[時事英文] 死亡率(mortality rate)*、壓平曲線(flattening the curve)、活動限制 (lockdown):如何理解這些術語?
Language goes beyond a sealed system governed by a rigid set of rules. To fully understand the meaning of a word, one must look further than connotation and denotation, and also take context into consideration. In this case, one needs to examine the social, political, economic, and even statistical contexts of the terms.
語言並非只是受嚴密規則所約束的封閉系統。為了充分理解一個單詞的意涵,我們不僅要瞭解其本義與引申義,同時還要考慮整個語境。在此一情況下,應要考察社會、政治、經濟甚至統計上的語境。
Does “confirmed cases,” for example, mean the same thing in every country before and during the coronavirus outbreak? What about “lockdowns”? Does it mean that the government is advising people to stay home or is someone nailing your door shut? Some food for thought when reading about the coronavirus outbreak.
例如,在冠狀病毒爆發前以及爆發期間,「確診病例」在各國是否具有相同的含義?那麼,封鎖呢?這是否意味著政府正建議人們留在家中,抑或有人正把你家大門釘上?以上是在閱讀疫情的相關資訊時所引人深思的一些事情。
*同學好心的補充說明:「mortality rate」通常指的是死亡率,而「fatality rate」則是(因罹患某疾病)致死率。兩者都是重要的死亡指標,但計算公式不相同。
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《紐約時報》報導:
Making sense of the coronavirus pandemic requires getting up to speed on semantics as much as epidemiology. Government officials and health care professionals toss off mentions of mortality rates, flattening the curve and lockdowns, assuming that we know what they mean. But the terms mean different things from country to country, state to state, even city to city and person to person. Officials use the same phrases about mass testing, caseloads and deaths to describe very different situations. That makes it hard to give clear answers to vital questions: How bad are things? Where are they headed?
1. make sense of… 理解……
2. get up to speed on 了解最新情況;跟上進度
3. toss off 輕而易舉地處理*
弄懂新型冠狀病毒大流行,既需要了解流行病學的最新情況,也需要在語義學上跟上形勢。「死亡率」、「壓平曲線」和「活動限制」等說法從政府官員和公共衛生專業人士的嘴裡脫口而出,他們假設大家都知道這些詞的意思。但對不同的國家、不同的州,甚至不同的城市和個人來說,這些術語有著不同的含義。 官員們使用「大規模檢測」、「病例數」和「死亡病例數」等相同的措辭,來描繪非常不同的情況。這令一些重要的問題難以得到明確的回答:情況有多糟糕?正在向什麼方向發展?
toss off: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/toss%20off
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People search for insight by comparing their countries to those that are further along in the epidemic. But if the terms are misleading or used in differing ways, the comparisons are flawed. Also, the statistics and vocabulary offer a false sense of precision while in reality, the information we have shows only a fraction of what’s going on. “The new cases or deaths each day are given as exact numbers, and we’re trained to take that at face value,” said Mark N. Lurie, an epidemiologist at Brown University’s School of Public Health. “But those are far from exact, they’re deeply flawed, and their meaning varies from place to place and from time period to time period.”
4. be further along in 在……上走得更深遠
5. at face value 根據外表;從表面上看
人們將自己的國家與那些經歷了疫情更多階段的國家進行比較,以求了解情況。但是,如果這些詞語使人產生誤解,或在使用方式上存在差異的話,這種比較就是錯誤的。此外,這些統計數據和詞彙給人以精準的假象,而現實是,我們所掌握的信息僅代表冰山一角。「每天的新增病例數或死亡人數都是以精準數字的形式通報的,我們被訓練成只看這些表面數字。」布朗大學公共衛生學院流行病學家馬克・盧裡說。「但這些數字遠非精準,而且有嚴重缺陷,它們的含義因不同的時間和地點而不同。」
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I. Confirmed Cases 確診病例
Countries vary wildly in testing for the virus and how they report the numbers, and experts say most infections are going undetected. So the publicized national tallies are rough, incomplete pictures that may not be all that comparable. And that’s if countries are forthcoming about their data.
