最高法院,你說的算?你要確定neh?
根據最高法院審理110年度台上字第3266號湯景華殺人案件新聞稿:「依聯合國人權事務委員會在西元2018年對公政公約第6條做出第36號一般意見的拘束力解釋,對應到我國刑法架構,所謂最嚴重的罪行是指涉及直接(確定)故意殺人的犯行,間接(不確定)故意殺人則不可以適用死刑。」
為了釐清英文intent/intention/intentional/intentionally的意思,半夜特別去找出之前從亞馬遜買的美國刑法二手教科書,當時,那本書從訂購之後隔了好一段時間才寄來,除了花好多天以及一些運費以外,地址還被是寫中國的一省。(書目資料:Criminal Law Today (5th Edition) 5th edition by Schmalleger, Frank J., Hall, Daniel (2013) Paperback)
回到正題,根據書的內容,犯罪的主觀要素分成普遍故意(general intent)以及特定故意(specific intent)。並舉例,如果行為人內心渴望犯罪結果發生,則有特定故意;如果行為人是故意為行為但缺乏渴望結果發生的這個想法(例如:是為了讓入侵者配合不侵害自己的財產而拿斧頭砍入侵者的腳),則屬於普遍故意。
知道了兩個種類的故意(intent)之後,現在我們要來與確定/不確定故意來做對應。
根據美國的模範刑法典(Model Penal Code,MPC),將犯罪主觀狀態分成4種,分別是:「蓄意」(purposeful)、「明知」(knowing)、「魯莽」(reckless)以及「過失」(negligence)。
書中並指出,MPC中的「蓄意」與普通法上的「特定意圖」是相同的,從這句話可以推論出:普遍故意最重落在MPC中的「明知」,或者也有可能落在「魯莽」,而「過失」由於明顯差距太大,這裡不考慮。
而MPC的「明知」,是指在知悉結果是很可能發生的主觀狀態下為行為,並且不要求行為人對該結果發生的特別意圖。由於我國第13條故意的類型沒有再區別是否有使結果發生的特定意圖,因此可能相當於我國《刑法》第13條第1項「確定故意」或第2項「不確定故意」。
至於下面一個等級的「魯莽」,則是對於主觀犯罪要素的「知」介於有與無之間的中性狀態(行為人沒有希望事情發生,也沒有希望事情不發生,在魯莽的狀態下行事),大概就是我國「不確定故意」與「有認識過失」中間那條界線(在我國是非黑即白,在美國是一種獨立的主觀狀態)。
套用到本案中,如果根據最高法院新聞稿中採用的事實:「湯景華預見用火點燃停放騎樓的機車,#極易 造成火勢延燒到本案住宅及附近車輛,而且凌晨3 時左右,是一般人熟睡時刻,本案住宅樓上住戶 #會逃生不及,#而發生死亡的結果,也不違背其本意……」則應該是對應到MPC的「明知」。
承上所述,既然不確定故意落在MPC的「明知」與「魯莽」之間,而本案行為人主觀上具有殺人罪的「明知」狀態,那顯然具備普遍故意(general intent)。這也與People v. McDaniel(2011)案中提及:「A basic definition of general intent is the intent to perform the criminal act or actus reus. If the defendant acts intentionally but without the additional desire to bring about a certain result, or do anything other than the criminal act itself, the defendant has acted with general intent.」即使沒有特定意圖,仍使用「intentionally」的用語的情形相符。因此回到第36號一般性意見第35點,本案符合intentional killing的要件,並非不能宣告死刑。
雖然MPC中的「purposely」常被稱為「intentionally」,但是個人認為,從第36號一般性意見第35點的脈絡及體系觀察,「intentionally」只是要強調具備的故意狀態,與過失作區別,而無意排除「不確定故意」。
當然啦,以上很大篇幅是參酌英美法來解釋。不過無論如何,最高法院要把沒有在《兩公約》的條文上寫的文字拿來判決,還要自己當老大自為改判被告燒死6人而歷審都判死刑的判決,連雙重確認的機會都不想留,而且判了就會定讞、未來就算用非常上訴或再審也不能判更重的,那更有義務要清楚澄清「根據《兩公約》不確定故意,不能宣告死刑」是從哪邊出來的。是把「直接且故意」錯譯成「直接故意」?還是道聽塗說?不然,難道是抄襲廢死聯盟的文章?(前一篇:https://www.facebook.com/FuriousProsecutor/posts/1822169637957458)
而且,固然主觀狀態是刑法中極為重要的要素,但真的能夠因為主觀狀態不在法律歸類裡面的最嚴重的等級,就能outweigh其他所有情狀,認為不是最嚴重的犯罪嗎?何況,最高法院在98年台上字第2750號刑事判決敘明:「故意屬犯罪之不法要素,即構成要件該當性之主觀構成要件,除有特別規定外,及於直接故意與間接故意,並無軒輊。至在罪責判斷上,故意固具可非難性,惟直接故意抑間接故意,在科刑時於以行為人之責任為基礎上,兩者對罪責之成立,並無區別。僅於審酌同條各款之一切情狀時,可為諸多標準之一,且非必然後者較前者為低,而仍須視其各行為之具體情狀綜合判斷之。」
如果因為主觀並非直接故意,就說不是最嚴重之罪,那我們也可以從犯罪的每個層面看,例如:只燒死6個人,沒有撞死49個人,不是最嚴重之罪;或者,行為人沒有對被害人凌虐、分屍,手段不是最殘忍,也不是最嚴重之罪。那麼這樣子解釋的話,沒有案件可以宣告死刑了。
最高法院對於高等法院的判決,只要有點地方寫不夠充分就動輒發回,結果自己的判決(目前是新聞稿)卻交代得不清不楚。這就好像老師常常把班上同學的作業因為字跡不整的理由退回,結果老師自己的評語就像鬼畫符一樣。
就算我學藝不精,上面寫的通篇都錯,貴為終審法院,而且還是自為改判,不管從哪裡得到這個判決的法源以及推理,一定要交代清楚,而不是一句話「第36號一般意見的拘束力解釋,對應到我國刑法架構,所謂最嚴重的罪行是指涉及直接(確定)故意殺人的犯行,間接(不確定)故意殺人則不可以適用死刑。」帶過就可以的。
如有錯誤或其他意見歡迎批評指正。
