關於 rough and tumble play ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

深夜閱讀系列之 the four educative drives

"Our standard schools quite deliberately suppress these drives (curiosity, playfulness, sociability and planfulness), especially the first three of them, in the interest of promoting conformity and keeping children fixed to the school’s curriculum."

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"They play in physical ways, as they climb, chase, and rough-and-tumble, and that is how they develop strong bodies and graceful movement.

They play in risky ways, and that is how they learn to manage fear and develop courage.

They play with language, and that is how they become competent with language.

They play socially, with other children, and that is how they learn to negotiate, compromise, and get along with peers.

They play games with implicit or explicit rules, and that is how they learn to follow rules.

They play imaginative games, and that is how they learn to think hypothetically and creatively.

They play with logic, and that is how they become logical.

They play at building things, and that is how they learn to build.

They play with the tools of their culture, and that is how they become skilled at using those tools.

Play is not recess from education; it IS education. Children learn far more in play, and with far more joy, than they could possibly learn in a classroom."

小朋友，最喜歡做一些大人眼中很危險的事情。他們會爬高爬低，愈爬得高，就愈興奮。他們又喜歡踩滑板車，踩得非常快，甚至從斜坡衝下來，追求那種刺激快感。原來，小朋友喜歡追求刺激的心理，在他們成長發展中，有一個非常重要的功能。

2011年挪威心理學家 Ellen Sandseter發表研究報告，嘗試解釋「風險活動」對兒童身心發展的影響。

根據Dr. Sandseter定義，「風險活動」是指一些可以給小朋友刺激快感，但同時又存在受傷風險的活動。基本上可分為六大類：

爬高 (play with great heights)
速度活動 (play with high speed)
玩弄危險工具 (play with dangerous tools)
危險環境附近活動 (play near dangerous elements)
玩打交 (rough-and-tumble play)
玩走失/消失 (disappear/get lost)

Dr. Sandseter的主張是，小孩年幼時，對很多事物都懷有恐懼之心，例如畏高，害怕陌生人等。這其實是小朋友的天性本能，用來保護他們，因為當時他們還未有能力去應付這些事物。隨住小朋友的成長，他們會慢慢產生一些追求刺激快感的傾向，而「風險活動」就正正可以滿足到小朋友對刺激快感的追求，並且對他們成長有正面影響！

參考資料
Sandseter, E. and Kennair, L., “Children’s Risky Play from an Evolutionary Perspective: The Anti-Phobic Effects of Thrilling Experiences” Evolutionary Psychology, 2011 Jun 21;9(2):257-84

Poulton, R. “Evidence for a Non-associative Model of the Acquisition of a Fear of Heights.” Behaviour Research and Therapy 36.5 (1998): 537-44

Ron Artest and Paul Pierce went back-to-back with their elbows locked, both unwilling to yield even an inch underneath the hoop. The veteran forwards crashed to the court together and got up looking to rumble, earning double technical fouls.

And that was just in the first 27 seconds.

This NBA Finals rematch was rough from the opening tumble, but Kobe Bryant and Pau Gasol made sure the Los Angeles Lakers landed the first shot on the Boston Celtics.

Bryant scored 30 points, Gasol had 23 points and 14 rebounds, and defending champion Los Angeles got tough in a 102-89 victory over Boston in Game 1 on Thursday night.

Artest scored 15 points after his tangle with Pierce in the opening minute of the 12th finals meeting between the NBA's most scintillating rivals. It was the opening salvo in a gritty physical effort against the Celtics, who memorably pushed around the Lakers while winning their 2008 finals matchup in six games.

The Lakers are the champs now, and they're not giving it up without a tussle or two.

"I knew it was going to be physical. That's a given," Gasol said. "After consecutive Finals, we understand the nature of the game. We understand who our rival is, how they play. You've got to compete, and you've got to match that physicality effort of the game to be successful."

Pierce scored 24 points and Kevin Garnett added 16 after a slow start for the Celtics, who might not want to know Lakers coach Phil Jackson's teams in Los Angeles and Chicago have won 47 straight playoff series after winning Game 1.

"I wish I had put it in the bank, so to speak," said Jackson, the 10-time champion. "We've got to play this out. ... Our defense stiffened at various points in the game, was very effective. We've got a lot of work ahead of us, but it's nice to know that [the 47-0 streak] is on our side."

Game 2 is Sunday night at Staples Center.