輻射傷害的防護基本理念: ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable),受曝劑量越低越好的合理抑低原則。
在輻射傷害防護的範疇內,總的來說,LNT(Linear-Non-Threshold)模式對於高劑量、高強度的輻射暴露的情況相對來說,更加的適用。在一般日常生活的狀態來說,避免輻射傷害,普遍採取 ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable),也就是越低越好的合理抑低原則,這是人類關於游離輻射防護的基本理念。
ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable; 越低越好的合理抑低 )原則也是美國能源部國家核子保安總署(DOE/NNSA)輻射 緊急事件支援及訓練中心(REAC/TS)出版之「The Medical Aspects of Radiation Incidents (台灣翻譯為:輻射傷害醫療處置)」手冊內容中所提及的輻射防護基本理念。
“ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is the underlying philosophy associated with protecting people from ionizing radiation.
It basically means that one should not unnecessarily expose themselves to radiation without the benefit outweighing the risk.
Time, distance, andshielding are widely considered to be the primary
concerns. At REAC/TS, we like to add a fourth item to the list - quantity. All four of these concepts are used concurrently with the others. "
其基本意涵是 : 一個人應該避免不必要且無利益的輻射 曝露風險(這裡指的是非醫療性質的輻射暴露。任何輻射暴露都會造成傷害,但在治療重大疾病的時候,兩害相權取其輕,接受有限度且嚴格控管的輻射照射將體內惡性病變組織破壞,阻止其增生、擴散惡化的潛在利益大於輻射照射所引起的傷害的醫療應用案例,不屬於這裡所指的“不必要且無利益的輻射曝露風險”的範疇)。
此外,有報導指出:“...... 在日本的實際研究案例中,「餵飲氘水佔1/3的水,經過1個禮拜,老鼠腦部組織裡的氫被替換掉,老鼠變得眼睛上吊,有攻擊性,一直囓咬鐵籠的鐵網,反覆地昏睡或暴躁。」東京工業大學理工特任教授入口紀男(Norio Iriguchi),透過老鼠實驗,提醒福島氚污染水的危害。
入口紀男教授是日本核磁共振學會委員,透過上述實驗鼠的核磁共振影像,解說老鼠腦部組織內的氫被氘替換之後,所發生的變化。「左邊有點突出的是嗅腦(嗅覺發達中樞),右下突起的部份是延髓開端。目前只有腦部明顯地浮腫了。」
福島核災後,產生大量輻射污染水,其中氚因為無法用過濾去除,又稱為氚污染水。多位專家警告,氚污染水的危害,不只是體內輻射被曝,還有在體內被當成氫嵌入到蛋白質等組織的問題。而入口紀男(用有同樣效果的氘做)的實驗,具體呈現後者的狀況。
「氚在體內被當成氫嵌入」是什麼意思呢?擁有近40年的放射線治療經驗、北海道癌症中心名譽院長西尾正道詳細解釋道:「氚在人體內會被當成氫來代謝。人體有62%是水(H2O),氚會被當成氫來結合,在種種構成人體的高分子化合物的化學式裡也一樣。」
「氚因為有這樣和物質相結合的性質,在體內造成長期被曝。用醫學實驗,可以證明氚會被當成氫攝入到細胞核內。構成DNA的基因的4個鹽基,是靠氫來結合,換成氚進去的話(失去結合力),鹽基化學式產生變化,遺傳情報也會改變。導致健康上的實際損害。」而當被攝入的氚衰變成氦時,也會損傷細胞( http://www.inaco.co.jp/hiroshima_2_demo/pdf/20140103_tori_A4.pdf )。
對此,西尾正道等專家批判:「不能說自然界本來就有而不考慮,原本自然界裡氚的最大來源就是核試爆跟核電,排放標準也是為了沸水式原子爐把氚排到海裡而制定的,並不是因為有在科學上醫學上檢討健康被害而決定的。」「因為距離極近,即便氚的放射線弱,仍會相當程度地傷害DNA。」
又,氚水的化學式是HTO,因為氚很容易和生物體內的碳結合,成為有機結合型氚(Organically Bound Tritium、簡稱為OBT),跟氚水相比,後者滯留體內時間為20~50倍,被染色體等人體重要部份攝取。「氚水被放流後,經生物攝取變成有機結合型氚,人類去吃這些生物,便會蓄積在體內。」在核食檢測上,有機結合型氚的檢測程序,又比普通的氚來得複雜。
氚,被日本諾貝爾物理學獎得主小柴昌俊,與馬克斯威爾獎(美國物理學會頒發)得主長谷川晃,稱之為劇毒。
福島核電廠在災後,因為會不斷放出有放射性的蒸氣等污染,入口紀男比喻為「國土百萬年的惡夢」。而這惡夢除了往大氣的污染,還因為地下水流經,每天產生3-400噸的輻射污染水。
在日本政府規劃的輻射污染水處理方案裡,海放是成本最低的方法,比起地下埋設等耗資千億日圓以上的方法,海放只要17~34億日圓。另一方面民間、在地漁業團體與鄰國,持強烈反對的立場。....."
