【核食在哪裡?用核能技術管理土壤】
#土壤生態管理核技術 #落塵放射核種常用在土壤流失檢測
最近隨萊豬議題發酵,福島食品開放的爭議也蜂擁而至,「核食」兩字更是劈哩啪啦在各地被使用。但你知道嗎?除了遭受核汙染的食品外,核能科技早已經被運用在食品上,除了醫療、能源外,農業與食品加工也是核技術廣泛使用所在(當然也會產生核廢料),我想比起稱沒有受輻射汙染的福島食品核食,稱應用核科技生產的農食品核食,或許更貼切?
因此,接下來會有系列文章談論核能技術於食品的應用,從土壤管理、育苗技術到食品防腐,讓你全面了解「核食」。兩周前的12月5號是「世界土壤日」,土壤是世上九成生物的家,土內的生物群能幫助土壤儲存更多的碳,因此土壤健康也攸關氣候變遷。這方面,國際原子能機構(IAEA)提供與原子能相關的醫療技術外也略懂略懂。
IAEA和聯合國糧農組織(FAO)在近日加入「保護土壤與土壤生物多樣性」計畫,過去IAEA就已與FAO合作,每年參與約50個技術合作項目,利用同位素和核子相關技術,投入例如改善乾旱區的土壤管理。同位素與核技術可以監測含水、土壤、養分之間的相互作用,進而優化土壤使用效率、改善土壤管理流程。自1995年迄今,來自90多國的專家均受益於IAEA的核技術支援,以下是幾個案例:
1⃣#用微生物肥料與同位素技術 提高大豆產量
位於西非的農業國貝南,土壤貧瘠地力較差,使大豆產量低落,影響國家收入。IAEA與FAO協助貝南的學者開發微生物肥料(biofertilizer),肥料內含的微生物可增加土壤的固氮能力,提高土壤生產力、刺激作物生長,並對環境無害。IAEA也提供同位素檢測法,利用氮的同位素氮15鑑定固氮率,量化農作物從大氣及土壤中捕獲多少的氮,來判斷土壤是否得到改良。結果貝南去年的大豆產量達22萬噸,是2009年的4倍。
2⃣用 #落塵放射核種 驗證傳統農法對保護地力有效性
在突尼西亞,一些肥沃區域的土地因土壤侵蝕而流失,為了防止惡化, FAO/IAEA協助突國,使用落塵放射核種中的同位素銫(Cs)137做為示踪劑(放射性標記物),測量土壤侵蝕速率,並以該技術檢驗突尼西亞傳統農法對保養土壤資源的有效程度。
3⃣利用核技術幫助農民控制水土流失
據FAO資料顯示,馬達加斯加整座島內約有1/3的土地都受土壤侵蝕而退化,除了農業受損,也衝擊島上生物多樣性。FAO/IAEA同樣使用銫137測量土壤侵蝕速率協助馬國國家核子技術研究所的科學家,向馬國農民提供強化水土保持的方案。
4⃣灌溉管理可改善土壤鹽化下的農作物產量
土壤鹽化是影響土壤健康、阻礙農業永續發展的主要障礙。鹽度問題可以自然發生,也可通過如灌溉等人類活動引起,面對土壤鹽化問題,IAEA與FAO合作整理了各國透過水資源和鹽分管理來提高作物產率的方法。例如越南採用氧18同位素(δ18Osw)來識別由灌溉管理不善、導致海水入侵造成之土壤鹽度的增加,其原理是海水中的δ18Osw比例固定,若該同位素在土壤內比重上升,表示海水侵入。
土壤溼度也是研究重點:土壤含水太少會減少收成、但土壤含水太多,土內的微生物會釋出更多甲烷。中國新疆、美國德州與奧地利,便使用「宇宙中子射線感測器(Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor)」監測農田的土壤含水量估計值,因為水分子會吸收環境中宇宙高能粒子的能量,因此若檢測土壤中的粒子能量較低,代表土壤含水量高。
█
ℹ補充:落塵放射核種
天然存在的落塵放射核種(fallout radionuclides、簡稱FRN),例如銫137、鉛210、鈹7等,在大氣中含量非常少,因為大部分都已透過雨水沉積在地球表面,由於它們只出現在表土層,當該土層的一部分被土壤侵蝕而流失時,這些核種的濃度就降低了,故FRN可用來偵測土壤流失的程度。銫(Cs)137是最常用的FRN,但卻不是天然核種,而是一種人造放射性同位素,在1950~1960年代間,因核子試爆而釋放到環境中,可以此估計最近幾十年的土壤侵蝕率。(有趣小影片:https://reurl.cc/v1YrGy)
█參考資料:
世界土壤日IAEA新聞稿:
https://reurl.cc/k0xDKd
利用同位素技術提高農作產量:
https://reurl.cc/gmVKXR
落塵放射核種評估地力:
https://reurl.cc/8nEdm4
中子射線感測器監控土壤濕度:
https://reurl.cc/R15Avz
核技術在土壤鹽化的應用:
https://reurl.cc/Xk17n3
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Continue Reading7 Basics Planting Veggies From Seeds
Here we want to share some of the basics of planting vegetables from seeds. This article is targeted to those who want to start planting at home but it may also be beneficial for those who have long gardening. Many more are actually things that can be included in this article but the information below is the main thing to be known to ensure seeds are planted and well growing.
