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在solely meaning這個產品中，有8篇Facebook貼文，粉絲數超過13萬的網紅thefamily.uk，也在其Facebook貼文中提到， I PRAY FOR YOU... Surah Al-Mursalat is one of my favourite surahs in the Quran, especially the version recited by @omarhishamalarabi. I must confess t...
　同時也有2部Youtube影片，追蹤數超過3,690的網紅Jo Yen Tan，也在其Youtube影片中提到，Have you ever wonder what's the meaning behind all the auspicious myths for Chinese New Year ? Come join us and chill as we casually list out the fact...

solely meaning 在 thefamily.uk Facebook 的最佳貼文

thefamily.uk By thefamily.uk

2020-12-25 19:05:03 有 198 人按讚
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I PRAY FOR YOU... Surah Al-Mursalat is one of my favourite surahs in the Quran, especially the version recited by @omarhishamalarabi. I must confess that when I first read this surah many many years back, I didn’t take the initiative to read the meaning of this surah. When I came to carefully learn its meaning, it gave me goosebumps!

I’m sure I’m not the only one who feels frightened when hearing about The Last Day or The Last Hour. The day when there will be violent storms, great shaking of earthquakes. Thinking about the last hour, I reflected upon my life. They say that life is the result of our own actions. I couldn’t agree more! The seeds of our actions we plant in this world...we will taste its fruits in the life after. Whether the fruit is sweet or sour, we’re solely accountable for it!

And glad tidings from Allah be to those who bear patience. Patience when facing tough times. Patience when dealing with the loss of loved ones. Patience when suffering with great illness. Allah has guaranteed those who are patient that He will give them rewards without measure. Patience and victory are twin brothers. Allah promised those who are patient that He is with them and will grant them a clear victory!

I’m addressing you...anyone who is affected by sickness or illness, especially my dearest sister Mrs Mom @thefamily.uk. I sincerely pray for you: “May The Almighty, who is capable of making the impossible possible, heal you and give you strength. May He grant you a cure. May He grant you miraculous recovery. May the love, peace and comfort be with you as you battle this illness. May He cure you and reward you for all the suffering that you’re going through. May He grant you a complete return to normal health and make you even better than you were before.” 💝
#sayAameen #PrayForMrsMom #drauntieuk

p/s: Written by Mrs Mom’s elder sister Dr Auntie

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solely meaning 在 元毓 Facebook 的最佳解答

元毓 By 元毓

2019-11-17 15:25:34 有 135 人按讚
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舊文重貼

前按：最近多了很多讀者連基礎經濟學觀念都不具備，腦袋充滿價值偏見或是傳統經濟學教科書的錯誤理論。

只好把很久以前寫的一些經濟學入門觀念貼上來，看能發揮多少效果。裡頭都是經過千錘百鍊的觀念，是我20年市場實戰中累積下來的，跟一般學者騙稿費的論點是兩回事。有能力的人才看得出門道，這說明訊息費用是高的，所以我並不期待太多人能懂。

舊文重貼 【經濟學基礎第四講–自私的假設（上）】

今天我們進入經濟學基礎，自私的假設。

經濟學最著名的「自利」假設，起源於Adam Smith「國富論」一書中，開天闢地一刀擘畫而出。

Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offices which we stand in need of. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages.

屠夫、釀酒師、麵包師父可不是因為同情你肚子餓或是希望有一頓華美的晚餐才給你他們的產品，而是因為他們關心自己的利益！

只是原文Adam Smith所用的字眼是「self love」，而非現在多數經濟學家所用的「self interest」。但概念上差異不大。
惟許多人將經濟學的「自利」講成「自私」，我認為不是很恰當。但也無不可。因為多數人都用自私這個字眼，我也就不做更改，繼續沿用。

這邊我再次強調，科學性理論的建立，基礎必定是一些公理（axiom），這些公理必定要被認同，如連起點都不認同，那這門學問你也不用學了。

比如數學的公理就是1+1=2，沒有其他答案；你不能說一杯水+一杯麵粉 = 一個麵團。可是在控制環境下，100g水+100g麵粉，必定得到200g麵團（或任何其他東西）。

物理學也是，質量（m）是個想像出來後靠人為武斷定義的東西，但因為在地球表面上跟重量太像了，使得大家都以為真有其物。加速度的觀念也是，你必須武斷地接受一些公理，大家才能在同一個基礎上討論加速度，也才能討論 F= ma這個觀念。

幾何學定義一個點本身是不可量度；一條線（二點之間的直線距離）才是可以量度。可是一個不可量度的點，怎麼會存在？點不可量度，那為什麼直線又可以量度？那面積又什麼？

舉這些例子，是要大家知道科學性理論的基礎都是武斷的人為定義的公理，一定要接受，才能往下走。公理甚至很荒謬，如幾何學，但是卻可以衍生大有用途的理論。

一、自私的定義

經濟學關於「自私」的定義有二個重點：個人決策與自私的內涵

1. 個人決策

經濟學上，所有決策都是由個人做成，而個人做成的決策成千上萬，舉含要不要吃飯、吃什麼、什麼時候吃、要早點吃還是晚點吃、要不要睡覺、什麼時候睡、睡多久、要怎麼到上班地點、要選擇什麼工作、要不要蹺課、要上什麼大學、要不要延畢、要不要跳傘、要不要結婚、跟誰結婚、什麼時候結婚、要不要辦婚禮、要不要生小孩、生了要不要養、要不要自殺…。

