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Đề Cambridge IELTS 14 Test 2 - passage 2:
BACK TO THE FUTURE OF SKYSCRAPER DESIGN
Answers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries
A. The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.
'The crisis in building design is already here,' said Short. 'Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.'
B. Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed - to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units.
Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their inventors.
C. Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.
D. Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).
'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens• in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.
E. 'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour-that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.
Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'
Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.
F. Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas - toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.
While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.
G. Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens. 'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'
H. Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.
Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.
I. He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago - built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.
“My book is a recipe book which looks at the past, how we got to where we are now, and how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. There are compelling reasons to do this. The Department of Health says new hospitals should be naturally ventilated, but they are not. Maybe it’s time we changed our outlook.”
TỪ VỰNG CHÚ Ý:
Excessive (adj)/ɪkˈsesɪv/: quá mức
Skyscraper (n)/ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)/: nhà trọc trời
Ingenious (adj)/ɪnˈdʒiːniəs/: khéo léo
Culmination (n) /ˌkʌlmɪˈneɪʃn/: điểm cao nhất
Crisis (n)/ˈkraɪsɪs/: khủng hoảng
Gadget (n)/ˈɡædʒɪt/: công cụ
Squander (v)/ˈskwɒndə(r)/: lãng phí
Reliance (n)/rɪˈlaɪəns/: sự tín nhiệm
Vast (adj)/vɑːst/: rộng lớn
Accommodate (v)/əˈkɒmədeɪt/: cung cấp
Ventilation (n)/ˌventɪˈleɪʃn/: sự thông gió
Habitable (adj)/ˈhæbɪtəbl/: có thể ở được
Spectacular (adj)/spekˈtækjələ(r)/: ngoạn mục, đẹp mắt
Account for /əˈkaʊnt//fə(r)/ : chiếm
Substantial (adj)/səbˈstænʃl/: đáng kể
Frightening (adj)/ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/: kinh khủng
Sophisticated (adj)/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/: phức tạp
Pathogen (n)/ˈpæθədʒən/: mầm bệnh
Tuberculosis (n)/tjuːˌbɜːkjuˈləʊsɪs/: bệnh lao
Communal (adj)/kəˈmjuːnl/: công cộng
Dementia (n)/dɪˈmenʃə/: chứng mất trí
Fraction (n)/ˈfrækʃn/: phần nhỏ
Lament (v)/ləˈment/: xót xa
Panicked (adj): hoảng loạn
Lethal (adj)/ˈliːθl/: gây chết người
Threat (n)/θret/: mối nguy
Miasmas (n)/miˈæzmə/: khí độc
Infection (n) /ɪnˈfekt/: sự nhiễm trùng
Cholera (n)/ˈkɒl.ər.ə/: dịch tả
Outbreak (n)/ˈaʊt.breɪk/: sự bùng nổ
Disprove (v)/dɪˈspruːv/: bác bỏ
Advocate (v)/ˈæd.və.keɪt/: ủng hộ
Auditoria (n)/ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriə/ : thính phòng
Comparable (adj)/ˈkɒm.pər.ə.bəl/: có thể so sánh được
Contend (v) /kənˈtend/: cho rằng
Liability (n)/ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/: nghĩa vụ pháp lý
Convince (v) /kənˈvɪns/: Thuyết phục
Assist (v) /əˈsɪst/: để giúp đỡ
Các bạn cùng tham khảo nhé!
同時也有5部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過16萬的網紅C CHANNEL Art&Study DIY Crafts Handmade,也在其Youtube影片中提到,★Recipe★ DIY Crushed Ice Pattern! Cocktail Earrings 身近なコレでクラッシュアイス模様が‼︎ レジンで作るカクテル風ピアス https://youtu.be/VSlT5DWLK6Y DIY Aurora Moon Key Holder 不思議なパウ...
