【每日國際選讀】
#文末挑戰多益選擇題📝
全球疫情方興未艾
各家製藥廠力求推出救命丹!
開啟「接收通知」和「搶先看」每天吸收雙語時事新知
來讀華爾街日報獨家
⏳Coronavirus Vaccine Front-Runners Emerge, Rollouts Weighed
新冠疫苗領航員浮現,藥廠與政府如何規劃生產分配?
-front-runner 領先者、領跑者
-emerge 出現、浮出水面,同 come out
-roll out 當動詞時有「開展、啟動、推出」的意思,此處作為名詞 rollout,指「生產分配(計畫)」
💉 Governments and drugmakers are weighing how to roll out coronavirus vaccines, including reserving the first batches for health-care workers, as several shots race to early leads.
在新冠疫苗競賽湧現出若干潛在領航員之際,一些政府部門和製藥商正謀劃如何推出新冠疫苗,包括為醫護人員預留第一批疫苗。
-weigh 字面意思為「秤重」,衍生為「謀劃、權衡、斟酌」的意思
✍️常見用法:weigh in on sth 提出對(某事)的看法
-batch 一批
-leads 領先者、領跑者
✍️常見用法: in the lead 指「處於領先地位」;在商業語境中 lead 還有「機遇、機會、潛在客戶」的意思
🧪 A safe and effective vaccine is the best way to prevent Covid-19, the respiratory disease caused by the new coronavirus, and to curb its transmission, public-health officials say. Drugmakers say they are developing potential coronavirus vaccines at remarkably fast speeds.
Yet there isn’t a guarantee that any of the most advanced vaccine candidates will prove to work safely on such a short timetable. Some, like vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna, are based on relatively new technologies that haven’t been approved previously.
公共衛生官員稱,安全有效的疫苗是預防新冠肺炎以及遏制新冠疫情擴散的最佳手段。新冠肺炎是新冠病毒引起的呼吸道疾病。製藥商表示正以驚人速度開發疫苗。然而,在這麼短的周期內,任何一種最先進的候選疫苗都不能保證可以證明是安全的。與輝瑞(Pfizer)和Moderna的疫苗相同,有些疫苗是採用之前未被批準的、相對比較新的技術所研發而成。
-curb 遏制、抑制,同 limit, restrict
✍️常見用法: put a curb on sth 限制、約束某事
-guarantee 保證、擔保
-timetable 計畫週期、時間表
🎖Several drugmakers that have been building up their capabilities to make coronavirus vaccines, have promised to make hundreds of millions of doses this year. Yet a fuller supply to vaccinate the general population might not become available until well into 2021, according to company projections and estimates by vaccine experts. Public-health officials and vaccine experts hope more than one vaccine will cross the finish line, to boost the total number of doses available.
幾家已經在提升新冠疫苗生產能力的製藥企業承諾,今年生產的疫苗劑量將以百萬支來計算。但根據藥廠和疫苗專家的估測,可能要到2021年才能為一般民眾提供更充足的疫苗供應。公共衛生部門的官員和疫苗專家希望,可以同時有多種疫苗獲得批准,這樣就能增加可使用的疫苗總劑量。
-build up 提升、構築
-capacity 生產能力
-full supply 充分供給
-cross the finish line 字面意思是「通過終點線」,在此表示「(疫苗)獲得批准」
未完待續...
新獲批准的疫苗該如何分配,
哪些群體應當優先接種?
加入文末每日國際選讀計畫,解鎖完整語音導讀版
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原文連結請看留言
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❓❓多益模擬題❓:
Johnson & Johnson expects to have some batches of its vaccine ready ___ early 2021, which Chief Scientific Officer Paul Stoffels said should be _______ to vaccinate health-care workers globally. The company expects to eventually make more than a billion doses.
嬌生公司預計在2021年初之前可望生產數批疫苗。該公司首席科學總監史多福(Paul Stoffels)表示,這些疫苗應該足夠全球醫護工作者接種。該公司預計最終將生產超過10億支疫苗。
🙋🏻♀️🙋🏼♀️
A. on / efficient
B. by / sufficient
C. in / effective
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[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別
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詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B
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在寫作的時候,有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙,卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞,而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯,因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下,很容易造成讀者的誤解。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字,我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知,可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙,也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典,更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。
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1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.
constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上,亦或在組織上,與組成成分是一致的。
-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).
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2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
在表示“由……材料構成”時,見於被動語態;在用於主動語態時,一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一,而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。
-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )
-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料,如果陳述得很糟糕,並不能組成一本好書)
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3. account for: 說明(原因、理由等); 導致,引起; (在數量、比例上); 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)
(在數量、比例上)占
These products, in total, account for about 80% of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80%。).
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4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:
-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。
-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).
-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10%。).
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5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.
consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同
-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成,但效果很好。)
-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人,女人和孩子們組成的。).
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6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.
comprise 在表示“構成”時,其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*
-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).