所有你人生中的每一個作為或不作為，背後都是基於你的決策。

而不管我們討論的群體有多大，就算大到一個社會、國家、全地球，都是基於單一個人（individual）的決策而組成。

經濟學不存在「直接以集體為起點」的理論。換言之，不管這個理論有「多宏觀」，只要不是基於「個人決策」為起點，都是廢物理論。因此，有許多所謂的「宏觀經濟學」大師，數學玩到天花亂墜，但都只是智力遊戲，不是經濟學，沒有科學解釋力。

而這裡談的個人，是經濟人，也就是不管男女老幼、性別傾向、天才白痴，在理論的假設上，都是一個自私的個人。

為什麼個人很重要？那是因為我們無法想像「一個群體竟然有決策能力？！」就算是民主投票，也是群體中一個人一個人決策累積出來。一個群體，邏輯上不可能有決策能力。必定是一個人決定或是很多的個人的決策累積。但絕不會是抽象的群體自己下決定。

就算是在最極端的環境之下，例如極權政治下的政治犯失去了多數自由，依然還是能決策許多事情，甚至可以決定「要不要繼續無自由地生活」。這方面有興趣研究的，可以看柏楊回憶錄、李敖大全集、德國集中營倖存者回憶錄、安妮日記以及一些北韓脫北者的回憶錄。

這裡也告訴我們，天底下沒有絕對的自由或是絕對的不自由，而是要端視侷限條件為前提。

同時各位要注意的重點是：經濟學自私假設第一內涵建立在個人決策上，但個人決策作為或不作為，並不需要探討決策本身是否正確、是否理性、是否盲目或是否本身毫無目的。也就是說，重點在「決策」本身，這是經濟學第一個公理。

了解這層，各位也就能了解為什麼經濟學最重要的價格理論（Price Theory）又被稱為選擇理論（Choice Theory）。這也是說，經濟學認為任何人的決策決定了任何人的行為，而這些決策/行為都是在科學上可被預測的（predictable）。

正因為經濟學討論的是人怎麼決策，所以經濟學本身就是一門解釋人類行為的學問。有位奧地利經濟學派大師Ludwig von Mises更直接了當地把他的一本經濟學論著取名為「Human Action」。

2. 自私的內涵

有讀我前三篇科學方法論的朋友應該知道，說「人會決策」是個套套邏輯，永遠對而不可被證否。因此我們要科學性預測人類行為，必須加上條件約束，讓理論有被證否性。

自私就是理論的約束！

自私的正確意涵，是「每個人在侷限條件下會為自己爭取最大利益」。不管你是勤奮、偷懶、誠實、欺騙、慈善、小氣…通通是在爭取自己的最大利益。換成一個更白話的說法，就是在同樣條件下，個人會傾向用越低的代價去換得越多的效益。

這邊我要特別強調，經濟學是門科學，討論的是如何解釋、預測人類行為，不管好不好，道德是否可非議。就像蘋果掉下來沒啥好不好，有沒有美感或是有沒有道德。

經濟學假設人會爭取自己的最大利益，也是個公理性假設，不可否認也不可辯駁。因為人的行為就是這樣。

但是經濟學說的利益不是只錢財，而是任何你想要的東西，包含愛情、家庭幸福、友情、權力、尊嚴、自由、美貌、休閒時光…。

影響我很深的經濟學大師A. A. Alchian在其經典著作就有這麼一段：

「Exchange and Production Theory in Use」 P. 20:

Often, it is incorrectly asserted that economics presumes an “economic man,” whose sole interest is making more money or getting wealthier or improving just his own circumstances. Not so! Economics does not assume that men are motivated solely, or even primarily, by the desire to accumulate more wealth. Instead, economic theory assumes that man — in Karachi, Canton, or Kalamazzo– desires more of many other things as well: prestige, power, friends, love, respect, self-expression, talent, liberty, knowledge, good looks, leisure, Day to day, economic theory is usually applied to the production, sale, and consumption of goods with money expenditures via the market place. But economic theory does not ignore, let alone deny, that man is motivated by culture and intellectual goods, and even by an interest in the welfare of other people — as we shall see.

只要是「有勝無、多勝少」的有形或無形物品，只要有人願意犧牲某些東西（例如精神、時間、體力、財物、健康…..）來換取「有或更多」，這些行為就符合經濟學「自私假設」。

因此，我們可以說這世界上沒有人的行為不符合自私假設，邏輯上不可能也不允許出現違反的情形。因為這就變成 f(x)可以等於2種以上的結果，邏輯是不對的。

有人捐款，捐到傾家蕩產在所不惜，一樣是符合自私假設！因為他想要換取的可能是名聲、可能是自我安慰，但是經濟學不需要討論他的動機。這點文章下半部會解釋。

可是，正因為自私假設是公理，所以也必然是套套邏輯（tautology），也因此重點不在於自私假設本身是對是錯亦或可否被接受，重點在於我們基於此假設和其他假設，利用邊際分析的方式，從真實世界可觀察到的現象，去得出合邏輯的經濟解釋，從而可以預測人類或生物的行為。