「recipe book design」的推薦目錄:
- 關於recipe book design 在 IELTS Fighter - Chiến binh IELTS Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於recipe book design 在 Yatiekitchen Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於recipe book design 在 Mark Lui 雷頌德 Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於recipe book design 在 C CHANNEL Art&Study DIY Crafts Handmade Youtube 的精選貼文
- 關於recipe book design 在 ochikeron Youtube 的精選貼文
- 關於recipe book design 在 ochikeron Youtube 的最讚貼文
recipe book design 在 Yatiekitchen Facebook 的精選貼文
Finally 😢 Compiled recipe, design, proof read, printing, book ready, sorting, posting .. and it is not an easy job 💪🏻 I did it and proud of myself ! Syukur Alhamdullillah
recipe book design 在 Mark Lui 雷頌德 Facebook 的最佳貼文
21st Dec is a very important day to Jade,and must be one of her happiest day,debut of her very well written and produced "Gorgeous Cookbook".I am very proud of her hard work to design all these recipes and put so much care in writing in a way that anyone can follow and be inspired by all the cooking tips she had shared in this book.My participation is the art directions and all the photography.So you are all invited to come to this book signing event to celebrate with us! @jadebabelovescooking #gorgeouscookbook #cookbook #gorgeous #recipe #book #hongkong #hkig #hkiger
recipe book design 在 C CHANNEL Art&Study DIY Crafts Handmade Youtube 的精選貼文
★Recipe★
DIY Crushed Ice Pattern! Cocktail Earrings 身近なコレでクラッシュアイス模様が‼︎ レジンで作るカクテル風ピアス
https://youtu.be/VSlT5DWLK6Y
DIY Aurora Moon Key Holder 不思議なパウダーで一味違った仕上がりに!オーロラムーンのキーホルダー
https://youtu.be/MoAHiJ-YTDU
DIY Cute Book Marker 思わず読書がしたくなる♡本のブックマーカー♪
https://youtu.be/yR0DueNmDDY
DIY Resin Key Holder with Message!想いを込めて♡メッセージ入りレジンキーホルダー
https://youtu.be/Tx3GB5kSKD4
DIY Teddy Bear Present Necklace 「これあげる♡」テディベアからのプレゼントネックレス♡
https://youtu.be/pl1aH-oZ8X0
DIY Cute Charm Design with Masking Tape! マスキングテープで可愛くデザイン♡ブロッキングで作るキーホルダー
https://youtu.be/38M5oPiGlXc
DIY Dreamy Angel Feather Accessory まるで天使の羽みたい!♡レジンのゆめかわアクセサリー
https://youtu.be/aBGFd4rQ3Jo
DIY Retro Autumn Hair Tie 小さな音楽隊がちらり♡芸術の秋にぴったりなレトロヘアゴム
https://youtu.be/R-yMYZn8vX0
DIY Easy to Make! Flake Hoop Earring テクニックいらず!浸して付けるだけのフレークフープピアス♡
https://youtu.be/70JCqd8w8jA
DIY Easy&Cute! Diamond-Shaped Earrings まさか100均のコレが使えるなんて!誰でも簡単ひし形ピアス☆
https://youtu.be/cLRq8UsxADk
recipe book design 在 ochikeron Youtube 的精選貼文
♥FOLLOW ME HERE♥
http://instagram.com/ochikeron/
https://www.facebook.com/ochikeron
https://plus.google.com/+ochikeron
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I liked the movie, so I decided to make this bento box even if there was no request for it. hehe I think Angelina Jolie in this movie was stunning beautiful!!!
I happened to find the "Maleficent bento box" online. It was well made and gorgeous. Dishwasher safe & microwavable!!! Nice and calm black color is perfect for Japanese-style bento for every day use. Worth to buy quality!!!
