可以被輕易驗證的。如下列算式,
f(x) = g(g(g(g(….g(x)….)))) where g(x) = xor(x^((p+1)/4), 1) mod p 其反函數為h(x) = xor(x, 1)² mod p
上面提到「運算一段時間」的運算,其實是重複做同一種運算,從數學式看就很清楚,把x帶入g(x),然後把算出的結果再帶入g(x)。所以同一段時間,如果能迭代的次數比其他人多,那其他人就猜不到結果,也就沒辦法預測亂數結果。
最後,介紹一下這兩個方法怎麼運用在Ethereum Serenity中
首先,RANDAO會在內建在Beacon chain的邏輯中,而不是一個獨立的smart contract,但RANDAO有個缺點,就是最後一位可以預測/操縱結果。如下圖,因為最後一位可以知道前面的值,所以在最後可以決定要出值或是不出,因此可以操縱結果。(目前epoch是64個slot,而每個slot是6秒,所以epoch約是6.4 minutes)
source : Justin Drake slides on DevCon4
所以設計上除了RANDAO,還多一層VDF。 VDF把RANDAO產生出來的亂數當種子去產生亂數,而且計算時間要夠長(至少要一個epoch,目前規劃是10個epoch,不過相信還會有變動),如下圖
source : Justin Drake slides on DevCon4
實際的lifecycle會像這樣,在VDF計算完後,會有一個epoch的緩衝讓這個亂數可以上鏈,然後接著下一個RANDAO mixing。
source : Justin Drake slides on DevCon4
但問題來了,怎麼確保沒有人算得比你快??
所以Ethereum Foundation計畫做硬體,設計新的ASIC晶片來計算VDF,以確保沒人可以預測最終的亂數。實際設計當然不是Foundation的researcher們,他們找了學界跟產業的IC design專家做設計,因為硬體研發費用龐大,Filecoin也一起支援這項計畫。更多細節的部分,可以參考Minimal VDF randomness beacon
other references :RANDAO中文白皮書Justin Drake explains “Ethereum 2.0 randomness” on Devcon4
Originally published at kimiwublog.blogspot.com.
Ethereum RNG (RANDAO & VDF) was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
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柏柏爾人與撒哈拉 Berbers and the Sahara
(This post is bilingual. Please scroll to the bottom for English version.)
(昨天在沙漠裡過夜無法發文,今天加倍奉還文章較長敬請見諒。 Wasn't able to post in the desert last night. This one is therefore longer -- please bear with the lengthiness :D)
1. 柏柏爾人
撒哈拉行程第二天一早,帶我們參觀柏柏爾村莊的當地響導請我們一行人站在田埂上,和我們分享著他們族群的生活。
「我們每個人看起來都一樣,只有帽子的顏色不一樣。阿拉伯人、柏柏爾人、猶太人……住在一起都沒有問題。因為我們所有人都有同樣的爸爸和媽媽。」
說到這裡他停頓了幾秒看我們的反應。歐洲人的眼神看起來是領會到什麼了,其他人則有點茫然。
「亞當和夏娃。」他補上了這句。令我印象深刻的是他並沒有用英文裡Adam和Eve的發音,反而相當接近中文翻譯的「亞當」和「夏娃」兩個字。
嚮導帶著我們穿過田埂和水圳,告訴我們不同作物的季節和用途、哪個是橄欖樹哪個是杏仁樹、當地人如何只交換不交易等等。接著來到一個土造的傳統建築裡,在裡面向我們介紹他們手工地毯的文化,向我們解釋流程及困難之處,也告訴我們這些地毯都是沒有設計圖的,樣式全靠家族中的婦女傳承各家的專屬樣式。不出所料,下一步就是鼓勵我們買東西,還說他們現在提供DHL送貨到府。雖然是推銷,看在他那麼誠懇的份上我們也沒什麼抱怨(雖然也沒有人買啦)。
最後我們走過河上的木板橋,河邊正好有幾個婦女在洗衣,嚮導就順道提起:「柏柏爾人的女性力氣都很大,因此有時候男人蠻辛苦的……。」我馬上察覺到他在開玩笑,於是便反問他:「所以請問您有這樣的困擾嗎?XD」
他笑了笑之後說:「我太太嘛,生氣的時候真的很……(做出頭腦爆炸的手勢);不過還好,他通常燒的都是綠色的火,不是紅色的火,兩天之後整個人又開開心心的了。」說完他馬上問我:「所以你的太太如何?」接下來過了一秒鐘,我還來不及接話,他隨即補上:「你沒有太太。來,下一位!」(我心想,哇,你這嚮導婊人的功力果然還是魔高一丈呀!XD)
2. 撒哈拉
前段故事埋了個跟撒哈拉有關的哏,不知道各位有發現嗎?