也就是說，在侷限條件下，我們可以準確預測人的捐款行為會變多或變少。比如政府改變規定，只要捐款給慈善團體可以享有跟捐款給政府機構一樣的稅則優惠，則捐款量必定增加。反之，如果政府改變規定，只要有捐款行為一律罰款10倍，則可以想見捐款量會減少。

二、基礎假設不需要真實

經濟學有個邪魔歪道的流派叫做「實驗經濟學」，裡面有些學者汲汲營營地希望透過實驗來證明「人並非自私」亦或「人不是理性」的，某些人以為只要能證明，自己就能揚名立萬。

這些人卻都犯了我前篇文章「經濟學基礎–經濟學的科學方法論3」中所說的錯誤：若要證明P–>Q邏輯錯誤，一定要找出~Q –> P這種情形來反證。光只是在那邊說P不存在，本身並不能反證整個理論。

這邊的邏輯大論戰，早在1950年代經濟學界就大吵特吵，而諾貝爾經濟學獎得主Milton Friedman一篇鴻文「The Methodology of Positive Economics」甚至舉出，在科學上公理的假設根本不需要真實，甚至與真實違背都無妨，只要能被驗證，同時也沒被事實推翻，就具備科學預測力/解釋力。這邊我題外話講一句，就是FB或社群網路上有一堆抨擊經濟學自私假設的文章，講難聽的，沒有一篇討論的論點超過1950年代大論戰的內容，甚至連水準都遠遠不及。此中最著名的就是沽名釣譽的清大教授彭明輝，此人對於經濟學的基礎理論批評，在在彰顯他什麼屁都不懂。

回到正題，關於自私的假設觀點，經濟學界最算得上蓋棺論定、終止所有爭吵的，我認為首推經濟學大師A. A. Alchian 經典論文「Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory」。此文一樣作於1950年代，作者認為「自私是競爭之下的結果」。也就是說，市場上的人並不需要知覺他自身自私與否，而是在競爭壓力下能夠存活（survive）下來的，必定遵守自私行為。凡是違反的，早就被淘汰掉。


一個極端的假設例子可以參考：

假設世界上的人都是白痴，被上帝隨機選了其中一群白痴開設加油站，地點也隨機地散落在世界各處。有的在喜瑪拉雅山上、荒郊野外、市郊、市區乃至於各種地方。

假設不管在哪，建造與營運加油站的成本都一樣，則經濟學假設自私的人會建造在有車流量的馬路邊。但其實這群人是白痴，經濟學「假設他們是自私、理性的」根本就假設錯了，可是不打緊，因為最後存活下來的，只有建造在有車流量馬路邊的加油站。

這例子的含意是：不管自私假設是否正確，也不管行為主體真正的想法是什麼或純碰運氣，作為一門科學，經濟學基於自私假設可以正確推斷有車流量的公路旁邊才有加油站，荒山野嶺不會有。

這邊題外話也談中醫的科學性。

中醫認為人體存在12經絡與其他奇經八脈，也認為人生病會有6經傳變。前述的經絡與傳變均會在脈相上有同等的展現。可是現代西醫解剖學都否定了這些假設的存在。

但是中醫透過經絡觀念，可以正確判斷病情並成功治病，效果與速度甚至常比西醫還快。

舉幾個我曾經醫治的病例來說：

1. 某女被西醫診斷有嚴重子宮腺肌瘤，此生懷孕無望。該女大腿外側長年冷痛，西醫如何檢查都查不出原因。中醫觀點認為大腿外側為膽經，肝膽為內外表裡，外側的冷痛代表肝臟太冷，而子宮使用的血來自於肝臟，血液太冷當然不容易受孕；於是開藥著重熱肝。同時子宮從脈診來看確時有瘀血存在，就算受精卵能著床也難以成長，因此再加開專攻子宮瘀血藥方。

不到三個月，成功懷孕；現在小孩早已健康誕生成長。

2. 腕隧道症候群，西醫除了止痛藥、消炎藥之外，只能開刀刮除關節韌帶。而中醫自古就有處理方法。

我成功治癒的幾個病例，均是從手腕背面養老穴下針、手肘曲池穴、手三里下針、肩膀附近的雲門穴放血，大約10分鐘即可復原不再受病痛之苦。西醫解剖學無法解釋，為什麼手腕的問題卻可以從手肘、肩膀處理，還會痊癒；但是中醫卻有其經絡觀念來解釋並推斷。有的老中醫會直接養老穴下針透到間使穴，然後不留針直接拔掉，也能治癒。只是透穴對現代人來說太恐怖。

其他尚有從手掌掌心魚際穴的色澤，再佐以小腿上足陽明胃經穴道的輔助，可以推斷病患有慢性腹膜炎、慢性闌尾炎的可能。這種診斷方式，西醫是既不懂也否認。科學發展最可悲的就是這類人，因為無知而自大。

中醫絕對符合科學方法論要求的科學性，且實證上也同樣具備。這是題外話，但可以加強理解自私的假設在經濟學所扮演的角色。

回頭談自私，生物學家Richard Dawkins經典名著「自私的基因」一書更極端，認為「不是人自私，而是所有生物從基因上就自私，因為不自私的早就被演化給淘汰！」