同時也有24部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過4萬的網紅有村昆のシネマラボ,也在其Youtube影片中提到,ムカデ人間2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbadqCQLc8g 死霊の盆踊り https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhJDaUKXRMM The Act of Killing https://www.youtube.com/wat...
「the act of killing」的推薦目錄:
the act of killing 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文
【影史最偉大結局:101部完整片單】
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美國紐約雜誌旗下網站《Vulture》近期集結了12位電影記者、影評人,選出了影史101部最佳電影結局。在評選之中,他們考量了作品的多元性,確保不過度集中於特定導演之作,也在類型、題材與產地進行分配(不過最後依然是以英語片為最大宗)。至於「結局」的定義,可能是最後一個鏡頭,也可能是最後一個片尾段落。
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華語片在這份名單也有所斬獲,排名由後至前分別是李安《色,戒》(38名)、陳可辛《甜蜜蜜》(34名)、王家衛《花樣年華》(22名)。亞洲電影名次最前的則是奉俊昊的《非常母親》。也有多部2020年的新片獲得青睞,包括《醉好的時光》(93名)、《女畫家與偷畫賊》(89名)、《教父III》導演剪輯版(24名)。
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每部被選入的電影都有專文介紹說明入選原因,在《色,戒》的部分,影評人安潔莉卡.潔德.巴斯汀(Angelica Jade Bastién)提到《斷背山》原本也獲得討論,但《色,戒》片末易先生的那顆鏡頭(未免暴雷,就不透露),實在對她而言更具力道。
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若欲知詳情,可至《Vulture》官網參考詳情:
https://www.vulture.com/article/the-101-best-movie-endings-of-all-time-ranked.html
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完整名單如下:
▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅▅
(101)《楊朵 Yentle》(1983)
(100)《灰熊人 Grizzly Man》(2005)
(99)《沙漠之心 Desert Hearts》(1985)
(98)《我們 Us》(2019)
(97)《大幻影 The Grand Illusion》(1937)
(96)《閃亮的馬鞍 Blazing Saddles》(1974)
(95)《麥基與尼基 Mikey and Nicky》(1976)
(94)《姐妹情仇 What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?》(1962)
(93)《醉好的時光 Another Round》(2020)
(92)《巴西 Brazil》(1985)
(91)《愛戀風塵 High Tide》(1987)
(90)《榮耀之役 Lagaan》(2001)
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(89)《女畫家與偷畫賊 The Painter and the Thief》(2020)
(88)《懸崖上的野餐 Picnic at Hanging Rock》(1975)
(87)《媽媽咪呀!回來了 Mamma Mia: Here We Go Again》(2018)
(86)《一位陌生女子的來信 Letter From an Unknown Woman》(1948)
(85)《牧師的最後誘惑 First Reformed》(2018)
(84)《怪胎 Freaks》(1932)
(83)《刑與愛的邊緣 Clemency》(2019)
(82)《仲夏夜玫瑰 Eve’s Bayou》(1997)
(81)《沉默的羔羊 The Silence of the Lambs》(1991)
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(80)《著魔 Possession》(1981)
(79)《贗品 F for Fake》(1973)
(78)《最後迪斯可 The Last Days of Disco》(1998)
(77)《迷失之地 Losing Ground》(1982)
(76)《傾聽我的聲音 Sound of My Voice》(2011)
(75)《發暈 Moonstruck》(1987)
(74)《惡棍特工 Inglourious Basterds》(2009)
(73)《螢火蟲之墓 Grave of the Fireflies》(1988)
(72)《搭便車的人 The Hitch-Hiker》(1953)
(71)《隱藏攝影機 Caché》(2005)
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(70)《美國風情畫 American Graffiti》(1973)
(69)《無知時刻 A Moment of Innocence》(1996)
(68)《深入絕地 The Descent》(2005)
(67)《變調搖滾樂 Gimme Shelter》(1970)
(66)《蘭花賊 Adaptation》(2002)
(65)《視差 The Parallax View》(1974)
(64)《鋼琴師與他的情人 The Piano》(1993)
(63)《異教徒 The Wicker Man》(1975)
(62)《顛父人生 Toni Erdmann》(2016)
(61)《社群網戰 The Social Network》(2010)