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從這些動詞的意思來看,若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時,我們可用 compose 或 constitute。
England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.
(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)
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若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時,我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。
(compose 經常用於被動態,而以 be composed of 的型式出現,意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)
-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)
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詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
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*在這幾個字當中,僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思,但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思,所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構,他們期期以為不可,而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語,一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語,如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而,在公說公有理,婆說婆有理,各有堅持的情況下,在此建議:若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握,那麼不妨使用它的同義詞,也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。
*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.
Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."
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Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose
More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.
-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.
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contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.
The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.
Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.
-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.
effective from用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最讚貼文
[托福和雅思單字表+mp3] Business and Commerce
Audio file: https://www.dropbox.com/s/o6p57ufhkkpr66l/business%20and%20commerce.mp3
Desktop file: http://vocaroo.com/i/s1lrfdY58oh1
Use the audio file to improve your pronunciation of these words. The file can also be used as a simple listening and spelling test!
老師雖然每次在提供單字表時都會附上中文解釋(課堂上補充搭配的片語),但這只是方便學生更快知道這個單字最通用的意思,不代表是它最完整的涵義及用法。除此之外,有心的同學應該進一步使用其它工具查詢,最好是單字,配詞與句子一起背 (死背一個單字是無用的),再透過經常使用單字的方式,加強自己對單字的認知和應用。當然,你也可以利用老師或字典提供的單字音檔,進而增加自己對單字的辨識能力和發音!
學習單字的方式:
英文單字學習 I: https://www.dropbox.com/s/tq2ym9m3ihsbuy6/vocabI.pdf
英文單字學習 II: https://www.dropbox.com/s/eu51xclk7qxb211/vocabII.pdf
Free Online Dictionaries 免費線上字典和辭典: http://tinyurl.com/kzctz56
account (n.) 帳目;帳單;帳戶
accountable (adj.) 負責的
accountant (n.) 會計師
acquire (v.) 獲得
administrative (adj.) 行政的
advertising (n.) (總稱)廣告
agenda (n.) 議程
agreement (n.) 同意;協定
alternative (adj.) 可供選擇的事物、方式
announce (v.) 宣佈;宣告;公諸於眾
approach (n.) 方法
approval (n.) 贊成;同意
assess (v.) 評估(財產價值);評定
asset (n.) 有用的東西;優點;長處
assign (v.) 分配
attorney (n.) 律師
audit (n./v.) 審計
balance sheet (n.) 資產負債表
balance (n.) 餘額;差額
bankrupt (a.) 破產的;倒閉的
bankruptcy (n.) 破產
benchmark (n.) 基準;水準點;標準
bid (v.) 出價;投標;喊價
board (n.) 理事會;委員會;董事會
bond (n.) 債券
brainstorm (v.) 腦力激蕩,集思廣益
break a contract (v. phr.) 違約
breakthrough (n.) 突破;重大進展
bureaucracy (n.) 官撩主義
buyout/buy out (n./v.)買進全部產權;收購全部
capital (n.) 資本; 資金
carry out (v.) 執行;貫徹;
commerce (n.) 貿易
commercial (adj.) 商業化;商用的
commodity (n.) 商品;農產品
competitor (n.) 競爭者;對手
compromise (v) 妥協; 折衷;和解
concede (v.) 容忍;容許;讓步
conclusive (a.) 決定性的;勿庸置疑的
conference (n.) 會議;協商;討論會
conglomerate (n.) 企業集團
