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Chain ต่างๆบนโลก Defi มีอะไรบ้าง ?
ในการใช้งานของระบบ Defi นั้นค่อนข้าวมีรายละเอียดมากสำหรับเพื่อนๆที่เข้ามาศึกษาใหม่ๆ เรื่อง Chain ของ Defi ก็เป็นอีกหนึ่งเรื่องที่สำคัญเช่นกันดังนั้นสิ่งที่เพื่อนๆควรต้องรู้ มีดังต่อไปนี้
- Defi เป็นการนำ Application ทาง Financial Service มา Run บน Blockchain ซึ่ง Blockchain ที่รองรับการ Run ของ Application นั้นๆก็มีหลาย Blockchain ซึ่งเพื่อนๆจำเป็นต้องรู้ เพื่อป้องกันไม่ให้เกิดข้อผิดพลาดเกิดขึ้น
- Blockchain แต่ละ Blockchain มี Consensus เป็นของตัวเองโดย Consensus คือกติกาในการนำข้อมูลของทรัพย์สินของเราไปบันทึกในบัญชีสาธารณะที่ทุกคนเห็น โดยบัญชีสาธารณะนี้สามารถดูได้ผ่านทาง Blockchain Explorer
- Blockchain 1 ระบบจะมี Network ในการโอนเหรียญของตัวเอง โดยหากโอนผิด Network เหรียญนั้นก็จะส่งไปไม่ถึงปลายทางนั่นเอง และใน 1 network จะกำนหดให้มีการจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมในการทำธุรกรรม โดยค่าธรรมเนียมระบบนี้ จะต้องจ่ายเป็นเหรียญของระบบ เรียกว่า Utillity Token
รายละเอียดของ Chain ต่างๆมีดังนี้
1. Ethereum Chain ( ETH Chain ) เป็น chain ที่มี Total Value lock สูงที่สุดในปัจจุบัน (20/4/2021 ) เป็น Chain แรก ในยุคบุกเบิกในการพัฒนาให้มีการนำ Application มา Run บน Blockchain ในปัจจุบันเรียกว่า Smart Contract เนื่องจาก Ethereum มีการ Conesensus แบบ Proof of work บวกกับมีการกระจายตัวของ Node ที่มากระดับหนึ่ง ทำให้การพยายามแก้ไข Smart contract เป็นไปได้ยากมาก ดังนั้น Ethereum Chain จึงเป็น Chain หนึ่งที่มีความเป็น Decentralized ในตัวเองสูงมาก บวกกับ ความเป็นผู้บุกเบิก ทำให้มูลค่า Total Value locked ของ Ethereum Chain ยังคงนำหน้า Chain อื่นๆมาตลอดจนถึงปัจจุบัน
Network ที่ใช้ในการโอนเหรียญ : ERC-20
เหรียญที่ใช้ในการจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมระบบ : ETH
มี Consensus แบบ POW ( Proof of work ) ในอนาคตมีแผนที่จะเปลี่ยนเป็น POS ( Proof of stake )
ตัวอย่าง Defi บน ETH chain : UniSwap ShushiSwap Compound Curve 1inch Alpha Kulap
Blockchain Explorer : https://etherscan.io/
2. Binance Smart Chain ( BSC Chain ) เป็น chain ที่สร้างโดย Binance ที่เป็น Centralized Exchange ที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในโลกปัจจุบัน เกิดขึ้นจากความคิดที่จะแก้ปัญหาค่าธรรมเนียมในระบบของ Ethereum Chain ที่เพิ่มสูงขึ้นอย่างมากจากปัญหาการ Scaling ปริมาณ Miner ที่เติบโตไม่ทัน ปริมาณ Transaction ที่หนาแน่นขึ้นเรื่อยๆ Binance จึงมีแนวคิดในการ เปลี่ยน Consensus เป็น POA เพื่อแก้ปัญหานี้ขึ้นและเกิดเป็น BSC Chain
Network ที่ใช้ในการโอนเหรียญ : BEP-20
เหรียญที่ใช้ในการจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมระบบ : BNB
มี Consensus แบบ POA ( Proof of Authority )
ตัวอย่าง Defi บน BSC chain : PancakeSwap Venus Autofarm Alpha Alpaca Warden
Blockchain Explorer : https://www.bscscan.com/
3. Huobi ECO Chain ( HECO Chain ) เป็น chain ที่สร้างโดย Huobi ที่เป็น Centralized Exchange อันดับสอง ในโลกปัจจุบัน โดย Huobi มีความคิดที่จะแก้ปัญหาค่าธรรมเนียมในระบบที่สูง โดยที่ยังคงความเป็น Decentralized อยู่บ้าง Huobi จึงเลือกที่จะใช้ Consensus แบบ HPOS ซึ่งเป็นการแบ่ง Transaction ครึ่งหนึ่งไปยืนยันแบบ POW และอีกครึ่งหนึ่งยืนยันแบบ POS จนเกิดเป็น HECO ให้เราได้ใช้กัน
Network ที่ใช้ในการโอนเหรียญ : HECO
เหรียญที่ใช้ในการจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมระบบ : HT
มี Consensus แบบ HPOS ( Hybridge Proof of stake )
ตัวอย่าง Defi บน HECO chain : Mdex
Blockchain Explorer : https://hecoinfo.com/
4. Terra Chain เป็น chain ที่สร้างโดยกลุ่มคนชาวเกาหลี และ run บน Multi blockchain ของ COSMOS
โดย Terra มีแนวคิดในการใช้ Consensus แบบ DPOS หรือก็คือเลือกผู้ที่ทำการยืนยัน Transaction ของระบบขึ้นมายืนยัน โดยจะใช้การโหวตโดยวิธี POS หรือก็คือใช้ LUNA Token ของระบบไป Stake กับผู้ที่เราเลือกที่จะให้ยืนยันนั้นๆ วิธีนี้ก็เป็นอีกหนึ่งวิธีที่ช่วยให้ค่าธรรมเนียมของระบบ Terra chain ยังคงไม่สูงมากจนถึงปัจจุบัน
Network ที่ใช้ในการโอนเหรียญ : Terra
เหรียญที่ใช้ในการจ่ายค่าธรรมเนียมระบบ : UST
มี Consensus แบบ DPOS ( Delegated Proof of stake )
ตัวอย่าง Defi บน Terra chain : Mirror Anchor
Blockchain Explorer : https://finder.terra.money/
โดยบาง Defi โปรเจคเดียวกันอาจสร้างอยู่มากกว่า 1 chain ก็ได้เช่น Alpha Fulcrum Mdex Cream เป็นต้น สำหรับรายละเอียดเกี่ยวกับ Consensus รูปแบบต่างๆผมจะนำมาเขียนในบทความต่อๆไป รอติดตามกันได้เลยครับ
แอดตอง
📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth
✍️ 田少谷 Shao
📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Outline
0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion
0. Intro
The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥
While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.
Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅
Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊
If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏
There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!
1. Uniswap & AMM recap
Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.
Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.
Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:
AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.
In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP
¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity
² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative
³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage
2. Tick
The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.
For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp
By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:
The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.
Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.
Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.
With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯
So, how is the price range of a tick decided?
This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.
The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.
Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.
However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.
This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.
As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.
For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.
p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001
See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?
Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052
But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?
Price range: max & min
To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.
24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:
1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341
1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943
I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌
⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.
How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?
Tick index from price
The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:
Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php
Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.
Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm
Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!
⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.
3. Concentrated liquidity
Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.
Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.
As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!
Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂
Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].
If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.
The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.
However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).
We can observe the following two points from the above example:
Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.
√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.
What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!
Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵
⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.
4. Range orders: reversible limit orders
As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:
current price < the targeted price range
current price > the targeted price range
current price belongs to the targeted price range
The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.
The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).
There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!
In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.
Range orders
To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.
The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.
For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.
With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!
Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).
The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.
The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.
If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.
Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.
What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].
This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.
…wut? 🤔
Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!
What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.
The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.
To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:
Only one token is required for range orders.
Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯
I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.
⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.
Reversible limit orders
As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.
We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].
Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.
The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.
As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:
When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸
When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸
A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!
⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.
5. Impacts of v3
Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:
Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.
The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.
LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏
In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.
After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔
Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!
6. Conclusion
That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂
There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅
If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!
Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟
Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌
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從秘銀 (Mithril) 到演算法穩定幣 MITH Cash 的歷程
究竟這位大佬有什麼有什麼不為人知的心路歷程
就讓我們繼續看下去！
(註1) 2:24 unsensorable 更正為 uncensorable
(註2) 4:41 T bill 更正為 TVL = Total Value Locked
艱難字詞典：
1:26這個項目應該算都是 Algorithmic Stablecoin（演算法穩定幣）
1:40 Conspiracy theory (陰謀論)說他沒有100% back 他自己也承認過他是 fractional (部分準備金制度)
1:54就 collateralize（抵押借款）這個幣
2:21他的 uncensorable (不可被審查的)的這個特色跟力量
2:45把這個 exchange 跟這個 Value store (價值儲存)合在一起
4:43 這個 Total Value Locked（總鎖倉資產）有14億美金
5:20我們第一個打的就是這個 fiat on and off ramp (法幣通道)
6:06 so比較難 rug pull (拔插頭) 比較難
total value locked 在 What Is Total Value Locked? [ TVL in DeFi Explained With ... 的推薦與評價
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