邏輯上很簡單：物種進化是透過突變後在自然界競爭淘汰倖存的，方能把基因傳下去。某些突變符合自私、某些不符合，不符合的不可能能倖存，因為自私行為更有利，會把不自私的淘汰出去；倖存下來的都有自私基因，而且一代一代加強遺傳，最終決定所有物種均自私。

好萊塢左派幻想家最愛在電影中宣稱「只有人類才會自相殘殺」，事實是這樣嗎？

黑頭鷗是一種群聚鳥類，彼此之間的巢位置往往只有幾英呎遠，雛鳥剛破殼時非常嬌小軟弱，毫無防禦能力。而黑頭鷗常常會在牠的鄰居不注意或出外覓食時，便撲上去將鄰居的雛鳥一口吞下。

這樣的同類相殘有個好處 — 自己不離巢，保護了自己的雛鳥；自己不需要離巢，就能獲得能量繼續保護。

黑頭鷗是否知道或是有「自私」的意圖，我們不得而知。但是根據前面關於自私的定義與討論，我們可以知道就算我們不知道黑頭鷗真正的意圖，但是根據經濟學自私的假設，我們可以解釋甚至預測這類動物自食同類的行為的出現。

同樣的，南極帝王企鵝會公母下蛋之後輪流下海捕魚。到了岸邊，卻很少看到有企鵝一馬當先潛入水中，那是因為企鵝都知道水中可能等著天敵海豹。

所以帝王企鵝常會推旁邊的下水，確定沒有危險才跟著下去。

企鵝需要知道「自私」這個意圖嗎？並不需要。在侷限條件下，經濟學自私的假設就能解釋並預測企鵝有這種行為。

看到這有些道德膨脹、自尊高貴的人要大發嬌嗔：「倫家一點都不自私！倫家才不相信人是自私的！」

是的，我前言就說了，自私的假設是經濟學這門科學的公理，你不接受就別學經濟學，沒學過經濟學就別批評。否則，有本事，你就自己發明一套「不自私的經濟學」來解釋人類行為。但是，可別忘了，就算你發明了這樣的理論，一樣要接受科學方法與事實的驗證！如果通不過驗證，你只能修改甚至放棄你的「無私假設」。

到現在我們都還沒看到有人成功做到，這本身暗示「無私的假設」解釋不了任何東西，甚至根本不能成為科學。

總體來看，經濟學理論必定要遵守「自私假設」，你不能一下假設人會自私、一下又說不會，這樣就違背科學精神；反之，如果我們看到一個經濟學理論涵意中出現了無私，那這個理論必定是錯的。

你可能想：怎麼可能出現無私？不是說好要遵守自私假設嗎？嘿～偏偏很多所謂的大師級人物也常犯這個錯，未來我們會談到經濟學的均衡概念時，同時討論怎樣快速地看出一個經濟學理論正確與否。

回到開頭引述的Adam Smith經典，該段文字也隱含兩個層次：

a. 要滿足私利的前提，在市場經濟下，必須先達到他利才有可能滿足自己的。

b. 一個不在乎公眾利益只在乎自利的人，雖然也毫無意圖改善社會，但是在市場經濟引導之下，他的貢獻會比有意圖的（如慈善家）還大。

行文至此，我們可以總結：

關於自私的假設有兩個重要條件，整個經濟學都是建立在此二公理上。公理不可質疑，否則科學理論會崩盤。

公理假設可以很荒謬，但只要可被事實證否又沒被事實推翻，就是一個正確的科學理論。

行為主體知不知道自己的意圖無關自私假設，因為經濟學均能基於該假設正確預測其行為。

我還有兩點要補充，但是我先以Milton Friedman當年的一場訪談錄影以及A. A. Alchian的一段文字作小結：

「There is a valid core of economic theory applicable to all economic systems and countries. There is not one special economic theory for capitalism and another for communism, although significant differences exist in the institutions and legal frameworks.」
就那麼一個合理的經濟學理論核心，可適用解釋所有的經濟架構及國家。儘管資本主義與共產主義在體制與法治架構上有顯著地差異，但仍沒有一個專門用來解釋資本主義的經濟理論，或特別來解釋共產主義的。

本文尚有兩點要補充，分別是：

1. 理性不代表決策正確

2. 違背自私假設的後果

下回分曉。

全文連結：
http://www.yuanyu.idv.tw/?p=1543

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元毓說粉絲頁 美國法學碩士，智財權、競爭法與法律經濟分析專業。分享20年投資經驗所得之經濟學體悟。
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solely meaning 在 華人民主書院 New School for Democracy Facebook 的最佳貼文

華人民主書院 New School for Democracy By 華人民主書院 New School for Democracy

2019-10-12 00:14:17 有 5 人按讚
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澳門議員袋10幾萬一個月？

呢句係我聽得最多嘅「都市傳說」，今日為大家介紹下議員人工點計。

根據立法會《議員章程》，議員每月薪俸*係特首嘅25％。目前，特首月薪係＄251,172，議員月薪即係＄62,793。而立法會亦有扣人工機制，未經主席批准而無理缺席大會，每次扣1/15月薪，即係＄4,186。