沒錯,就是村裡的作物「橄欖樹」,同時也是三毛作詞、李泰祥作曲、齊豫原唱的歌曲名,連同三毛女士的作品,是使許多華人嚮往撒哈拉的啟蒙作品,按我同團的兩個中國女生也提到這件事(他們受友人之託要把撒哈拉的沙帶回去)。「不要問我從哪裡來,我的故鄉在遠方」的歌詞,配上李大師刻意營造不規則感的旋律,也曾經讓我對於這首歌的意境嚮往;當天下午四點,我們終於一睹撒哈拉的廬山真面目。車子在基地營把我們放下,接下來得騎一個半小時的駱駝到達沙漠中的營地,在那邊吃飯過夜之後隔天返回。
那晚,我們這些觀光客們圍在營火旁邊,當地嚮導們拿出了各種大大小小的鼓,叫我們自己先玩玩。我對於一開始大家不夠high這件事看不過去,於是就自己開始憑感覺亂敲亂唱,用固定但帶一點變化的鼓點配上五聲音階的即興旋律,後來當地嚮導竟然請我和他們一起演奏、吟唱他們的傳統音樂(我只好繼續用萬用和弦與結奏矇混過去,哈哈)。最後所有人都手舞足蹈完,大家也終於放開了,在星空下圍著逐漸黯淡的營火聊著彼此的故事。
隔天早上天還未亮就得拔營起行,原本應該是「夜色茫茫、星月無光」的(欸這是不是有幫某人助選嫌疑啊?XD),結果碰上大滿月,沙丘的輪廓一清二楚,連我們騎在駱駝上的影子都清晰可見,沉睡在黝黑中的沙漠其實很美,只不過氣溫是要命的冷,冷到讓人對撒哈拉完全失去興趣,只想回基地營吃熱騰騰的早餐;一直到接近基地營時,嚮導帶我們來到一座沙丘頂端看日出。這時天色已經不是魚肚白,沙丘也從全黑慢慢被調成土灰色;突然,太陽從地平線上出來了!
只見眼前無數的沙丘從頂部開始被一一打亮,接著整片沙漠像是前晚點燃木炭一般,從灰暗中緩緩轉成溫潤的黃褐色,不見烈焰飛騰,卻像是被陽光烘烤到燒了起來一樣。事後回想此情此景,我突然理解某首台灣國語流行歌詞表達的意境了:
「我的熱情(啊!),好像一盆火,燃燒了著整個沙漠。」
(結果這篇文章莫名其妙的用了一大堆國語歌曲哏,不知道自己在寫什麼,大概是腦袋被撒哈拉的太陽給燒壞了,哈哈。)
1. The Berbers
"We are all the same. Only our hats are different. Berbers, Arabs, Jews... we have no problem living together, because we all have the same father and mother..."
It was the second day of the Sahara tour, and this was said by our Berber guide. The Europeans in our group seemed to get something, while the other remained intact. Then the guide continued: "Adam and Eve." (Interestingly, his pronunciation of the names were very different from English, which I guess were probably Arabic or Hebrew.)
The guide led us through the fields into his village, showed us olive trees and almond trees, and told us how they exchange instead of purchase them. Afterwards we were led into a mud-made residence, where he introduced how traditional carpets are made, and how women passed down family-specific patterns down without any draft. At the end, unsurprisingly, he encouraged us to buy. While one of us bought anything, everyone seemed to be comfortable with that, as he had been passionately showing us his culture.