FYI (sorry only available in Japan):
Disney Maleficent Book Bento Lunch Box (ディズニー マレフィセント ブック弁当箱)
http://hb.afl.rakuten.co.jp/hgc/12e419b9.688678bd.12e419ba.7ba53e70/?pc=http%3a%2f%2fitem.rakuten.co.jp%2fyaxell%2f15024%2f%3fscid%3daf_link_tbl&m=http%3a%2f%2fm.rakuten.co.jp%2fyaxell%2fi%2f10002746%2f
http://hb.afl.rakuten.co.jp/hgc/12e49216.e4fe90e1.12e49217.9d74e123/?pc=http%3a%2f%2fitem.rakuten.co.jp%2feurekashop%2fyx-ms15024a%2f%3fscid%3daf_link_tbl&m=http%3a%2f%2fm.rakuten.co.jp%2feurekashop%2fi%2f10120410%2f
http://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/product/B00KG7D5LI/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=247&creative=1211&creativeASIN=B00KG7D5LI&linkCode=as2&tag=shopping072-22
Disney Maleficent Chopsticks with Case (ディズニー マレフィセント スクエア箸箱セット)
http://hb.afl.rakuten.co.jp/hgc/12e419b9.688678bd.12e419ba.7ba53e70/?pc=http%3a%2f%2fitem.rakuten.co.jp%2fyaxell%2f15023%2f%3fscid%3daf_link_tbl&m=http%3a%2f%2fm.rakuten.co.jp%2fyaxell%2fi%2f10002747%2f
http://hb.afl.rakuten.co.jp/hgc/12e49216.e4fe90e1.12e49217.9d74e123/?pc=http%3a%2f%2fitem.rakuten.co.jp%2feurekashop%2fyx-ms15023a%2f%3fscid%3daf_link_tbl&m=http%3a%2f%2fm.rakuten.co.jp%2feurekashop%2fi%2f10120409%2f
http://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/product/B00KG8BHL2/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=247&creative=1211&creativeASIN=B00KG8BHL2&linkCode=as2&tag=shopping072-22
---------------------------------
Maleficent Bento Lunch Box
Difficulty: Easy
Time: 1hr
Number of servings: 1 bento box
Ingredients:
((Goya Chanpuru - Stir-Fried Bitter Melon))
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItbgoZxKDzg
((Maleficent Deco Rice))
cooked white Japanese rice
salmon flakes *or rice seasoning of your choice
sliced cheese
Nori seaweed sheet
Directions:
((Goya Chanpuru - Stir-Fried Bitter Melon))
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItbgoZxKDzg
((Maleficent Deco Rice))
1. Draw Maleficent on a piece of paper.
2. With a permanent marker (Sharpie), trace the illustration on the parchment paper
3. Place Nori seaweed sheet on a flexible cutting board. Then place the parchment paper on top. Secure them with paper clips.
4. Cut out the image with a design knife. Make sure you don't lose any of the parts you cut out (keep them in a box).
5. Place them on a sliced cheese.
6. Put cooked rice in a bento box, layer salmon flakes, then cover with the cooked rice. Place the decorated cheese on top
Tips:
You can make the deco cheese the night before. Wrap it securely in plastic wrap and keep it in the fridge till the next morning when you pack your bento box :)
↓レシピ(日本語)
http://cooklabo.blogspot.jp/2014/07/blog-post_15.html
---------------------------------
#ochikeron #Halloween #Maleficent
Other Bento Ideas:
Monsters University Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUQ_pr5jv6o
Hello Kitty Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9TQzPOGwmM
Minions Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5nDhEV2BHs
Olaf Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9E3FmtETSL8
ONE PIECE Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR1tB_rmYgA
Sailor Moon Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GHrIYopexM
Music by
Kevin MacLeod
Dark Dance
http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100398
♥My COOKBOOK available on Amazon Kindle♥
http://amzn.to/2EwR3ah
NO MORE hard copies... those who got one are lucky!
