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今日揀咗六篇新聞及評論：
（一）繼北京話要加入「跨太平洋夥伴全面進展協定」，台灣又話要申請成為會員；
（二）John Bolton 為 The Economist 寫嘅一篇 By Invitation，講佢對 AUKUS 嘅睇法；
（三）習近平拍咗一條片畀聯合國，話會停止境外嘅煤電廠；並且 2060 年會做到碳中和；
（四）China Quarterly 一篇題為 Who Not What 嘅論文，分析中共處理輿論嘅思維同程序；
（五）Foreign Affairs 一篇題為 China's Social Credit Systems is Actually Quite Boring 嘅論文 ；
（六）如何有效學習 from Psyche
全部內容：https://bit.ly/2XBzCEa
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【廣告】由十月起是日精選呢個 feature 就只有付費會員專享；十月前加入，會送多一個月免費迎新優惠。
淺談「假新聞」
最近上課時學到一個新單字「positionality」，讓我想到當前社群媒體上，不停看到的「fake news」——假新聞。
簡言之，「positionality」(位置性) 被定義為於種族、階級、性別、性取向以及能力等狀態中，創造你身分的社會與政治背景。位置性還描述了你的身分如何影響你對世界的理解與看法，以及潛在的偏見。
positionality 位置性；定位
https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3390885/
https://www.lexico.com/definition/positionality
以下是我對「positionality」與 「fake news」的些許觀點：
“Fake news” has permeated all facets of life, ranging from social media interaction to presidential elections. Fake news can be defined as “fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent” (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094). The creators and outlets of fake news do not ensure the accuracy and credibility of information, but rather disseminate misinformation or disinformation for purposes ranging from personal amusement to creating deceptions to achieve political aims. At times, fake news is created and disseminated by state or non-state actors using social media accounts and networks of bots designed to hijack feed algorithms of platforms such as Twitter or Facebook (Prier, 2017, p. 54). In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Facebook estimated that up to 60 million bots were used to post political content. Some of the same bots were then used in an attempt to influence the 2017 French election (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095). Such campaigns can be understood as a form of information warfare, a comprehensive attempt to control and influence every facet of the information supply chain, thereby influencing public opinion and behaviors. (Prier, 2017, p. 54). Often, fake news is not directly created by actors that seek to manipulate but by journalists or content creators whose content favors or aligns with the narratives of these actors (Doshi, 2020).
從社群媒體的互動到總統選舉，「假新聞」（fake news）已滲透至生活的各個層面。假新聞可被定義為「在形式上而非組織過程或意圖上，模仿新聞媒體內容所捏造的資訊」（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094）。無論是出於個人愛好或為達政治目的而有所欺瞞，假新聞的製造者與傳播管道並不保證資訊的準確性與可信度，反而是為了散播錯誤訊息（misinformation）或扭曲訊息（disinformation）。有時，假新聞是由國家或非國家行為者（state or non-state actors）所製造與傳播，藉由社群媒體帳號及網絡機器人來劫持諸如臉書與推特等平臺的推送演算法（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。在2016年的美國總統大選中，臉書估計有多達６千萬個機器人被用來發布政治貼文。其中，有部分機器人被用於影響隔年的法國大選（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095）。此類行動可視為資訊戰（information warfare）的一種形式，一種對控制與影響資訊供應鏈各環節的全面嘗試，從而影響公眾輿論與行為（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。假新聞通常是由記者或內容創造者（content creators）所創造，而非試圖操弄的行為者，前者的內容偏好符合後者的敘事（Doshi, 2020）。
Nevertheless, while the term “fake news” is commonplace, there is no universal, measurable way to quantify the fakeness or truthfulness of news. There are many fact-checking and media-bias detection tools, but they cannot objectively detect and clarify the more subtle and nuanced aims of manipulative actors that play a crucial role in news production. It can also be argued that the veracity of news depends not only on the actors that seek to manipulate it, but also on the positionality of its consumers. Therefore, one’s initial line of defense against misleading news lies not in the plethora of fact-checking devices but more in one’s pre-existing dispositions and skills to think and act in response to misleading information. This ability can be referred to as critical thinking, which can be more concretely expounded as “reasonable and reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do” (Ennis, 2011, p. 15).
