[關於反芻動物全身麻醉的風險,反芻動物中,全身麻醉的弊大於利。] 有興趣的朋友可以多了解一下喔! (中文翻譯的部分為Google翻譯的,能夠閱讀英文的朋友建議看原文會比較清楚喔)
還有很多很多相關的學術發表,就不貼那麼多出來啦!
Cooper結紮的日期是4月26日,他現在很健康很調皮。
(德叔真的超級超級愛看這些學術發表的文章,但是我還是相信醫生的專業。)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334673867_The_Use_of_Epidural_Anaesthesia_over_General_Anaesthesia_in_Ruminants
全身麻醉是現代醫學的重要組成部分。它是一種藥物誘導的可逆病症,包括特定的行為和生理特徵,包括無意識、健忘症、鎮痛和運動不能——伴隨自主神經、心血管、呼吸和體溫調節系統的穩定性。
[反芻動物全身麻醉具有內在風險,如瘤胃內容物反流、唾液分泌過多和肺部誤吸的可能性;因此並不總是推薦使用本地或區域技術。硬膜外麻醉是一種中樞神經阻滯技術,經常用於獸醫實踐中,用於治療家畜會陰、骶骨、腰椎和尾椎部位的不同產科和外科手術干擾。關於在反芻動物和其他物種的各種外科和實驗室程序中使用硬膜外麻醉的科學研究已經有幾項。總之,全身麻醉的弊大於利,特別是在反芻動物中。因此,硬膜外麻醉是首選。
General anaesthesia is an essential component of modern medicine. It is a drug induced reversible condition that includes specific behavioral and physiological traits unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and akinesia- with concomitant stability of the autonomic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregulatory systems.
[General anesthesia in ruminants has inherent risks such as regurgitation of ruminal contents, excessive salivation and the possibility of pulmonary aspiration; therefore it is not always recommended and local or regional techniques may be used instead. Epidural anaesthesia is a central neuraxial block technique which is used regularly in veterinary practice for treatment of different obstetrical and surgical interferences in the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and caudal parts of the thoracic region of domestic animals. There have been several scientific researches on the use of epidural anesthesia in ruminants and other species for various surgical and laboratory procedures. In conclusion, the disadvantages of general anaesthesia outweigh the advantages especially in ruminant specie. Therefore, epidural anaesthesia is the most preferred.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118886700.ch1
瘤胃鼓脹、腹脹、反流和吸入性肺炎是與家畜全身麻醉相關的常見問題,應通過適當的預防措施和必要的麻醉前考慮來預見和解決。家畜在麻醉期間可能會出現胃內容物反流和誤吸,尤其是未禁食的動物。反芻動物在麻醉期間通常會大量分泌唾液。惡性高熱的觸發因素包括壓力(例如興奮、運輸或麻醉前處理)、鹵化吸入麻醉劑(例如氟烷、異氟烷、七氟烷和地氟烷)和去極化神經肌肉阻滯藥物(例如琥珀膽鹼)。同樣,氟烷似乎是豬惡性高熱的最有效和最常見的觸發因素。麻醉前禁食可能不能完全防止反流,但會減少瘤胃內容物中的固體物質數量。獸醫應將這些知識與適當的麻醉前準備和適當的圍手術期管理相結合,以確保這些動物的麻醉成功。
Ruminal tympany, bloat, regurgitation, and aspiration pneumonia are common problems associated with general anesthesia in farm animal species that should be anticipated and addressed with proper precautions and the necessary preanesthetic considerations. Regurgitation and aspiration of stomach content can occur in farm animal species during anesthesia, especially in nonfasted animals. Ruminants normally salivate profusely during anesthesia. The triggering agents of malignant hyperthermia include stress (e.g., excitement, transportation, or preanesthetic handling), halogenated inhalation anesthetics (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane), and depolarizing neuro-muscular blocking drugs (e.g., succinylcholine). Similarly, halothane appears to be the most potent and most frequently reported trigger of malignant hyperthermia in pigs. Preanesthetic fasting may not completely prevent regurgitation, but it will decrease the amount of solid matter in the rumen content. Veterinarians should incorporate the knowledge with proper preanesthetic preparations and appropriate perioperative management to ensure successful outcome of anesthesia in these animals.
profusely中文 在 遵理學校 Kenneth Lau Facebook 的最佳解答
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熱與煮食的微妙關係
踏入暑假季節,連日天氣酷熱,過去一個月更創下懸掛酷熱天氣最長紀錄。
談起熱,當然是 hot。很熱呢?very hot。非常熱呢?extremely hot。如果不想用hot、very hot、extremely hot,我們可以說 boiling、baking、roasting、sizzling、scorching、scalding。當然,我並不鼓勵大家學習英文時盲目背誦同義詞,因此本文也簡單地解釋為什麼它們有「非常熱」的意思。
首先,還原基本步,我們首先把以上的 ing 全部去掉,只分析動詞。boil、bake、roast 都與煮食有關,相信大家也知道。要把水煮沸 (boil),溫度一定很高,而焗蛋糕 (bake)、烤肉 (roast) 亦一樣。sizzle 是煎食物時的「噝噝聲」,其溫度亦不言而喻。至於 scorch 是燒焦,而 scald 是燙傷,當然溫度也非常高。似乎大家都不會喜歡以上的天氣,那麼溫暖和煦的溫度又如何形容呢?我們可以用 balmy 一字,是形容詞。
我們也可以學習用不同的方法帶出天氣炎熱,例如透過陽光描述天氣。
e.g. In summer, the sun always glares down on us, making us sweat buckets.
e.g. The brilliant sun blazes down from the azure sky.
值得一提的是 brilliant 在上面句子的意思,當然brilliant解作「非常好的」、「十分成功的」,但其實 the brilliant sun 還有陽光明媚、碧空如洗的意思。而 sweat buckets 就是汗流浹背的意思,想再 formal 點可以說 sweat profusely。
上星期才介紹過天氣冷的英文,這星期隨便介紹天氣熱的英文,大家有否感到無所適從?原來英文也有類似的 phrases,值得大家學習。
go hot and cold 指的並不是天氣,其實是指內心的感覺。試想像,你突然感到又熱又凍,就像失去方寸一樣,所以 go hot and cold 的意思是「突然很害怕」、「突然很焦慮」、「突然很驚訝」。
e.g. Seeing him again after the heart-rending break-up last month, Jenny went hot and cold.
至於要了解 blow hot and cold的意思,就要用想像力。試想像迎面吹來的風時冷時熱,就有種「一時一樣」的感覺,因此 blow hot and cold 解作「時常改變主意」、「拿不定主意」。
e.g. Don’t count on him – he always blows hot and cold.
最後,雖然這個 phrase 與天氣無關,但大家對它的中文解釋一定不會陌生,因此也順道介紹這個 phrase - strike while the iron is hot,意思就是中文的「打鐵趁熱」。
e.g. The department store is holding a summer sale! Strike while the iron is hot!
Kenneth Lau
遵理學校英文科講師,大學主修語言學,一級榮譽畢業,熱愛 grammar、句構,熱愛教學。曾獲邀擔任 TEDx 講者,補習界第一人。
profusely中文 在 VALORANT 特戰英豪台港澳中文社團| 找隊友(全能) 的推薦與評價
BugCat Capoo Bugcat Capoo, a blue catlike character with six legs, sweating profusely with. Share. 50w. View 6 more comments ... ... <看更多>