也有多項相關的醫學研究報告指出:
A 1961 experiment showed that mice dosed with 21.5 μCi/g of Cs-137 had a 50% fatality within 30 days (implying an LD50 of 245 μg/kg).
A similar experiment in 1972 showed that when dogs are subjected to a whole body burden of 3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg) of caesium-137 (and 950 to 1400 rads), they die within 33 days, while animals with half of that burden all survived for a year.
Important researches have shown a remarkable concentration of 137Cs in the exocrine cells of the pancreas, which are those most affected by cancer.
In 2003, in autopsies performed on 6 children dead in the polluted area near Chernobyl where they also reported a higher incidence of pancreatic tumors, Bandazhevsky found a concentration of 137Cs 40-45 times higher than in their liver, thus demonstrating that pancreatic tissue is a strong accumulator and secretor in the intestine of radioactive cesium.
一項重要的醫學研究發現,人體胰腺外分泌細胞中所聚積的137Cs濃度非常高,而胰腺外分泌細胞是受癌症影響最大的人體細胞。
在2003年由Bandazhevsky研究團隊,對六名生活在靠近車諾比核災污染區附近的兒童的屍體進行醫學檢驗解剖。
解剖研究發現這六名兒童患胰臟惡性腫瘤的比率,比一般正常狀態下來的更高,經檢驗,研究團隊發現這六名兒童胰臟中所含的Cs-137濃度,竟然是肝臟中所含Cs-137濃度的40-45倍之多。研究證實在人體內Cs-137最容易聚積在胰臟內。
胰臟癌是指胰臟細胞發生癌變而產生的腫瘤,這些腫瘤細胞具有侵犯其他組織的能力。胰臟癌很少發生在40歲以下的病人,半數以上的患者超過70歲。
此外,1961年的一項實驗發現對老鼠注射21.5 μCi/g 濃度的Cs-137,在30天之內有一半的受試老鼠死亡,這項實驗的結果等同於半至死劑量為0.000245公克(也就是百萬分之245公克),所謂半至死劑量指的是指在固定濃度下,暴露一定時間(通常1~4 小時)後,觀察14 天, 能使試驗動物組群半數(50 %)死亡的濃度。
在1972 年有另外一項類似的實驗, 對受試驗的狗群注射3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg,大約百萬分之44公克濃度)Cs-137,這群受試的狗在33天內全數死亡,而另一群接受一半劑量的受試狗群,則可以存活到為期一年。
從上述的那些實際醫學研究例證,包括了比較適用於LNT模式的狀態,以及一般日常生活環境下遭遇到低劑量但是長期輻射暴露累積下來的狀態。ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable; 合理抑低 )原則在兩種狀態下通通一體適用。
參考資料:
https://orise.orau.gov/resources/reacts/documents/medical-aspects-of-radiation-incidents.pdf
http://www.inaco.co.jp/hiroshima_2_demo/pdf/20140103_tori_A4.pdf
https://e-info.org.tw/node/221554
^Moskalev, Yu. I. (1961). "Biological Effects of Cesium-137". In Lebedinskiĭ, A. V.; Moskalev, Yu. I. (eds.). Distribution, Biological Effects, and Migration of Radioactive Isotopes. Translation Series. United States Atomic Energy Commission (published April 1974). p. 220. AEC-tr-7512.
^ H.C. Redman; et al. (1972). "Toxicity of 137-CsCl in the Beagle. Early Biological Effects". Radiation Research. 50 (3): 629–648. Bibcode:1972RadR...50..629R. doi:10.2307/3573559. JSTOR 3573559. PMID 5030090.
^ Nelson A , Ullberg S, Kristoffersson H, Ronnback C (1961). "Distribution of Radiocesium in Mice". Acta Radiologica. 55, 5 (5): 374–384.
doi:10.3109/00016926109175132. PMID 13728254.
^ Bandazhevsky Y.I. (2003). "Chronic Cs-137 incorporation in children's organs". Swiss Med. Wkly. 133 (35–36): 488–90. PMID 14652805.
<3
expose意思 在 Claudia Mo/毛孟靜 Facebook 的最讚貼文
有人話 #Call林鄭嘅bluff,咩意思?