6. vary wildly in 在……上有極大的差異*
7. publicize 公布;宣傳
8. national tallies 國家的統計數據
9. incomplete pictures 不完整的狀況
10. forthcoming 樂於幫助的
各國在病毒檢測以及通報數字的方式上有很大差異,而且專家們說,大多數感染都沒有被發現。因此,各國公布的只是粗略的數據,這些並不完整的描繪也許沒有多少可比性。這還是在假設各國願意提供數據的情況下。
wildly: https://bit.ly/2wkgPjo
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Officials in the United States say that China, which has reported more than 82,000 infections, has understated its epidemic. Until this week, the Chinese government excluded those patients who tested positive for the virus but had no symptoms. China also doesn’t say how many tests it has conducted, and doubts have been raised about whether it has tested extensively in Xinjiang, the province where it holds hundreds of thousands of Muslims in indoctrination camps. The Covid Tracking Project, run by The Atlantic, has tried to compile all the numbers in the United States and reports more than 1.2 million tests so far, over 3,600 per million people.
11. understate 未如實陳述;避重就輕地說
12. exclude 把……排除在外
13. indoctrination camps 再教育營
14. run by 由……經營
中國通報的累計確診病例超過8萬2千例,美國官員說,中國淡化了國內的疫情。直到本週前,中國政府一直把病毒檢測呈陽性但沒有癥狀的感染者不納入確診病例。中國也未公開接受檢測的人數,而且外界已對中國是否在新疆進行了大規模檢測表示懷疑,中國在那裡把數十萬穆斯林關進了拘禁營。《大西洋月刊》的新冠肺炎追蹤計劃試圖匯總美國的所有數據,它統計到的數字是,美國迄今為止進行了逾120萬例檢測,平均每百萬人超過3600例。
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II. Widespread Testing 大規模檢測
It matters not only how many people are tested, but also when, and who they are. Once again, countries differ, shaping what the numbers mean. A few countries, like South Korea, Australia and Singapore, got serious about mass testing early on. They used the information to do ambitious contact-tracing — finding and testing those who had recently been near infected people, even if they had no symptoms.
15. it matters 重要的是
16. not only……, but also…… 不僅……,而且……
17. get serious about 認真對待某事
18. early on 在早期
重要的不只是多少人做了檢測,檢測時間和檢測對象也很重要。各國在檢測時間和對象上也有不同,這讓數字的含義也有所不同。韓國、澳洲和新加坡等少數國家很早就開始認真地進行大規模檢測。他們利用這些信息嚴格追蹤接觸者,也就是找到並檢測那些親密接觸者,即使他們沒有癥狀。
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But most nations with large numbers of cases have done less testing, waited longer to do it in bulk, and made little attempt at contact tracing. They find themselves playing catch-up with the virus, ramping up testing after their outbreaks had already mushroomed. They detect more cases, but by then it’s hard to tell how much of that growth is the expanding epidemic and how much is expanding surveillance. Unable to meet the demand, they often limit testing to the sickest patients and health workers.
19. in bulk 大量
20. make little attempt 幾乎未做嘗試
21. ramp up 增加*
22. mushroom (v.) 迅速增長;迅速發展*
23. meet the demand 滿足需求
24. limit……to 將……限制在……
但大多數存在大量確診病例的國家進行的檢測數量都比較少,都是等了更長時間後才開始進行大規模檢測,而且對追蹤接觸者的工作幾乎未做嘗試。這些國家發現自己在拚命追趕病毒的傳播,在疫情迅速蔓延後才加大了檢測力度。這些國家都檢測到了更多的病例,但此時已很難判斷新增病例中有多少是疫情不斷擴大的結果,有多少是擴大疫情監測的結果。由於無法滿足檢測需求,這些國家通常只能對病情最嚴重的患者以及衛生工作者做檢測。
ramp up: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ramp-up
mushroom: https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/mushroom
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III. Fatality Rates 致死率
It has been stated time and again: Italy and Spain have high mortality rates among coronavirus patients, Germany’s is low, and China’s is somewhere between. It may not be that simple. Counting the dead is as flawed and inconsistent as counting the infected. Recent reports say that mortuaries in Wuhan, China, where the disease was first discovered, have ordered thousands more urns than usual, suggesting a much higher death toll than the city’s official count, 2,535. The outbreaks in Wuhan, and parts of Italy and Spain, overwhelmed hospitals, forcing many sick people to ride it out at home. No one knows how many people have recovered or died without ever being tested. And if only the sickest patients are tested, then the number of infections will appear smaller and the percentage who die will seem higher.