然而，即便「假新聞」一詞隨處可見，卻沒有統一、可衡量的方式來量化新聞的虛假性或真實性。目前有許多事實查核與媒體偏見檢測工具，但它們無法客觀地檢測與說明行為操弄者更狡猾、更細緻的目標，而這些操弄者往往在新聞的生產中發揮著重要作用。我們也可以說，新聞的真實性不僅取決於試圖操弄它的行為者，同時還取決於新聞受眾的位置性。因此，一個人對抗誤導性新聞的第一道防線，不在於這些五花八門的事實查核方式，反而在於個人所固有的性格，以及針對誤導性資訊的思考與行動等相關技能。這種能力可稱為批判性思考（critical thinking），意即「專注於決定相信什麼或做什麼的理性思考與反思性思考」（Ennis, 2011, p. 15）。
Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China (ROC), is at the forefront of information warfare. It is wedged between the geopolitical struggles of global and regional hegemonies such as the United States and China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). Compounding the matter are the Taiwan’s own political actors vying for influence and power. This struggle seeps into all aspects of life and practice, mainly manifesting itself on social media, a battleground of information warfare. The Ministry of Education of Taiwan is cognizant of these information campaigns, and efforts have been made to introduce media literacy into all parts of its education system. According to the ministry, the government has tried to promote media literacy education since 2000 (MOE, 2002, p. 1), with one of its primary goals to cultivate its “citizens” abilities for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem solving” (MOE, 2002, p. 2).
臺灣，也被稱為中華民國，正處於資訊戰的最前線。這是全球霸權與地區霸權之間——如美國與中國（中華人民共和國）——的地緣政治對抗。使問題惡化的是臺灣自身的政治行動者對影響力與權力的奪取。這場對抗遍布於現實生活的各個面向，主要於社群媒體中——資訊戰的戰場——展露無遺。臺灣的教育部注意到了這些資訊的煙硝，並已努力將媒體素養引入其教育體系。據該部稱，自2000年以來，政府一直試圖推展媒體素養教育（MOE, 2002, p. 1），其主要目標之一是培養「公民獨立學習、批判性思考以及解決問題的能力。」（MOE, 2002, p. 2）。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
上述段落認為，由於個人的位置性(positionality)，「假新聞」極難定義。此外，有許多人把不符合自身成見與偏好的新聞逕斥為假新聞。這其實相當危險，因為個人觀點將會變得愈發孤立與激進。
閱聽人應意識到，他們在網路上看到的每個資訊都有特定立場。是否真有毫無立場的新聞文章？為了對抗操弄性或強制性資訊（coercive information），我們必須意識到權力於個中的作用，以及我們自身的位置性如何形塑我們的詮釋。這是我們的第一道防線。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
參考文獻
Doshi, R. (2020, January). China steps up its information war in Taiwan. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-01-09/china-steps-its-information-war-taiwan
Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational leadership, 43(2), 44-48.
Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.
MOE (Ministry of Education), Taiwan. (2002). White paper on media literacy educational policy. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/ 2122416591771.pdf
Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly: SSQ, 11(4), 50-85.
★★★★★★★★★★★★
教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9
相關詞彙: https://bit.ly/2UncrfI
TED相關影片: https://bit.ly/3BDsDKl
#NEWS
TrendForce is revising down its forecast of TV shipment for 2021 despite YoY growths in TV shipment for both 1Q21 and 2Q21. TrendForce explains...