Finally, we crossed a river while some women were washing clothes. He said, "the Berber women have a lot of strength, and sometimes it can be hard..." Understanding his humor, I jokingly asked, "so, do you have this problem?" He laughed, "Well, when my wife is angry she is... (showing head explosion with gestures); but she usually has green fire, not red fire. After two days she is happy again..." Then he turned to me, "how is your wife?" Not waiting for me to respond, he contiuned, "you don't have a wife. (Indifferent and turning to the next guy,) so how is your wife? ..."
(I have to say he is indeed a very professional tour guide, who even knows how to play back on visitors' jokes.)
2. The Sahara
Many Mandarin speakers became interested in the Sahara because of the literature and a pop song "Olive Tree" of San-Mao, a Taiwanese writer who moved to the the Sahara with her husband in 1970s. The irregular, mysterious melody of the song also helped build my impression about the Sahara. Decades later, I finally arrived at the desert's margin around 4pm. Our trip began at the base camp, and we spent the night in the dessert after 1.5 hours of camel ride.
That night, we gathered around a campfire, and the local guides gave us some traditional drums to play. As an icebreaker, I started making regular beats with some random 5-node scale singing. The local guides were excited and invited me to join their playing and singing. Finally, after some singing and dancing, the group got relaxed, and people exchanged their stories around the dimming campfire.
The next morning, we headed back in the darkness -- well, not completely. It was close to the full moon, and the ride therefore came with very pleasant and tranquil desert view. However, feeling frozen in the temperature, all we wanted was to escape from the desert. Finally, we were led to the top of a sand dune to watch the sunrise. At then, the desert already turned from black to brown-gray. All of a sudden, the sun came up from the horizon. Gradually, the entire desert was "toasted" like charcoal, injected with very warm and amicable soil yellow color. The desert was ignited!
I can't think of any better way to end our time in the Sahara.
at random中文 在 Steffunn 勳 Facebook 的最佳解答
Thank you King Ly Chee, thank you Riz! And I'm proud to be one of the KLC family.
我中文真係唔夠好...十分抱歉...
The band has been taking a break since January of this year to figure out where we are emotionally and within the various stages of our lives. Making a commitment to a band like this (and a person like me) has not been easy and will never be easy - you can ask anyone in the photo here about their experiences both within and outside the band.
Either way...when we all look back at this and what we were all able to accomplish together - all these faces in this photo (and the ones who aren't here Mike, Gaeon, Wing, G, Fei Hin who kept the band going in dire times) took a little dream that I had when I started in 1999 and made it their own.
At 22 years old I came back to Hong Kong wanting to do something to help Hong Kong's underground community, who knew it would turn into what it did :-)
There are so many memories come flooding back...I still remember the day King Ly Chee joined a music festival in Tuen Mun (Gold Coast) in the summer of '99 and at the same competition a death metal band got on stage to compete. After they finished I ran to go say hello to them because I was so happy to hear extreme music in Hong Kong! They turned out to be Departing Cross...that guitar player Chai became a great friend of mine later. The drummer who would join them later (Man) would also become a member of King Ly Chee many MANY years later. I remember having the same response when I went to a show at the Warehouse in 1999 and saw a band called Hyponic get on stage and play doom metal and how happy I was to meet Roy and his wife Anita. They later even helped me translate MANY of the articles that were in my zine called 由零開始 Start From Scratch, as did Sammy of Lam Kei, and so many other friends. I remember touring China in 2000 for the first time and we stayed at Wu Wei (singer of SMZB)'s house with his mom, I remember traveling by train from Wuhan to Beijing for the first time and arriving in Beijing Train Station while the snow was falling around us, I remember getting on stage with Reflector-Brain Failure that night and becoming lifelong friends, I remember the next day Xiao Rong of Brain Failure took me to Scream Records to try to get the label to release our album "We Are Who We Are" in China, I remember putting my arms around Stephane and Alex as they cried on the plane leaving Korea after we played 6 shows in 3 days in Seoul in 2000, I remember getting my