25. time and again 屢次;一再
26. as flawed and inconsistent as 像……一樣存在缺陷與不一致
27. mortuary 停屍間(太平間)
28. urn 骨灰罈
29. suggest 暗示*
30. death toll 死亡人數
31. to ride it out 安然渡過(難關)*
一個反覆提及的說法是:義大利和西班牙的新冠病毒肺炎患者死亡率高,德國的低,中國的居中。情況也許並不那麼簡單。統計死亡人數和統計感染人數一樣存在缺陷和不一致的地方。最近有報導稱,武漢的殯儀館訂購的骨灰盒數比該市官方統計的2535例死亡高出好幾千,表明死亡人數遠高於官方公布的數字。新冠病毒最早就是在這座城市發現的。武漢以及義大利和西班牙部分地區的疫情使醫院不堪重負,許多患者被迫在家中渡過難關。沒人知道究竟有多少人在從未做檢測的情況下康復或死亡。如果只對病情最嚴重的患者做檢測的話,感染人數看上去會更低,而死亡率看起來將更高。
suggest: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/suggest
ride sth out: https://bit.ly/2Rd6Tj6
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IV. The Peak 疫情高峰
Officials often talk about when the epidemic peaks or plateaus — when a country “flattens the curve.” But they rarely specify, the peak of what? And how can we be sure we’re past it? When an outbreak is growing unchecked, more people become infected and more die each day than the day before. On a graph, the curve showing the daily count of new cases has gone from rising sharply to moving sideways — the curve has flattened — and even begun to move downward. That is one corner being turned: The rate of the spread of the virus has slowed down. It takes longer to turn another: the rate of people dying.
32. from rising sharply to moving sideways 從急劇上升到橫向移動
33. turn the corner 好轉;度過難關*
官員們經常提疫情何時達到高峰或進入平台期,也就是一個國家「壓平曲線」的時候。但他們很少具體說明是什麼達到了高峰,以及我們怎麼能確定高峰已過?當疫情不受控制地發展時,每天的感染和死亡人數都比前一天多。曲線圖上顯示的每天新增病例數從急劇上升變得趨於平緩——曲線已被壓平——甚至開始下降。這是一個轉折點:病毒的傳播速度已經放緩。度過死亡人數的轉折點則需要更長的時間。
turn the corner: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/turn%20the%20corner
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But even when those curves flatten, the epidemic still has not “peaked” by another crucial measure: the number of active cases. That figure continues to rise until the number of patients who either die or recover each day is larger than the number of new infections. To ease the staggering load on health care systems, the active cases curve must also flatten and then fall.
34. peak (v.) 使……達到頂峰
35. either……or…… 不是……就是……
36. staggering 沉重的;巨大的
但是,即使這些曲線已趨於平緩,疫情的另一個重要衡量指標——現存確診病例數——仍未達到「峰值」。在每天的死亡或康復患者人數超過新增感染人數之前,這個數字還將繼續上升。為緩解衛生系統的沉重負擔,現存確診病例數的曲線也必須先趨平,然後下降。
peak: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/peak_2
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V. Lockdowns 封鎖(活動限制)
More than two billion people, including most Americans, are living under something usually called a lockdown. But there is no set definition of that word — or related terms like stay-at-home mandates and social distancing — so the details differ from place to place. The biggest differences may be in enforcement. Some places, like those in the United States with lockdowns, mostly rely on people to follow the rules without coercion. But Italy and others have deployed soldiers to ensure compliance, and French police have fined hundreds of thousands of people for violating restrictions. China, in addition to using security forces, mobilized an army of volunteers, ratcheting up social pressure to obey.
37. set definition 固定的定義
38. enforcement 實施;執行
39. rely on 仰賴;依靠
40. deploy 部署
41. compliance 服從
42. fine 處……以罰款(或罰金)
43. in addition to 除了……之外
44. mobilize 動員
45. ratchet sth up/down 逐步增加/減少
全球有20多億人,包括大多數美國人正生活在一般被稱為「活動限制」的狀態下。但這個詞沒有固定的定義,其他的相關說法,比如政府的「待在家裡」和「保持社交距離」令也沒有明確的定義,所以各地的具體做法也不一樣。最大的不同可能在執行方面。有些地方,比如美國有限制令的地方,主要依靠人們自覺遵守,而非強制。但義大利等國為確保限制令的落實而動用了軍隊,法國警方還對數已十萬計的違反禁令者處以罰款。中國除了使用安全部隊外,還動員了一支志願者大軍來加大服從封鎖隔離措施的社會壓力。
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Italy’s experience shows the looseness of the term. It has gone through several phases of restrictions, applying them to more people, making them stricter and increasing enforcement. A few weeks ago, a person could travel around Italy for a valid work or family reason. Now, people are fined for nonessential walking too far from their homes. But each stage was widely called by the same name: lockdown.