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(60)《與巴席爾跳華爾滋 Waltz with Bashir》(2008)
(59)《頂尖對決 The Prestige》(2006)
(58)《北非諜影 Casablanca》(1943)
(57)《郎心如鐵 A Place in the Sun》(1951)
(56)《厄夜叢林 The Blair Witch Project》(1999)
(55)《末路狂花 Thelma & Louise》(1991)
(54)《捉神弄鬼 Death Becomes Her》(1992)
(53)《芬妮與亞歷山大 Fanny and Alexander》(1983)
(52)《天國與地獄 High and Low》(1963)
(51)《月光下的藍色男孩 Moonlight》(2016)
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(50)《撫養亞利桑那 Raising Arizona》(1987)
(49)《神秘失蹤 The Vanishing》(1988)
(48)《歡迎光臨奇幻城堡 The Florida Project》(2017)
(47)《活死人之夜 Night of the Living Dead》(1968)
(46)《不羈夜 Boogie Nights》(1997)
(45)《性昏迷 Bad Timing》(1980)
(44)《無為而治 Being There》(1979)
(43)《千金小姐 The Heiress》(1949)
(42)《美好的星期五 The Long Good Friday》(1980)
(41)《大樹之歌The World of Apu》(1959)
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(40)《萬世魔星 Monty Python’s Life of Brian》(1979)
(39)《大淘金 The Italian Job》(1969)
(38)《色,戒 Lust, Caution》(2007)
(37)《驚悚末日 Melancholia》(2011)
(36)《天涯芳蹤 Morvern Callar》(2002)
(35)《地方英雄 Local Hero》(1983)
(34)《甜蜜蜜 Comrades: Almost a Love Story》(1996)
(33)《焦點新聞 Z》(1969)
(32)《法櫃奇兵 Raiders of the Lost Ark》(1981)
(31)《城市之光 City Lights》(1931)
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(30)《正義難伸The Thin Blue Line》(1988)
(29)《納許維爾 Nashville》(1975)
(28)《彗星美人 All About Eve》(1950)
(27)《鳥 The Birds》(1963)
(26)《搜索者 The Searchers》(1956)
(25)《25小時 25th Hour》(2002)
(24)《馬里奧普佐的教父,尾聲:麥克柯里昂之死 Mario Puzo’s The Godfather, Coda: The Death of Michael Corleone》(2020)
(23)《相見恨晚 Brief Encounter》(1945)
(22)《花樣年華 In the Mood for Love》(2000)
(21)《揚帆 Now, Voyager》(1942)
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(20)《基督的最後誘惑 The Last Temptation of Christ》(1998)
(19)《新娘不是我 My Best Friend’s Wedding》(1997)
(18)《驚爆點 Point Break》(1991)
(17)《愛在日落巴黎時 Before Sunset》(2004)
(16)《烈火悍將 Heat》(1995)
(15)《珍妮德爾曼 Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles》(1975)
(14)《橄欖樹下的情人 Through the Olive Trees》(1994)
(13)《殺人一舉 The Act of Killing》(2012)
(12)《突變第三型 The Thing》(1982)
(11)《穆荷蘭大道 Mulholland Drive》(2001)
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(10)《燃燒女子的畫像 Portrait of a Lady on Fire》(2019)
(9)《孤獨地方 In a Lonely Place》(1950)
(8)《大開眼戒 Eyes Wide Shut》(1999)
(7)《八又二分之一 8 1/2》(1963)
(6)《回不去的時光 Phoenix》(2014)
(5)《熱情如火 Some Like It Hot》(1959)
(4)《狂宴 Big Night》(1996)
(3)《非常母親 Mother》(2009)
(2)《黑獄亡魂 The Third Man》(1949)
(1)《軍中禁戀 Beau Travail》(1999)
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(附圖來自《Vulture》,插畫家為James Clapham。)
the act of killing 在 Milton Goh Blog and Sermon Notes Facebook 的最讚貼文
David was just a shepherd boy entrusted with a small job of bringing a small lunchbox to his brother. That seemingly insignificant task led to him encountering Goliath at God’s appointed time. He had been prepared by the Lord since long ago for that very moment—all the training was about to pay off.