本集主題：「孤獨課」散文新書介紹
專訪作者：亞然 Tommy Kwan
內容簡介：
為什麼留學？為什麼浪遊？
他所選擇的，其實是一種精神生活方式。
完美融會冷靜與熱情的篇章，記錄了青年亞然求知若渴的「純真年代」
亞然，90後出生的香港新銳作家，他是馬家輝的忘年文友，受到陳冠中啟發而開始寫作，二十來歲，卻已經歷了留學英、德、專攻歐亞史，並曾在台灣居住做研究。他不但家事國事天下事，事事關心，同時也十分懂得旅行與生活，品評起音樂、足球、威士忌，頭頭是道。
《孤獨課》，就是這麼是一本關於留學生活以及歐亞洲不同社會文化觀察的散文集。一個香港人到英國讀書，到台灣研究寶島政治，來回三地漂泊生活。研究生的生活枯燥而孤獨，所以在讀書路上不應該也不能夠只有讀書、或只讀有關研究的書。這幾年在異地生活，時間都在圖書館、音樂廳，或在球場、書店、酒館中度過，而這本書的文章就是記下在這些地方所遇到的人和事。
身為一個學養淵博的青年學者，他事事上心，音樂、美食、旅遊皆生動入篇，敏銳捕捉不同城市中迷人的故事日常。在倫敦音樂廳聽到蕭斯塔高維契的音樂，會想到在這個歐洲城市跟俄國十月革命的密切關係；在蘇格蘭的小島欣賞威士忌之餘，更欣賞在小島上生活的人所營造社區關係；在台灣吃牛肉麵，又會吃出餐館背後一個家庭的結合和別離。
作者雖然年輕，文字卻沉穩而理路清晰，對知識的渴求，對正義真理的追求，這些博學多聞、融會冷靜與熱情的篇章，記錄了他的「純真年代」，讓讀者看見並伴隨他的精神浪蕩。正如馬家輝所讚賞：「一代連一代的讀書人的精神生活，確是常用這樣的方式記錄和傳承下來的。而讀書人，其實從來不曾孤獨過。」
作者簡介：亞然
亞然（本名關仲然），1993年生於香港，香港新一代文化人、專欄作家。香港中文大學政治與行政學系畢業，現為倫敦大學亞非學院博士候選人、德國杜賓根大學歐洲當代台灣研究中心短期學者。研究香港及台灣政治，專研選舉、政黨及社會運動。
除政治之外，興趣涉獵甚廣，對音樂、足球、威士忌都有研究。專欄見於香港《明報》、BBC中文等，同時為學術期刊、包括《中國季刊》（China Quarterly）等撰寫書評。
1月3日に下方修正が発表された2019年度第一四半期の決算ですが、ずっと気になっていました。
日本時間1/30の朝に正式に発表されましたのでまとめました。
きになるiPhoneは？日本は？
＜プレスリリース＞
https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/01/apple-reports-first-quarter-results/
＜引用させていただいたサイト＞
Bloomberg
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-08/sliding-iphone-sales-a-bad-apple-as-broad-china-growth-indicator
DaringFireball
https://daringfireball.net/linked/2019/01/14/iphone-batteries-and-apples-quarterly-miss
撮影機材
・Canon Power Shot G7X Mark II
・Panasonic Lumix GH5
・iPhone XS Max（Simフリー）
・iPhone X（Simフリー）
・iPadPro 10.5”（Simフリー）
・GoPro Hero5 Black
・Moment 外付けレンズ＆専用ケース
動画編集
iMovie
Final Cut Pro X
Adobe Illustrator(スライド)
Adobe Photoshop(スライド）
※チャンネル全般で使っているものであって動画によって機材アプリは違います。
#Apple
#決算発表
#iPhone
Relationship, relationship, and relationship. Relationship is key when dealing with rich Chinese. Watch the entire series here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEmTTOfet46PChoGSSj5dM60_OayOJJkt
Watch this video in its entirety to be aware some interesting difference between Chinese business culture and western business culture.
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Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/danlok/
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/vanentrepreneurgroup
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Meetup: http://www.meetup.com/Vancouver-Entrepreneurs-Group-Business-Network/
Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/Dan-Lok/e/B002BLXW1K
This video is about How To Build Trust With Wealthy Chinese
https://youtu.be/DAXd14XfRwg
https://youtu.be/DAXd14XfRwg
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