除咗月薪，出席自己所屬委員會會議另有出席費，每次係議員月薪嘅2.5％，即係＄1,570，缺席當然就冇得收。而每年8月至10月休會冇會開，就唔會有呢筆額外錢。每個議員所屬委員會開會次數唔同，以我為例，過去一年出席咗70次委員會，平均每月出席費有＄9,157。

議員每月要交嘅職業稅大概4.15％，按每月收入＄71,950計（月薪+平均每月出席費），即係每個月大概交稅＄2,985。

另外，2009年立法會通過修改《議員章程》新增議員津貼，相當於議員月薪嘅65％，即係＄40,816，應付議員辦運作、請助理開支。不過呢筆津貼有法律漏洞，因為唔係實報實銷，立法會每月一筆過俾咗議員之後，點用、亂用甚至自己袋都冇法律責任。

以我為例，我係新澳門學社推舉嘅全職議員，選舉前已經簽咗一份《候選人承諾履責聲明書》：立法會每個月直接過數俾學社（月薪+出席費+議員津貼），議員津貼全數交俾學社運作議員辦，其餘收入嘅75％，即係平均每月＄53,963作為學社下發俾我嘅「生活費」，意思係我每月要將收入嘅25％「上繳」俾學社，平均係＄17,988。

至於福利方面，好多人都唔知，議員唔係公務員，唯一有嘅「公務員福利」係免費公立醫療，2009年修改嘅《議員章程》令議員落任後繼續有呢項福利。除此之外，議員係12個月糧，唔會有雙糧、房屋津貼、約滿酬金、退休金等等，亦唔會有「老闆」幫你供社保。

*議員之間當然存在「貧富懸殊」，唔係講緊一大堆生意議員，而係根據《議員章程》：立法會主席月薪係特首嘅80％，即係＄200,938，仲可以收每月交際費最多＄60,281（主席月薪嘅30％，用唔晒最多可累積兩個月），同埋官邸同官方座駕等額外福利；而副主席月薪係特首嘅60％，即係＄150,703，仲有官方座駕。

詳細條文參閱《議員章程》第33、40、41、43條
https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2000/16/lei03_cn.asp

#議會無秘密

Macau's Legislative Assembly deputies get hundreds of thousands patacas a month?

This is the "story" I most frequently heard of. Today, let's talk about a deputy's salary.

According to the Estatuto dos Deputados, deputies get 25% of the Chief Executive's salary*. Right now, the Chief Executive's salary is $251,172 so a deputy's salary is $62,893. The Assembly also has a salary deduction mechanism. 1/15 of one's monthly salary ($4,186) is deducted every time one is absent from a plenary meeting without legitimate reason.

Apart from the monthly salary, members of committees are entitled to attendance bonus for each meeting they attend, which is 2.5% of their monthly salary ($1,570). You don't get it if you are absent, of course. The number of meetings are different for different committees. For example, I attended 70 committee meetings in the past year and I am entitled to about an average of $9,157 every month.

Deputies need to pay professional tax of about 4.15%. Using my average monthly income to calculate, I need to pay about $2,986 every month.

On the other hand, in 2009 the Legislative Assembly passed an amendment to the Estatuto dos Deputados and established an allowance for the deputy's office, which is exactly 65% of our salary (about $40,816 for me). However, the allowance is not reimbursement but is transferred directly to the deputy. There is no consequence even if the money is misused.

Since I am a full-time deputy nominated by the New Macau Association, I signed a Declaration of Promises of Candidate: All the income from the Legislative Assembly (monthly salary + attendence bonus + office allowance) is directly transferred the New Macau Association. The office allowance is solely used to run the deputy's office. 75% of the income is paid to me as living wage (about $53,963 per month), meaning the other 25% is given to the New Macau Association, about $17,988.

For welfare, as many as of you may not know, deputies are not civil servant. The only civil servant welfare we get is free public healthcare. The 2009 amendment allows deputies to keep enjoying this welfare even after their term is finished. And, there is no double pay, bonus, housing subsidy, contract gratuity or pension. There is no "boss" to contribute to social security fund as well.

*There is a wealth disparity among deputies. I am not talking about those running businesses. According to the Estatuto dos Deputados, the monthly salary of President is 80% of the Chief Executive, as many as $200,938 with an additional entertainment expenses of $60,281 at most (30% of salary). He is also entitled to other welfare such as official residence and vehicle. The Vice-President gets 60% of the salary of the Chief Executive, about $150,703 with official vehicle.