daily 4pm phonecalls from Kevin when he joined King Ly Chee, he would call every single day for the first year exactly at 4pm on his way to work at a tattoo shop and we'd talk about whatever like only brothers did, I remember Andy-Alex-Kevin and I recording "Stand Strong" until 5am every day and then going home for one hour then getting changed and going to our jobs, I remember touring Southeast Asia for the first time and meeting so many great people who are still good friends today, I remember touring Europe in 2006 in the fucking cold with Ming-Andy-Alex-Pong and dying cause it was so cold, I remember how on the way back from Europe while we were at the Dubai airport Alex told us that he had decided to leave and my heart broke into a million pieces because never in my life would i have ever thought he would leave the band, i remember after that andy and pong were like "don't worry - we'll keep the band going with you", i remember so many people saying that to me every time something happened - like Mike, Gaeon and Wing who sprung into action and helped the band continue somehow someway, i remember going on tour with NOFX and even though Fat Mike didn't like anything that was too metal sounding - El Hefe and Smelly always came to watch us play every night and they always said "man your guitar always sounds so HEAVY! i love it!", i remember receiving a random message from some guy named Brian who was living in australia and played in a nu-metal band, i remember many months later receiving his band's CD, i also remember later he sent me tracks of some really progressive metal songs that he had written, i remember that around this time the next heartbreak happened when andy decided he couldn't continue either, many months later that random ICQ (or was it MSN?) friend Brian was in king ly chee, i remember touring the philippines and after the last show of the tour we all stayed out with our Filipino brothers until the next morning talking - laughing, how about the time that i picked up my ultimate heroes from the airport in hong kong - the band that GOT me into hardcore back in '94 - mother fucking sick of it all!, holy shit...not only was i picking them up but i was the one organizing their first ever show in hong kong...holy fuck...
Memories like this can go on and on...because there are COUNTLESS stories like this to be told and shared with all of you...maybe one day there may be a book made :-)
For now...I want to first and foremost thank EVERY single person who has ever joined King Ly Chee for believing in me, believing in the band, believing in the purpose of the band, believing in the message...I know that some of these guys left the band not on good terms - but as my brother Kevin once said "Man - time heals everything" - I do hope that as time passes that every single one of these guys (and girl - we did have a girl vocalist for a year :-) will always remember their time in this band and the great things that we accomplished together.
Thank you everyone for giving us your hearts, believing in the band anytime in our 17 year existence...whether you were a fan of the Stephane-Ian lineup or the Stephane-Alex lineup or the Alex-Andy-Kevin lineup or the Alex-Andy-Pong-Ming lineup or the Andy-Pong-G lineup or the G-Brian-Pong-Man lineup or the Kent-Egas-Brian-Ho lineup or the Kent-Egas-Joe-Brian lineup or the Joe-Ivan-Brian-Ho lineup...whichever lineup you fell in love with - i can tell you from the bottom of my heart EVERY member gave 150% of their heart and soul to this band, to creating the music you heard, to playing those shows that you saw, to touring all over the world...
To this I live in eternal gratitude to these amazing individuals.
Lastly, thank you to every one of you all over this world who has supported the band. Thank you for your kindness, for your generosity, for your graciousness, for your heart...thank you for believing in this band.
I have about 13 demo songs that I had written this past year or so for a future King Ly Chee release - but now I guess I'll just put those online as a heartfelt thank you.
For one last time...
我 - 地 - 係 - KING - LY - CHEE
1999-2017.
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at random中文 在 sherrybyw Youtube 的最讚貼文
Here are 5 business casual outfits for work! I went on a huge shopping spree at ZARA a few weeks ago and so this was the perfect chance for me to not only do a style video, but also basically do a try-on haul!
[Outfit 1 •The Jumpsuit]
Navy culotte jumpsuit | ZARA https://go.zara/2PcFhKV
Bracelets | Daniel Wellington & Coordinates Collection* https://bit.ly/2NdKoJT
Necklace | Suzy Shier
Watch | Klasse14 http://bit.ly/2OChTqR
Faux fur scarf | ZARA https://go.zara/2q44ER5
Purse | Was a gift!