———————————
#明報 A20 | 英文 English | 毛孟靜
//林鄭月娥聲稱非常樂意與香港人對話,於是有人向立法會 民主派議員建議:Let's call her bluff 。這是什麼意思呢?
Call somebody's bluff, 直譯係「叫某人的自我吹噓」, 仍然不明其所以然,是吧?
Bluff 最直接的口語譯法,係「作大」,也即是書面語的 「虛張聲勢」。
To bluff is to try to deceive someone as to one's abilities or intentions,企圖欺騙別人自己有如此這般的能力或意圖, 有自吹自擂之意。用做動詞:
• He's been bluffing all along. 他一直不過在「拋浪頭」、嚇 唬人罷了。
//用做名詞:
• The purchase offer has been denounced as a bluff. 那個 收購建議被視為充大頭鬼的把戲。
有說 ,bluff 等於「充大頭鬼」,源自紙牌撲克 poker 遊 戲:明明沒有一手好牌,卻「二仔底死跟」,強行冒充底牌 是一張皇牌,bluffing your way through,去「大、嚇窒」 對手。
• He bluffed them into surrendering. 他成功嚇得他們投降。 於是倒過頭來,to call somebody's bluff 又可理解為「大返 佢」,去揭對方根本不堪一擊的底牌:
To make an opponent show his hand in order to reveal that its value is weaker than his heavy betting suggests,令 對手攤牌,揭露其「冇料扮四條」。
To challenge someone to carry out a stated intention, in the expectation of being able to expose it as a pretence,去 挑戰某人是否夠膽說到做到,預期由此暴露對方也不過是說 說、裝模作樣罷了。
於是,去 call 林鄭的 bluff,是指民主派議員不如將計就 計,大聲回應樂意與林鄭對話,看她肯不肯,但預期她不會 答應,由此暴露當中的虛偽。
• Carrie Lam says she's happy to dialogue with the people. Huh. Let's call her bluff. 林鄭月娥說她樂意與市民對話。 哈,我哋「大」返佢。
這一幕沒有發生,是因為絕大部分民主派中人都覺得,林 鄭的「底牌」已眾所周知,不必勞師動眾去揭露了。 另例:
• I am tempted to call his bluff as I can hardly believe he would carry out his threat. 我真想叫他「你就來吧」,因為 我絕不相信他的恫嚇。
話說回頭,要非常小心 bluff 這個字,並非淨係代表負 面意思,亦有 being direct, rudely frank, outspoken and unconventional ,率性直接、敢言、反傳統的表達。
• He's a bluff but he's a good teacher.
這句話是說:
他說話即使率直,但他是一個好老師。
文︰毛孟靜//
expose意思 在 黃珊珊 Facebook 的最讚貼文
這真的令人瞠目結舌
葛特曼的律師2014年11月25日回函
回覆:您10月給葛特曼先生的信函
請諒解我們的回應時間,超過了您當初於十一月四號信中,我們所承諾的三週期限數日。
我們對於柯醫師的疑慮非常認真地看待,且我們已經詳閱所有書中相關頁面並檢視當時撰寫依據的面談紀錄與文件。
我們認為,在台灣媒體上全面性的誤解與魯莽的指控,是因為Gutmann書中的英文與相關頁面被翻譯成中文過後,因為語言與文化的差異所造成的理解問題。
我們相信所有的誤解都會在中文版的The Slaughter中被澄清,其中會包含未收錄在英文版中的序言,會直接回應柯文哲醫師的疑慮。
為了讓事情更明朗,我們必須要指出,對於書中225頁的理解,完全沒有英語語系的評論家,有著跟第一語言是華語的台灣讀者有著相同解釋。 在您給Gutmann先生的信件中,您對於255頁的敘述「所有器官都是來自於法輪功」有特別的疑慮。
這本書有透過三位專業讀者同儕審查,且經Prometheus冗長的內部編輯過程,不僅包含文字內容,更須檢視作者的筆記、訪談的錄音帶以及電子溝通。
沒有任何英語系的讀者會將標題或是文字內容解讀為,柯文哲可從類似私人「器官仲介」交易的形式取得法輪功器官,只會解讀為柯文哲醫師是被告知資訊的。
迄今沒有任何英語系讀者曾經將柯文哲醫師解讀為器官仲介者。
迄今也沒有任何英語系讀者相信,柯文哲醫師曾試圖自行購買器官或是以任何形式參與營利行為。
相反地,多數讀者讚揚柯醫師對於調查的貢獻。審查人員們均一致地如此回應,就像是觀眾們在華盛頓特區National Endowment for Democracy中舉辦的The Slaughter書本發表會的反應一樣。
我們相信語言、翻譯以及在台北市市長選舉中激昂的政治環境,會導致大家誤會作者的意思並讓事情變得更模糊。
然而我們將全力確保在中文版的The Slaughter會越準確越好。
總而言之,我們重申我們認為台灣媒體對於柯文哲醫師以及Gutmann先生的對待是不公平的。Gutmann先生相信且我們認為他的書所闡述的是,柯文哲醫師的舉止高尚,柯文哲醫師從來不曾執行器官仲介,他也從來不曾透過中國器官市場進行獲利,且他對於揭露目前仍在中國進行的醫療犯罪行為有著重大國際級的貢獻,柯文哲醫師的行為是令人驕傲的。
克萊夫 安世立
敬上
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Re: Your Letter to Mr. Gutmann on October
Please excuse us for having exceeded by a few days the three week time period within which we had agreed to expand upon our earlier letter to you of November 4.