46. looseness 鬆散
47. valid 確鑿的;合理的;有根據的;讓人信服的
義大利的經歷表明了這個詞語解釋上的自由。義大利的封鎖令經歷了幾個階段,適用範圍擴大到越來越多的人,封鎖及其執行也變得越來越嚴格。幾週前,人們還可以因為正當的工作或家庭原因在義大利旅行。現在,人們會因不必要的離家太遠的走動而被罰款。但禁令的每個階段用的都是同一個泛泛的名稱:活動限制。
《紐約時報》完整報導:https://nyti.ms/2XcCUeT
圖片出處:https://fxn.ws/34gwSeH
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時事英文大全:http://bit.ly/2WtAqop
如何使用「時事英文」:https://bit.ly/3a9rr38
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PRESS RELEASE BY DR ZAKIR NAIK.
“My praise of Malaysian Govt’s fair treatment of minorities has been twisted to politicize me and create racial disharmony; it will not succeed”, says Dr Zakir Naik.
Putra Jaya, Aug 13, 2019 – Renowned Islamic preacher Dr Zakir Naik has hit back at allegations that he was creating religious disharmony among Malaysians, by alleging that his detractors were wrongly quoting him out of context with a view to politicise and malign him. Dr. Naik also added that he had actually praised Malaysia for its genuinely Islamic way of treating Hindu minorities and in upholding their rights, something that the Indian government had failed to do with its minorities.
Dr Zakir Naik was responding to questions following a series of three lectures spanning over three days, organised by the Kelantan State Government. Dr Naik spoke extensively on the topics of ‘Qur’aan - The Path to Happiness’, ‘Misconceptions about Islam’ and ‘Islamophobia’. The third event was held at the Sultan Muhammad IV Stadium in Kota Bharu city of Malaysia and saw a record attendance of 100,000 men, women and children from across the state. It received a massive response from the people who stayed back till the early hours of the morning.
In an humbling moment on 9th August, Dr Zakir Naik was also conferred the Daa’ee Ummah award, the highest religious award of Kelantan by Ustaz Dato Ahmad Yakob, the Chief Minister of Kelantan.
Said Dr Naik, “The allegations reported in the media are mischievous and designed to not only politicize me but also create religious disharmony within the community. Recordings of my talks will reveal that the reality is the opposite of what is being alleged. After my lecture on “Misconceptions about Islaam”, I was asked a specific question from the audience on the ongoing Kashmir issue and the plight of Muslims in India. In my reply I actually praised Malaysia and its government for the way it has been treating its Hindu minorities and for giving them their due rights, something that the Indian government has failed to do with Muslim minorities in India."
"On the charges against me by the Modi government, my stance was very categorical. I found it unfair that a certain group of Hindus in Malaysia seemed to trust the Modi government more than the Interpol, or the Indian courts, or the Malaysian government itself. My praise of the Malaysian government for its Islamic and fair treatment of Hindu minorities is being twisted and misquoted to suit political gains and create communal rifts.”
According to Dr Naik, the event’s scale and success did not go down well with the groups that do not like him. “The event audience that constituted mainly Muslim men and women as well as media persons did not find anything wrong in all the eight hours of my three lectures and Question and Answer Sessions. However, it took more than three days for my detractors to create an issue out of nothing. Any attempts to create a communal rift is unfair towards the people of Malaysia and I’m sure, In Sha Allah, that these attempts will fail,” added Dr. Naik.
*Dr Zakir Naik explains his stance in detail in a statement below –*
"After my speech on 9th August at Sultan Muhammad IV Stadium in Kota Bharu, there were very positive reports in the media for the next two days. The media also mentioned that I had supported Tun Mahathir. This could not be digested by a certain clique of politically-motivated hate-mongers within the country. It seems that these people scanned my lectures in a desperate attempt to pick out something blameworthy and vilify me. Having found nothing they could use against me, they resorted to dishonest schemes. Since yesterday, the 12th of August, there has been a campaign in the media against me. The allegations are based on out-of-context statements, deliberate misquotations and even complete fabrications intended to malign me for political agendas.