For details, please refer to article 33, 40, 41, 43 of the Estatuto dos Deputados.
https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2000/16/lei03.asp

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華人民主書院成立於2011年5月30日，為一超黨派、跨國界的非營利倡議組織，以培力公民社會、交流民主經驗、匯聚民主力量為使命，致力透過網路為全球各地關注民主運動人士提供理論研習、知識交流與議題倡導的平台。 華人民主書院為一非營利組織，運作經費全憑社會各界捐助。若您肯定我們的理念，請以實際行動支持我們。我們的辦事處設在台北。
成立於2011年5月30日，旨在連結愛好民主自由人士，發展以人權、民主為基本共識的跨國公民社會，促進年輕世代反思歷史、開創民主世紀。
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solely meaning 在 Jo Yen Tan Youtube 的最佳解答

Jo Yen Tan By Jo Yen Tan

2021-03-02 20:06:09 有 313 人看過 有 7 人喜歡
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Have you ever wonder what's the meaning behind all the auspicious myths for Chinese New Year ? Come join us and chill as we casually list out the facts behind each and every do and don't on Chinese New Year !! P.S. This content is just for entertainment purpose and made solely to tickle your curiosity buds. Teehee...
祝大家新年快乐！！
Happy Lunar New Year everyone ❤️

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solely meaning 在 CarDebuts Youtube 的精選貼文

CarDebuts By CarDebuts

2017-09-13 23:59:52 有 7,511 人看過 有 46 人喜歡
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Honda เผยโฉม CR-V Hybrid (ฮอนด้า ซีอาร์วี ไฮบริด) รุ่นปี 2018 ที่ใช้ขุมพลังเบนซิน 2.0L i-VTEC i-MMD และ 1.5L VTEC Turbo ในงาน 2017 Frankfurt Motor Show

Honda is set to unveil its CRV Hybrid Prototype at the 2017 Frankfurt Motor Show, previewing the brand’s first-ever electrified SUV powertrain available in Europe. The Hybrid Prototype also features revised styling that previews the forthcoming European specification CR-V model range.

The CR-V Hybrid Prototype represents the first time that the all-new CRV has been shown at a European motor show. It retains the familiar silhouette of the world’s best-selling SUV, with an evolutionary design that is sophisticated and sporty. Wider, taller and longer than the previous version, the Hybrid Prototype of the new CR-V has fresh exterior styling, with a wider stance through the broader, muscular wheel arches.

The new SUV achieves a balance of elegance and athleticism, with thinner A-pillars that increase the shoulder volume of the car, but also a larger wheel and tyre combination. Sharper contours are present on the bonnet and rear quarters, and the nose incorporates the latest Honda family ‘face’ with its signature headlight graphic.

The two-motor i-MMD (Intelligent Multi-Mode Drive) system in the CR-V Hybrid Prototype comprises an electric propulsion motor, a 2.0-litre i-VTEC four-cylinder Atkinson cycle gasoline engine for electrical energy generation and propulsion, and a separate electric generator motor. The hybrid system does not need a conventional transmission, fitted instead with a single fixed-gear ratio that creates a direct connection between moving components, enabling a smooth transfer of torque within the system.

The i-MMD system determines how to use fuel and electrical energy in the most efficient way, meaning there is no requirement on the driver to adjust between the three driving modes; EV Drive, Hybrid Drive and Engine Drive.

In EV Drive, the propulsion motor draws its power solely from the batteries, delivering zero-emissions driving. In Hybrid Drive, the gasoline engine supplies power to the electric generator motor, which in turn delivers power to the electric propulsion motor. In this mode, excess power from the gasoline engine is diverted back via the generator motor to recharge the battery pack. In Engine Drive, the wheels are directly driven by the gasoline engine, with an ‘on-demand’ peak power ‘boost’ available from the electric propulsion motor.

In most urban driving situations, the vehicle will move between Hybrid Drive and EV Drive for optimum efficiency. Engine Drive is engaged as needed for brisk acceleration and for efficient highway driving.

The 2018 CR-V will also be specified with Honda’s 1.5 litre VTEC TURBO petrol engine, with a choice of either 6-speed manual or continuously variable ‘CVT’ transmission. All-new CR-V will not feature a diesel powertrain in European markets.

More details about the all-new Honda CR-V for Europe will be confirmed when the production specification vehicle is unveiled early next year. The new SUV will be officially launched in European markets in 2018.

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solely meaning 在 With the meaning of "not involving anything else", could "just ... 的推薦與評價

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What these policies mean for you ... For example, offering to subscribe to another creator's channel solely in exchange for them subscribing to your channel ... ... <看更多>

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#37. Sole Proprietorship Definition - Investopedia

A sole proprietorship or sole trader is an unincorporated business with a single owner who pays personal income tax on profits earned from ...

#38. solely - Translation and Meaning in Almaany English Arabic ...

Meaning of solely, Definition of Word solely in Almaany Online Dictionary, searched domain is All category, in the dictionary of English Arabic.

#39. solely | Etymology, origin and meaning of solely by etymonline

Origin and meaning of solely: late 15c., from sole (adj.) + -ly (2). ... See more.

#40. SOLELY meaning in Hindi - PastTenses

This site provides total 10 Hindi meaning for solely. PastTenses is best for checking Hindi translation of English terms. Translate solely in Hindi.

#41. solely - Dictionary - AudioEnglish.org

Definition of solely in the AudioEnglish.org Dictionary. Meaning of solely. What does solely mean? Proper usage and audio pronunciation (plus IPA phonetic ...

#42. Solely Meaning in Bengali - Solely অর্থ | Dictionarybd.com

Solely Meaning in Bengali - Solely অর্থ. solely volume_up. adverb কেবলমাত্র;. Solely শব্দটির synonyms বা প্রতিশব্দ. alone; ...

#43. Ninth Circuit: “Solely” Means “Solely” When It Comes to FCRA ...