Heels | Urban Planet
[Outfit 2 • All-White]
White pearl blouse | Suzy Shier http://bit.ly/2S86kpy (alternative)
Tweed skirt | ZARA https://go.zara/2q1KdEl
White Blazer | Forever21
Rings | Mejuri* http://bit.ly/2S54t4V
Heels | Urban Planet
Pink purse | Danier Leather http://bit.ly/2S7pADy
[Outfit 3 • Oversized Blazer]
Orange turtleneck dress | STITCHES
Blazer | ZARA https://go.zara/2ySaI32
Envelope purse | Taobao (unfortunately I can't find the seller online anymore)
Boots | Urban Planet
[Outfit 4 • Classic Dress Pants]
Printed satin blouse | ZARA https://go.zara/2q55PzS
Necklace | Kate Spade New York http://bit.ly/2ELhMoa
Dress pants | Suzy Shier http://bit.ly/2PafN0Z
Heels | Urban Planet
[Outfit 5 • Classy & Cute]
White blouse | Fashiontoany (I don't think they sell clothes anymore but here's an alternative from Suzy Shier: http://bit.ly/2CZS8uz )
Tweed dress | ZARA https://go.zara/2yVWMVG
[LOCATION]
Laurier University's Lazaridis School of Business and Economics
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ADD ME ON:
Instagram • http://www.instagram.com/sherrybyw
Facebook • http://www.facebook.com/sherrybyw
Snapchat • sherrybyw
EMAIL:
For random questions - sherry@abrushofbeauty.com
For business inquiries - info@abrushofbeauty.com
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50 Facts About Me: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0ufTue-O9k
APARTMENT TOUR (DOWNTOWN MONTREAL): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Xt1PWSPPFg
自然捲髮造型分享 ?How I Curl My Hair: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRGTU7WNsG8
10分鐘去學的眼鏡化妝!! Glasses Makeup: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D92l5gnyzlY
Sisters Q&A!!!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pYfg3PV8Dk
自信心 ♡ How am I so confident?!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2pFq92Vf70
Snippet of my life: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJn8gV25wgs
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你們都知道我的中文嘛嘛地 ? 如果你想幫我加中文字幕, 我會非常感激 ? Thank you!!
加中文字幕: https://goo.gl/HAHu3i
教學: https://goo.gl/pcTVGQ
[ CAMERA & LENS ]
Canon EOS 70D
Canon EF-S 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6
Canon EF-S 24mm f/2.8
Canon EF 50mm f/1.8
Canon
Sony NEX-5R
Minolta 35, 50, and 85mm
Iphone 7+
#fashion #zara #lookbook
at random中文 在 TiffwithMi Youtube 的最佳貼文
This is an old cover I did on another channel some time ago. Reuploading this under a new series Michy Sings (but-not-so-well-she-just-sings-for-fun-lol?). We have many more videos coming up soon but we are really lacking in editing skills ?. We will try to post at least one video a week!
Anyway, this is just a really random cover and I had a sweet in my mouth while singing so please be lenient with me. Haha. Hope you guys enjoy this "cover" and we will have new videos coming up in a couple of days!
Also, we wanna thank you guys soooo much for the love we have been receiving. We have received so much love and support its really encouraging! ??? love you all!
With love,
Michy
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TO WATCH OUR PREVIOUS VIDEO: https://youtu.be/OKxDB08FfgA
GET TO KNOW US BETTER AT:
Tiffanie - http://instagram.com/iamtiffanie
Michy - http://Instagram.com/linmixue , https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCHJpvzhcxJ43pLMr8_EeCw
FACEBOOK PAGE - https://www.facebook.com/TiffwithMi/
Email - tiffwithmi@gmail.com
at random中文 在 YouTube: 首頁 的推薦與評價
Pretty WOMAN knows how to handle a knife #camping #survival #bushcraft #outdoors. 觀看次數:7395萬次 · 今天吃个简简单单的早餐~#布丁妹妹#早餐吃什么#安静的 ... ... <看更多>
at random中文 在 看電影學英文 的推薦與評價
So we'll choose one at random then. My associates will make sure it's random. 所以我們會隨機挑選一個。我的夥伴會確認它是隨機挑選出來的。 ... <看更多>