♥More Written Recipes are on my BLOG♥
http://createeathappy.blogspot.com/
♥My Recipe Posts in Japanese♥
http://cooklabo.blogspot.jp/
http://cookpad.com/ami
http://twitter.com/alohaforever
♥and of course PLEASE SUBSCRIBE♥
http://www.youtube.com/user/ochikeron?sub_confirmation=1
recipe book design 在 ochikeron Youtube 的最讚貼文
Sailor Moon is coming back in July, so I received many requests for a Kyaraben (Character Bento) recipe.
I hope this gives you an idea ;)
---------------------------------
Sailor Moon Bento
Difficulty: Easy
Time: 1hr
Number of servings: 1 bento box
Ingredients:
((Vegetable Teriyaki Beef Rolls))
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJdo9BntgIA
((Japanese Potato Salad))
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACYOzrT6B8A
((Sailor Moon Deco Rice))
cooked white Japanese rice
YELLOW EGG CREPE
* 1 egg yolk
* a bit of salt
RED EGG CREPE
* 1/2 egg white
* a bit of milk or water
* a bit of salt
* Wilton Icing Color: Red
BLUE EGG CREPE
* 1/2 egg white
* a bit of milk or water
* a bit of salt
* Wilton Icing Color: Royal Blue
sliced cheese
sliced ham
cooking oil
mayonnaise
((Others))
rice seasoning of your choice
lettuce
grape tomato
Directions:
((Vegetable Teriyaki Beef Rolls))
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJdo9BntgIA
((Japanese Potato Salad))
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACYOzrT6B8A
((Sailor Moon Deco Rice))
RED and BLUE EGG CREPES
1. Dilute each gel color with a little milk (or water) to give a thin consistency.
2. Put 1/2 egg white in 2 small bowls. Mix in each color and a bit of salt. Heat cooking oil in a small pan on low heat, pour the egg mixture in the pan and spread over the surface. Cook the egg until the edges begin to dry, then flip it over and cook the other side.
YELLOW EGG CREPES
1. Beat egg yolk in a small bowl and season it with a bit of salt.
2. Heat cooking oil in a small pan on low heat, pour the egg mixture in the pan and spread over the surface. Cook the egg until the edges begin to dry, then flip it over and cook the other side.
SAILOR MOON
1. With a permanent marker (Sharpie), trace your favorite Sailor Moon illustration on the parchment paper and cut all parts into pieces.
2. Place the stencil pieces on the egg crepes, sliced cheese and sliced ham, then cut them out using a design knife. Cut out Nori seaweed sheet to make her eye lashes and nose.
3. Use a bit of mayonnaise to attach the cutouts onto a sliced cheese.
4. Put cooked rice in a bento box. Then top with some rice seasoning of your choice and place the decorated cheese on top.
5. Arrange with side dishes.
↓レシピ(日本語)
http://cooklabo.blogspot.jp/2014/06/blog-post_13.html
---------------------------------
Other Bento Ideas:
Monsters University Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUQ_pr5jv6o
Hello Kitty Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9TQzPOGwmM
Minions Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5nDhEV2BHs
Olaf Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9E3FmtETSL8
ONE PIECE Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR1tB_rmYgA
Doraemon Bento Lunch Box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNqhP7wNANI
Music by
Josh Woodward
Incoherent
http://www.joshwoodward.com/
♥FOLLOW ME HERE♥
http://instagram.com/ochikeron/
https://www.facebook.com/ochikeron
https://plus.google.com/+ochikeron
http://twitter.com/ochikeron
♥My COOKBOOK available on Amazon Kindle♥
http://amzn.to/2EwR3ah
NO MORE hard copies... those who got one are lucky!
♥More Written Recipes are on my BLOG♥
http://createeathappy.blogspot.com/
♥My Recipe Posts in Japanese♥
http://cooklabo.blogspot.jp/
http://cookpad.com/ami
http://twitter.com/alohaforever
♥and of course PLEASE SUBSCRIBE♥
http://www.youtube.com/user/ochikeron?sub_confirmation=1