Does your company conduct applicant background checks? If so, you are no doubt familiar with the disclosure requirements of the federal Fair ...

#44. solely - meaning in Urdu | Rekhta Dictionary

See Urdu words and phrases for solely in Rekhta English to Urdu Dictionary. ... gallery of meanings, sounds, idioms and proverbs with poetic demonstrations.

#45. solely liable for - 英中– Linguee词典

大量翻译例句关于"solely liable for" – 英中词典以及8百万条中文译文例句搜索。

#46. solely in English solely meaning | KHANDBAHALE.COM

solely meaning in English is a translation of solely in English dictionary. Click to see meaning, synonym, antonym for word solely.

#47. What Does Solely Mean? | The Word Counter

This comes directly from the adjective sole. The word sole has been used since the late 14th century to refer to something that is single or ...

#48. solely meaning - definition of solely by Mnemonic Dictionary

MnemonicDictionary.com - Meaning of solely and a memory aid (called Mnemonic) to retain that meaning for long time in our memory.

#49. Solely Meaning In Urdu | Sirf صرف | English to Urdu Dictionary

Solely Meaning in Urdu is صرف - Sirf Urdu Meaning. The most accurate translation of Solely, Sirf in English to Urdu dictionary with Definition Synonyms and ...

#50. With the meaning of "not involving anything else", could "just ...

"Just" and "solely" are not always interchangeable, although they can mean the same thing, depending on the context. For example, you could say "he's just a ...

#51. Apple Website Terms of Use - Legal

Apple reserves the right, at its sole discretion, to change, modify, ... of changes will mean that you accept and agree to the changes.

#52. Nepali to English Meaning of solely

Game of Thrones Season 3, Episode 10. English to Nepali Dictionary: solely. Meaning and definitions of solely, translation in Nepali language for solely with ...

#53. IFRS 9 Explained – Solely Payments of Principal and Interest

BDO explains the SPPI test and how this impacts the classification of financial assets.

#54. SOLELY - Translation in Turkish - bab.la

Translation for 'solely' in the free English-Turkish dictionary and many other Turkish translations.

#55. Offences against the Person, incorporating the Charging ...

Battery should never be charged solely as a means of keeping the offence in the magistrates' court. Where a charge of ABH has been preferred ...

#56. solely meaning in Hindi

solely Hindi meaning, translation, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by Hindlish.com.

#57. What personal data is considered sensitive?

genetic data, biometric data processed solely to identify a human being;; health-related data;; data concerning a person's sex life or sexual orientation.

#58. solely: meaning, origin, translation - WordSense Dictionary

WordSense Dictionary: solely - ✓ meaning, ✓ definition, ✓ translations, ✓ origin.

#59. Solely because that person serves as an agent of another MSB

A person that is an MSB solely because that person serves as an agent of another MSB is not required to register. However, a person that is an MSB both ...

#60. Sole vs. Soul: How to Choose the Right Word - ThoughtCo

The adjective sole means single, solitary, or the only one. The noun soul refers to spirit, a vital principle, the spiritual nature of humans.

#61. Spam, deceptive practices, & scams policies - YouTube Help

What these policies mean for you ... For example, offering to subscribe to another creator's channel solely in exchange for them subscribing to your channel ...

#62. Solely MEANING IN ENGLISH - HinKhoj Dictionary

Meaning of Solely (Solely) in English, What is the meaning of Solely in English Dictionary. Pronunciation, synonyms, antonyms, sentence usage and definition ...

#63. Solely Meaning in English - Aamboli Dictionary

Know Solely meaning in english. Solely word meaning with their sentences, usage, synonyms, antonyms, narrower meaning and related word meaning.

#64. Solely Defined - Merely in a Sentence

Sole or Mere - Sole Meaning - Mere Examples - Solely Defined - Merely in a Sentence http://www.iswearenglish.com/ https://www.facebook.com/iswearenglish ...

#65. The sole meaning of life is to serve humanity By Thangminlun Haokip

Leo Tolstoy, the Russian writer who is regarded as one of the greatest author of all time rightly said, " The sole meaning of life is to ...

#66. Solely meaning in Hindi - Solely का मतलब हिंदी में

Solely Meaning in Detail. solely (adv) = without any others being included or involved. Synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone, only.

#67. Solely Meaning in Nepali - AZWordMeaning

Find solely translation meaning in Nepali with definition from english Nepali dictionary.

#68. solely in malayalam | HelloEnglish: India's no. 1 English ...

solely meaning in malayalam: വെറും | Learn detailed meaning of solely in malayalam dictionary with audio prononciations, definitions and usage.

#69. The difference between self-employed and sole traders - Hiscox

Sole Trader Definition The meaning of sole trader is somebody who is self-employed but is also the exclusive owner of their business. The term is used to ...

#70. Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or ...

(d) "Detention" means the condition of detained persons as defined above; ... Measures applied under the law and designed solely to protect the rights and ...

#71. solely 什么意思？ Mandarin Chinese-English Dictionary ...

English Definition. (副) As an adverb. Solely. ; Hyphenation, sole•ly ; Part of Speech, (副) adverb ...