1. Quality of seeds is important.
Not all seeds can grow and the addition rate depends on the quality of the seed. Generally more quality seeds contain or have a larger size. To make sure you get quality seeds get from a trusted manufacturer. Seeds treated with antimicrob and antifungus are also better.
2. The time taken for additions is different
Each plant grows at a different rate. Okra is among the plants that are easy and grow fast. Chili grows slowly and grows than okra. There are also seeds that will take long or hard to grow. To help extension, soak the seeds in the water for the night before being infused.
3. Ways of plants are different according to plants.
Plants like spinach and kangkung are easy to be planted, seeds can directly be covered on the plant media but keep the distance between seeds is not too close. For vegetable plants that grow like salad and cabbage need a larger room between plants. Plants like this and other plants such as chili and tomatoes should be sowed in the tray of a seasian and then diverted to the plant media like in a pot or on the ground. The distance between plants and vase size needs to fit the type of plants. For seeds that have low splash rates, sow over the media and then move the seeds that have grown into the tray of the semaian tray.
4. Use medium semaian and medium of suitable plants
Medium that is suitable for a piece of seed is smooth, holding humidity well, has a good ventilation, and hype (loggar). A good medium is also free from any pest, disease (sterile), and weed seeds. An example of a medium that is suitable for a seed of seeds is peat mos. Soil is not suitable to be used for a piece of seed because it's not sterile, too heavy, and doesn't have good irrigation A good medium plant is like a mixed soil that is rich with organic ingredients, has good ventilation and irrigation, optimum pH level and sufficient and balanced nutrients.
5. Make sure the medium is always moist during the extension process
The addition begins when seeds absorb water and roots will start to grow to get nutrients and water. At the extension stage, it's important to ensure the right condition for seed growth as its growth is easily affected when lack of water or too hot. The water should be enough during the period of addition without adding to it. One way to keep the humidity is to put a tray into plastic until the seeds grow.
6. Light is important after addiction
To ensure the right condition for the extension of seeds, seeds are usually sowed in dim and not hot conditions. But after the seeds have grown, the seeds need to be exposed to the sun. Lack of light after addiction will cause seeds to grow long and thin. Morning sunlight is enough to make sure seeds grow well.
7. Plants need to be maintained
Care is also important after the seed has grown and there are 4 things to be prioritized that are, light, water, nutrients and pest control. Plants need sufficient light at least 4-5 hours of sunlight but it also depends on the type of plant, some don't need much light and some need lots of light. Water also needs to be confirmed enough for plants, the frequency of siraman is depending on the weather condition. Pembajaan needs to be done to ensure plants grow fresh and produce satisfactory results, rejuvenation is usually done every 2 weeks.
Pest control is also important and it's not just to be done when there's an attack but controls also need to be made to avoid pest attacks. An example of pest control is using a spray of pest control and biologically control which is one of them by planting plants that can attract predators to plant pests.
We hope this article is beneficial and helpful in your gardening activities. If you have any questions or feedback please use the comment section below.
To be a plant to stay healthy don't forget to use fertilizer must be BAJANAS. 100 % ORGANIC AND NO SIDE EFFECT. For any enquiries please contact 017 471 6197 or click the link below for any inquiries.
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