They alleged, “Naik recently compared the Hindus in Malaysia to the Muslims in India and said that the former enjoyed more than 100% rights in Malaysia compared to Muslims in India. He further said that it was unfortunate that Hindus in Malaysia, despite the benefits, are more loyal to the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi than to Tun Dr Mahathir.” Then they went on to say that I am creating racial and religious disharmony and communal hatred.
Firstly, I never said the above in my speech. There was a question posed to me after my second talk in Kelantan on 8th August regarding the Indian government deleting Article 370 from its constitution and its atrocities in Kashmir. The questioner also asked how the Malaysians and brothers in Islam should react.
My reply lasted more than 24 minutes and towards the end I said, “What’s happening in India? In India we Muslims are a minority, according to the government 14.5%, Muslims say we are about 20–25%, but even if we agree 14.5%, here the non-Muslims—the Hindus—are 6.3% to 6.4%. The Hindus in Malaysia get 100 times more rights than the Muslims in India. Good Alhamdulillah, I am not saying take away their rights. Good, this is what Muslims should do. They are half the percentage, numbers-wise very less, half the percentage of India where Muslims are, yet the rights they get here is hundred times more than what India gives rights to minorities. So much so that they support the Prime Minister of India but not the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Masha Allah. The PM of India wants me, the PM of Malaysia does not want injustice to be done to me. The Hindu Malaysians, most of them support the PM of India. There is no evidence against me in the Malaysian police. Interpol says no evidence, they are believing more in India, they are more Indian than the Indians themselves. And yet they are enjoying Alhamdulillah. At least the Muslims should get their rights.”
I did not say Hindus in Malaysia get 100% more rights than Muslims in India but I said, “Hindus in Malaysia get 100 times more rights than Muslims in India,” which is 10,000% and not 100%. I did not stop there but went further to say, “Good Alhamdulillah, I am not saying take away their rights. GOOD, THIS IS WHAT MUSLIMS SHOULD DO.” I applauded the Malaysian government as well as the Muslims in Malaysia and asked them to continue to treat the Hindu minorities justly, as instructed in Islam. I never said that Muslims in Malaysia should retaliate against the Hindus in Malaysia because of how Muslims in India are being persecuted. They are being forced to say “Jai Sri Ram”, and if they do not say it many are being lynched in public. Many Muslims are being killed for allegations of eating beef, etc. More than 36 Muslims were lynched and killed in public in the last two years, etc. Yet, as I reiterated, none of this justifies the mistreatment of another people elsewhere in the world. In fact, I said Malaysia should continue to follow Islamic teachings and be good and just to the Hindu minority. I have also said many times in my speeches and Q&A sessions that Muslims should always be good to non-Muslims even if they ill-treat us. “Nor can goodness and Evil be equal. Repel (Evil) with what is better: then will the one whom between you and him was hatred become as though he was a devoted friend.” (Al Qur’aan 41:34)
Secondly I never made a general statement as claimed by them that, “It was unfortunate that Hindus in Malaysia, despite the benefits, are more loyal to the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi than to Tun Dr Mahathir.” What I said was in context of my own case—that some Hindu groups opted to support the Modi government in its extradition request despite there being no evidence against me, and despite the fact that the Interpol, the Indian court and Malaysian government have rejected the false accusations directed at me.
It should be blindingly obvious to anybody who looks at the situation with a fair mind, that I am being deliberately misrepresented. These politically-motivated people misquoted me with the intention of getting me arrested. But no just court of law, including the Malaysian court, will ever agree with their accusations. Rather, it is these people who should be taken to task for creating racial disharmony and hatred between two religious communities in the multicultural nation of Malaysia."