#72. Single-Member LLC vs. Sole Proprietorship | Wolters Kluwer

According to the IRS, a single-member limited liability company is a "disregarded entity", meaning there is no separation between the business and its owner ...

#73. solely Meaning in Bengali - solely বাংলা অর্থ - Edictionarybd ...

English to Bengali Dictionary. Search English Word: Searched Word: solely. English - Bengali Dictionary: solely Meaning: একাকী;. Related Words

#74. Conspiracy Did Not Occur “Solely” in the Rendering of ...

The court reasoned further that “the policy language is not ambiguous, and that 'solely' means solely [and] implies 'exclusively' or 'entirely.

#75. Class U exemption (occupied solely by persons who are ...

What is the definition of "severely mentally impaired"? "Severely mentally impaired" means a person who has severe impairment of intelligence and social ...

#76. Solely Meaning in Bengali - Ideal Dictionary

Write 5 sentences with 'Solely' and also write the definition of it. You have to know and memorize the correct synonyms and antonyms of the word 'Solely' as ...

#77. Soley (solely) meaning in Hungarian - DictZone

soley (solely) meaning in Hungarian » DictZone English-Hungarian dictionary.

#78. SOLELY Meaning in Hindi - TR-Ex

Try not to rely solely on machine translation,! अकेले मशीन अनुवाद पर भरोसा मत करो! Customer is solely responsible for choosing a ...

#79. TSCA Requirements for Exporting Chemicals | US EPA

New chemicals manufactured solely for export. TSCA Export Notification Requirements. Under section 12(b) of the Toxic Substances Control Act ( ...

#80. solely - Meaning in Hindi (हिंदी मतलब)

Hindi meaning of solely. solely /adverb/ केवल; ही; अकेले; सिर्फ़; केवल मात्र;. Synonym only; exclusively;.

#81. Meaning of SOLELY in Hindi - अंग्रेजी हिंदी शब्दकोश (डिक्शनरी ...

To better understand the meaning of Solely, certain examples of its usage are presented.Examples from famous English prose on the use of the word Solely.

#82. Solely meaning in Nepali | Nepali to English Dictionary

Get Nepali meaning of word 'solely'. Know Solely in Nepali. Get the translation of solely in Nepali language. Know the answer of question: What is the ...

#83. Example sentences with, and the definition and usage of ...

The meaning of "Solely" in various phrases and sentences. Q: What does solely mean? A: Solely means only. The chair is solely for decoration, ...

#84. What is antisemitism? | IHRA - International Holocaust ...

About the IHRA non-legally binding working definition of antisemitism. The IHRA is the only intergovernmental organization mandated to focus solely on ...

#85. Why intersectionality is relevant for a fairer Europe - European ...

In many jurisdictions, anti-discrimination law functions using a single axis perspective solely, meaning that a plaintiff or community of ...

#86. Cash Assistance Program for Immigrants (CAPI) - California ...

Be ineligible for SSI/SSP solely due to immigration status. This means a CAPI applicant must apply or SSI/SSP, or submit other proof of ineligibility from ...

#87. NHS continuing healthcare

... needs qualify for free social care arranged and funded solely by the NHS. ... Being referred for a full assessment does not necessarily mean you'll be ...

#88. "solely" മലയാള വ്യാഖ്യാനം, അര്‍ഥം ... - ഓളം

"solely" മലയാള വ്യാഖ്യാനം, അര്‍ഥം. Malayalam meaning and translation of the word "solely"

#89. solely meaning in English - Urdu to English Dictionary

solely meanings in English is solely in English. More meanings of solely, it's definitions, example sentences, related words, idioms and quotations.

#90. Sole Legal Custody Defined - Advantages & Disadvantages

Sole legal custody (also called sole parental responsibility) is when one parent has full responsibility to make major decisions for the child.

#91. What is a sole trader? | SumUp Invoices

Although many people use the term to refer to businesses that have no other employees aside from the owner, the actual definition of 'sole trader' refers to the ...

#92. Words Solely and Wholly have similar meaning - Thesaurus.plus

How are the words Solely and Wholly related? Solely and Wholly are synonymous, and they have mutual synonyms.

#93. Fair Housing Act - Department of Justice

(f) "Discriminatory housing practice" means an act that is unlawful under ... of this subsection shall be applicable to dwellings solely by virtue of the ...

#94. Coronavirus (COVID-19) regulations and guidance - NI Direct

Coronavirus (COVID-19) regulations and guidance: what they mean for you. Although many coronavirus restrictions have eased, regulations and guidance remain ...

#95. Securities and Exchange Commission: Home - SEC

The collected email addresses will be utilized solely for the mailing list. The email addresses will serve as a means to send out the SEC Bulletin to its ...

#96. I-140, Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker - USCIS

... required solely by the Public Charge Final Rule. That means that applicants for adjustment of status should not provide the Form I-944, ...

#97. Understanding SSI - If You Are Disabled or Blind

WHAT WE MEAN BY "DISABLED"? ... WHAT DO WE MEAN BY "BLIND"? ... While they will not base their decision solely on your statements about yourself, ...

#98. solely believe | English examples in context - Ludwig.guru

High quality example sentences with “solely believe” in context from reliable sources - Ludwig is the linguistic search engine that helps you to write ...