consensus (n.) 一致的意見;共識
consolidate (v.) 結合;合併;強化
consumer (n.) 消費者;顧客
contract (n.) 契約;合同
contractor (n.) 立契約人;承包商
contribute (v.) 貢獻
convention (n.) 慣例;常規;大會
converse (v.) 談話;交談
convince (v.) 使信服
corporate (adj.) 企業的; 團體的
corporation (n.) 公司
cost-effective (a.) 符合成本效益的
credibility (n.) 信譽
credible (adj.) 可信的;可靠的
credit (n.) 信用;信譽;功勞
criterion (n. / pl. = criteria) 規範;標準
currency (n.) 貨幣;流通;通用
cut down (v. phr.) 削減;縮短
dealer (n.) 商人;業者
debit card (n.) 存款戶持有的借方卡
debt (n.) 債;債務
decision making (phr.) 決策
decline (n.) 衰落;衰退 (v.) 下降
deductible (n./adj.) adj.=可抵扣/n.= (保險)扣除條款
deduction (n.) 扣除;扣除額
default (n.) 不履行, 違約, 拖欠
deficit (n.) 赤字;虧損額
demand (v.) 要求 (n.) 需求
demonstration (n.) 示範;實證
deposit (n.) 付押金;付保證金
devaluation (n.) 貶值
diplomacy (n.) 外交手腕;交際手段
discrepancy (n.) 差異;不同;不一致
dispute (n.) 爭端;爭執;糾紛;
dissuade (v.) 勸阻
due (a.) 應付的;到期的;該發生的
earnings (n.) 薪水;工資;收益
embezzle (v.) 盜用;挪用;侵佔(公款等)
employee (n.) 僱員
employer (n.) 雇主
endorse (v.) 背書;支持;贊同
enterprise (n.) 企業
entrepreneur (n.) 企業家;主辦人
estimate (v.) 估計;估價
evaluation (n.) 評價
exempt from (v. phr.) 被免除的;豁免的
expand (v.) 擴張;擴大
expenditure (n.) 消費;開銷
expense (n.) 消耗;消費
export (v.) 輸出;出口
finance (n.) 財政學;財政; 財源
firm (n.) 公司;商行
fiscal (a.) 財政的;會計的
fluctuation (n.) 波動;起伏;漲落
advertising (n.) (總稱)廣告
franchise (n.) 〔經營某公司商品或服務的〕特許經營權
forward (v.) 送到,轉號
franchise (n.) 經銷權;加盟權
free ride (n.) 搭便車
fund (n.) 基金;專款
gross (adj.) 總共的;全部的
haggle (v.) 討價還價
hedge fund (n.) 對沖基金(也稱避險基金或套利基金)
headquarter (n.) 總公司;總部;司令部
holding (n.) 土地;財產(常用複數)
import (v.) 輸入;進口
in exchange for (phr.) 換取
influential (adj.) 有影響
integrate (v.) 統合;整合
internship (n.) 實習
inventory (n.) 詳細目錄;清單;存貨
invoice (n.) 發票; 發貨清單
joint venture (n.) 合資投機活動; 企業
launch (v.) 開辦;展開;發起;開始
lease (v./n.) 租約, 租契, 租賃
long-range (a.) 長期的;遠程的
marketing (n.) 市場營銷
merge (v.) 合併;併吞
monopoly (n.) 壟斷;獨佔;專賣
negotiate (v.) 談判
obligation (n.) 義務
on behalf of (phr.) 代表
order (v.) 匯單;訂貨;訂單;匯票
organization (n.) 組織
outsourcing (n.) 外包
overdue (a.) 過期未付的
patent (n.) 專利 (v. =取得…的專利)
payment (n.) 支付;付款
pending (adj.) 未決定的;待決定的;
pension (n.) 養老金
persuade (v.) 說服;勸服
petition (n. / v.= petition for) 請願
phase (n.) 階段
postpone (v.) 延遲;延期
preliminary (a.) 初步的,開始的
premise (n.) 前提
procedure (n.) 程序
profit (n.) 利潤;收益;營利
propose (v.) 提議;建議
proposition (n.) 提案;建議;計畫
prospect (n.) 展望;期望
prospectus (n.) 計畫書;說明書
prosperity (n.) 繁榮;成功;興隆
purchase (v./n.) 購買
quota (n.) 定量;定額;配額
quote (v.) 報價
R&D (n.) 研發
reach consensus(phr.) 達成共識
real estate (n.) 房地產
receipt (n.) 收據
reconcile (v.) 調和;調解
remuneration (n.) 報酬;酬勞
rent (n.) 租金,租費 (v. ) 租用
retail (n.) 零售; (adj.) 零售的
return (v./n.) 回報
revenue (n.) 收益;歲入;稅收
rewarding (adj.) 獎勵的
rival (n.) 競爭者;對手;匹敵者
salary (n.) 薪資
scheme (n.) 設計;圖謀 (v.) 計畫
seminar (n.) 研討會;討論課;講習會
settlement (n.) 協議;支付
shareholder (n.) 股東
shipment (n.) 一批貨
skills and expertise (n.) 技能和專門知識
social security (n.) 社會保障
solution (n.) 解決方案
statement (n.) 聲明;陳述
stock (n.) 公債;證券;股票
stockbroker (n.) 證券和股票經紀人
strategy (n.) 戰略
subsidiary (n.) 子公司
supply (n.) 供應品;供應物;庫存
surplus (n.) 盈餘 (adj.) 過剩的量
tariff (n.) 關稅
tax (n.) 稅 (v.) 向……課稅
temp work (n.) 臨時工作
thrive (v.) 茂盛;興旺;繁榮
trade (n.) 貿易; 交易;商業 (v.) 交換;進行交易
trademark (n.) 注冊商標
undervalue (v.) 低估價值;看輕
voucher (n.) 保證人;憑證;折價券
warehouse (n.) 倉庫;貨價;大商店
withdraw (v.) 收回;取回;撤回;提款
yield (v.) 產生(效果,收益等)(n.) 產量;收穫量;收益
Related Words 相關詞彙:
Office 辦公室詞彙音檔: http://tinyurl.com/n584mo6
Business Idioms 1: http://tinyurl.com/lcjs5g7
Ancient Trade: http://tinyurl.com/m38ahxx
Complete List 完整托福和雅思單字表+mp3: http://tinyurl.com/lk3fglc
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