[End of statement]
iv in numbers 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最讚貼文
[學生常犯的寫作錯誤1]
學習者應該怎麼修正自己的錯誤?
https://www.dropbox.com/s/l7w3d0c7xmam0lw/AWFAQ2.pdf?dl=0
1. He can’t leave early because he has many works to do. [X]
He can’t leave early because he has a lot of work to do. [O]
He can’t leave early because he has many projects to do. [O]
解釋: work 當工作時是不可數名詞,只有當藝術,文學,和音樂的作品時才可數 (works of art)。
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2. Reading daily helps people learn a lot of knowledge. [X]
Reading daily helps people acquire a lot of knowledge. [O]
解釋: learn 是學習而 knowledge 是知識,學問。你只可以獲得知識而不是學習知識。
請多參考配詞辭典: http://www.ozdic.com/collocation-dictionary/knowledge
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3. About a million people in the region are lack of drinking water because of a prolonged drought. [X]
About a million people in the region lack of drinking water because of a prolonged drought. [X]
About a million people in the region lack access to drinking water because of a prolonged drought. [O]
Where there is a lack of water, there is conflict. [O]
Reports of the drought and exactly what is happening are lacking. [O]
The new government is lacking in experience. [O]
解釋: 在這裡 lack是一個及物動詞,所以可直接接受詞。補充:當lack是名詞時,則必須用of (lack of water = 名詞片語) 。Lacking是形容詞,使用時可以加入介係詞 in 來連接名詞。
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/lack?q=lack
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/lacking?q=lacking
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4. Many people choose not to attend the university after high school. [X]
Many people choose not to attend university after high school. [O]
解釋: 在表示處於某種狀態或從事某種活動的抽象概念時不用定冠詞the,指定哪一所大學時才會在這裡用定冠詞。
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5 A list of names and numbers are on the table. [X]
A list of names and numbers is on the table. [O]
解釋:主詞後面的介系詞片語,只作修飾用,因此一致性只需看名詞的部分。
The country's leading export are cameras. [X]
The country’s leading export is cameras. [O]
解釋: be 動詞要和它的主詞一致,和補語無關,不要被混淆了!
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6. Steve Jobs, the former CEO of Apple, has died for almost three years. [X]
Steve Jobs, the former CEO of Apple, has been dead (adj.) for almost three years. [O]
Steve Jobs the former CEO of Apple, passed away (euphemism--婉轉說法) three years ago. [O]
解釋: 中文裡沒有「動作動詞」與「狀態動詞」的區分,不論是解釋動作或狀態往往都用同一個字詞來表示,但是在英文書寫時就容易出問題了。上列的句子皆是表示動作發生之後的某種狀態,所以不能再用”動作動詞”來描述,應該用”狀態”來表達。
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7. The students forget to bring their homework assignments to school today. [X]
The students forgot to bring their homework assignments to school today. [O]
解釋:現在式表示「事實」,但當在敘述你忘記某件事情時,因為你是在”過去”忘記這件事,所以用過去式。
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8. He becomes an excellent student after a sincere talk with his teacher. [X]
He became an excellent student after a sincere talk with his teacher. [O]
解釋: “他變成了一個好學生…”這是表示明顯改變的動詞。因為是敘述過去的改變,所以要用過去式。
(改變-become是在講這句話之前就已經發生的事,所以用過去式,但如果要說他現在是一位好學生,直接用He is an excellent student來表示)
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9. The ambassador answered the difficult question with warmth and in a humorous way. [X]
The ambassador answered the difficult question with warmth (n.) and humor (n.). [O]
解釋: 為了要表達一些地位平等的想法,英文使用平衡結構 (Parallelism),將兩個字詞或句子用以下幾種方式連接起來,所連接的兩邊要使用一樣的時態、詞類等,以求平衡。
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10. People should stop to smoke as soon as possible. [X]
People should stop smoking as soon as possible. [O]
解釋:句子要表達的是人應該停止抽菸。由於把抽菸當作一件具體的事件,所以應該使用動名詞,若使用不定詞,則代表人應該停下來去抽菸。
Common Writing Errors [學生常犯的寫作錯誤]
I. https://www.dropbox.com/s/rm0lxlbo1cdj9dn/CEI.pdf
II. https://www.dropbox.com/s/88vl5h6tbud4cm4/CE2.pdf
III. http://tinyurl.com/mq2n234
IV. http://tinyurl.com/jwhm6f3
iv in numbers 在 Kids Roman Numeral Chart 1 to 20 - Pinterest 的推薦與評價
Roman numerals have been around for about 3,000 years, and they became a recognized number system that was used around the world. ... <看更多>
iv in numbers 在 Roman Numerals I II III IV V | Learn Roman Numbers I to XX 的推薦與評價
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