When David woke up that morning, he never dreamed that he would slay a giant. He probably thought he was going to tend sheep just like any other day.
David’s heroic act of killing Goliath led him to experience promotion after promotion, until he eventually became the king of Israel.
Don’t despise the day of your small beginnings. The mundane, repetitive routines are actually being used by God to train you, preparing you for the promotions ahead. You have a calling. Without humbly delivering the lunchbox, you will never be king.
Learn how to identify your calling, how to step into it, and live a worthy life that causes you to receive the best eternal rewards in due time: http://bit.ly/sandcastlesdontlastforever
the act of killing 在 有村昆のシネマラボ Youtube 的最讚貼文
ムカデ人間2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbadqCQLc8g
死霊の盆踊り
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhJDaUKXRMM
The Act of Killing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GiqYLrJBG0
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【有村昆のシネマサロン】
https://lounge.dmm.com/detail/107/
映画コメンテーターである有村昆による「シネマサロン」。
メディアでは絶対に聞けない、本音の「映画批評」を
コメントや映像で限定配信。
会員限定で公開前の映画作品 試写会へご招待、映画鑑賞オフ会なども充実。
オンラインコミュニティでは『映画好き』のメンバー同士でのディスカッションでにぎわっています。もちろん有村も乱入します!
また、メンバー同士で映画鑑賞や聖地巡礼へ行くなど交流の多いサロンです。
さらに映画だけに留まらず次世代のエンタメを遊び尽くします!
『映画好き』も『次世代エンタメ』好きも皆集まれ!!!
月500円から参加でき、zoom会員以上ですとYouTube生配信に出演できます!
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
有村昆:映画コメンテーター
●Instagram
https://instagram.com/kon_arimura/
●Twitter
https://mobile.twitter.com/arimura_kon?
●ブログ
https://ameblo.jp/arimura-kon/
●ホリプロ公式ページ
https://www.horipro.co.jp/arimurakon/
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
#有村昆 #映画 #批評 #考察 #評論
the act of killing 在 OmegaGamesWiki™ Youtube 的最讚貼文
PS4 Pro(PS5)のサイバーパンク2077/Cyberpunk 2077の攻略動画です、Part 17。
Part 17:
ACT 3
Side Mission - KILLING IN THE NAME/大義のための犠牲
・使用キャラ - V・コーポレート
・難易度 - Very Hard
*PS5版は来年発売のため、後方互換機能によりPS4 Pro版をPS5でプレイしています。
Cyberpunk 2077 Complete Walkthrough Playlist:
⇒https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4fd59i0eA3UK98XAVeIUJpdni2dZUjJB
サムネイル製作:K.K
======================
#サイバーパンク2077 #Cyberpunk #Cyberpunk2077
======================
- ゲームタイトル: サイバーパンク2077/Cyberpunk 2077 (PS4 Pro)
- 発売日: 2020年12月10日 (日本)
- 価格: 通常版:8,690円(税込)
- ジャンル : オープンワールドコンピュータRPG
- ESRB : Cero Z
- 発売元: CD Projekt, スパイク・チュンソフト
- 開発: CD Projekt RED
=======================
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allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism,
comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise
be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance
in favor of fair use."