We take Dr. Ko's concerns very seriously and we have reviewed the relevant pages in his book together with our own records of interviews and notes on which those pages were based.
We have concluded that the entire misunderstanding and the reckless accusations which have appeared in the Taiwan media would appear to be based on language and cultural differences between the English in Mr. Gutmann's book, on the one hand, and the understanding of the relevant pages when the latter have been rendered into Chinese.
We believe that all misunderstandings will be clarified in the Chinese edition of The Slaughter, which will contain a special preface not included in the English edition. This preface will address Dr. Ko's concerns directly.
For greater clarity, we would like to point out that no English speaking reviewer of the book has understood page 255 in the way it has apparently been understood in Taiwan by readers whose first language is Chinese.
In your letter to Mr. Gutmann, you specifically mentioned the caption on page 255 reading "All the Organs will come from Falun Gong" as a particular concern.
This book was peer-reviewed by three expert readers and subjected to a lengthy internal editing process by Prometheus. This review included not only the text itself, but also the author's notes, interview tapes, and electronic communications.
No English-speaking reader has understood the caption or the text to mean anything other than that Dr. Ko was being given information, rather than making a statement about the availability of Falun Gong organs in some sort of personal "organ broker" deal.
No English-speaking reader to date has understood for one moment that Dr. Ko was acting as an "organ broker".
No English-speaking reader to date believes that Dr. Ko was trying to purchase organs himself or was in any way involved in any sort of profit-making venture.
On the contrary, most readers have praised Dr. Ko for his contribution to the investigation. Reviewers have responded similarly, as did the audience at the author's book launch at the National Endowment for Democracy in Washington DC.
We believe that language, translation, and the heated environment of the political campaign for the mayoral race in Taipei may be playing a role in misconstruing the author's intentions and clouding the issue.
Nonetheless we are interested in ensuring that the Chinese edition of The Slaughter is as accurate as possible. In conclusion, we reiterate that we think the Taiwan media has been unfair in its treatment of both Dr. Ko and Mr. Gutmann. Mr. Gutmann believes, and we think his book demonstrates, that Dr. Ko has acted honourably, that he has never been an organ broker, that he has never sought profit through China's organ marketing, and that he has contributed significantly to the international effort to expose the medical crimes which continue to be perpetrated in China.
Yours Truly
Clive Ansley
expose意思 在 LiveABC互動英語- 《#本日實用片語|一天學一個 ... - Facebook 的推薦與評價
⚠ 動詞expose 指「使接觸;使暴露於」,用法為expose sb/sth to sth。 The musician had been exposed to all kinds of music from a young age. 那名 ... ... <看更多>
expose意思 在 Re: [求救] app expose使用方法- 看板MAC - 批踢踢實業坊 的推薦與評價
※ 引述《grayyoung (阿)》之銘言:
: macbook也買一段時間了
: 但是對app expose (3 or 4 手指向下)
: 這功能一直不知道如何使用
: 我往下拉以後 就變成我現在這個視窗用expose方式顯示
: 完全不知道有什麼用
: 反而三指向上的mission control很實用
: 筆電的螢幕不大 通常會很多視窗疊在一起 用mission control看非常方便
: 可以請問一下app expose的使用方式嗎?
往上推是同桌面的所有視窗
往下拉是同App的所有視窗
當你在多個桌面作事要找視窗時,四指往下就能發揮它的作用了
對我來說最常用的是找Finder視窗
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◥◥◥◥◥ 我...我才沒有萌什麼天滿....!
︽/ \︽ 只是..只是..只是覺得她有點可愛啦..!
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※ 文章網址: https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/MAC/M.1431244671.A.3A8.html
※ 編輯: CHCOOBOO (114.35.243.201), 05/10/2015 16:27:41
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