=======================
the act of killing 在 Shiney Youtube 的精選貼文
Mafia Definitive Edition (เฉพาะภาคแรก)
ซื้อได้ที่ https://store.epicgames.com/legendauser/mafia-definitive-edition
MAFIA: TRILOGY (รวมสามภาค)
ซื้อได้ที่ https://store.epicgames.com/legendauser/mafia-trilogy
Mafia: Definitive Edition is an action-adventure video game developed by Hangar 13 and published by 2K Games. A remake of the 2002 video game Mafia, it was announced in May 2020 and was released on September 25, 2020. The game is set within the fictional city of Lost Heaven (based on Chicago) in the 1930s, and follows the rise and fall of taxi driver-turned-mobster Tommy Angelo within the Salieri crime family. The game received favorable reviews from critics, with praise for revitalizing the story, performances, and graphics, although the dated action animations were criticized.
In 1930, during the ongoing Great Depression, impoverished taxi driver Thomas "Tommy" Angelo is strong-armed by two members of the Salieri family - Paulie Lombardo and Sam Trapani - into helping them escape an ambush by members of the Morello Family. While Tommy is compensated for his help, his actions lead him to losing his job when the Morello family target him in an act of revenge the following day. Seeking help from Don Ennio Salieri, Tommy agrees to be a part of his organisation, befriending Paulie and Sam, and becoming romantically involved with Sarah, the daughter of Salieri's bartender. The three men work together to contribute to Salieri's rackets, overseen by Salieri's consigliere Frank Colletti, including protection and bootlegging. In time, Tommy marries Sarah and begins a family with her, all the while working up in the ranks by impressing Salieri.
In 1933, Don Salieri becomes increasingly concerned when Don Marcu Morello begins putting pressure on him, ambushing their operations with bribed police officers and gaining the support of a corrupt prosecutor whose son has been killed by the Salieri family. Tommy finds himself forced to counter these attempts to prevent the organisation being financially weakened. When Salieri assigns him to eliminate an informant at a brothel, he is advised by Sam to spare them instead, allows them to escape in exchange for their silence, covering up his actions. When Frank disappears along with the organisation's account books, Tommy is instructed to locate both, and quickly learns that Morello planned to use the FBI to take down his rival. Convincing Frank to reveal where the books are, Tommy allows him to leave the country with his family, and covers up his actions once again.
In 1935, with prohibition ended and both Mafia families moving out into new rackets, Don Morello attempts to assassinate Salieri, whilst he and Tommy are dining at a restaurant. In retaliation, Salieri declares war and begins weakening Morello's position, damaging his rackets and reducing his influence on law enforcement. Eventually, Tommy works alongside Sam and Paulie to take down Morello, killing him by shooting down a plane he attempts to use to flee the city. By 1938, the Salieri family control the city's rackets, neutralizing anyone who attempts to stop them. Tommy, Sam and Paulie find themselves tasked with recovering a shipment of impounded cigars that had been smuggled into the city, informed that they hide a consignment of diamonds in them. Although the group manage to successfully recover the cargo, Tommy is shocked to discover that Salieri lied, and that the cigars concealed a consignment of drugs.
Disillusioned by the revelation, Tommy convinces Paulie to go ahead with a bank robbery that Sam had advised against. Although the pair manage to complete the job, Tommy finds Paulie murdered in his apartment the following day. When he goes for a meeting with Sam to discuss this, Tommy finds that his efforts to conceal his actions were uncovered by Salieri, and that Sam was ordered to execute him and Paulie for this and the bank job. Left with no choice, Tommy survives the attempt on his life and kills Sam upon learning that Frank and his family were murdered by Salieri's people. With his former allies against him, Tommy goes into hiding and contacts Detective Norman for help, providing his story of his actions. In exchange for testifying against the Salieri family, Tommy requests his help in protecting his family, which Norman agrees to out of respect for being a family man himself.
In 1951, Tommy and his family live under witness protection in Empire Bay, after Don Salieri and his organisation are arrested and tried for their crimes. A few days after his eldest daughter is married, in which he highlights how family is the most important value to a man, Tommy is visited by Vito Scaletta and Joe Barbaro, who murder him on behalf of Salieri, leaving him to die in his front yard. As his family surrounds him in shock, Tommy tells them all that they are now safe, before succumbing to his wounds.