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With isolation, domestic abuse activists fear ‘explosive cocktail’

“Safer at Home.” It’s a slogan of choice for the mandatory ( ) confinement ( ) measures aimed at curbing ( ) the spread of the coronavirus. But it’s not true for everyone.

As the world’s families hunker ( ) down, there’s another danger, less obvious but just as insidious ( ), that worries advocates ( ) and officials: a potential spike ( ) in domestic violence ( ) as victims spend day and night trapped at home with their abusers, with tensions ( ) rising, nowhere ( ) to escape, limited or no access ( ) to friends or relatives — and no idea when it will end.

“An abuser will use anything in their toolbox to exert ( ) their power and control, and COVID-19 is one of those tools,” said Crystal Justice, who oversees ( ) development at the National Domestic Violence Hotline, a 24/7 national hotline in the United States. In cities and towns everywhere, concern is high, and meaningful numbers are hard to come by ( ). In some cases, officials worry about a spike in calls, and in others, about a drop in calls, which might indicate that victims cannot find a safe way to reach out for help.

In Los Angeles, officials have been bracing ( ) for a spike in abuse. “When cabin fever ( ) sets in, give it a week or two, people get tired of seeing each other and then you might have domestic violence,” said Alex Villanueva, the sheriff ( )of Los Angeles County.

“One of the key challenges of this health pandemic is that home isn’t a safe place for everyone,” said Amanda Pyron, executive director of The Network: Advocating Against Domestic Violence, based in Chicago. “Victims and the abusers have to stay at the scene of the crime.”

Similar concerns have arisen in hard-hit ( ) continental Europe. In France, “it’s an explosive cocktail,” says Nathalie Tomasini, a leading lawyer for domestic violence victims there. Being trapped in an apartment with an abusive partner, she said, is akin to ( ) “a prison with no open window.”

In addition to intimate partner violence, concerns have also been raised about child abuse. In jurisdictions ( ) everywhere, the chief worry is not only that coronavirus tensions could trigger more abuse, but that with kids out of school, more cases could go unreported or unnoticed.

“If kids are not at school, those reports aren’t getting made,” said Jessica Seitz, public policy director for the advocacy group Missouri Kids First. “That’s really a crack ( ) in the system.”

Without educators ( ) in place, “We really need neighbors to check on next-door children and children in the neighborhood,” said Tom Rawlings, director of Georgia state’s Division of Family and Children Services.

Back at the National Domestic Violence Hotline, which is based in Austin, Texas but has staff working remotely now, advocates are urging people in potentially risky situations to use the more discreet ( ) chat and text options available on their website, and to formulate ( ) a personal safety plan. This could include setting up a standing call with relatives or establishing a code phrase to signal an emergency.

因疫情封城禁足 反促長家暴危機

為遏止冠狀病毒傳播而頒布的禁足令，選用「Safer at Home」（待在家更安全）作為口號，以強制民眾待在家。然而，待在家裡並非對每個人來說都會更安全。

當全世界的家庭都蟄居屋內，有識之士及官員也擔憂會有另一種危險（雖不像病毒的威脅顯而易見，卻也是同樣險惡）：受害者與施虐者每天從早到晚一同困在家中，可能會使家庭暴力事件激增──由於對峙情況加劇、無處可逃、與親朋好友缺乏往來，也不知道這一切何時會結束。

「施暴者利用所能掌握的任何工具來施加權力及控制，武漢肺炎便是其中一種工具」，「全國家暴熱線」主管克莉絲多‧賈斯提斯表示。該熱線為二十四小時全年無休的全美服務。各地的城鎮都非常關注此問題，但卻很難獲得有意義的數字。在某些情況，官員擔心求助電話數目激增；其他時候，則擔心電話數量減少，因為這可能表示受害者找不到安全的方式來尋求幫助。

在洛杉磯，政府一直在為施暴案的激增做準備。洛杉磯郡警長艾利克斯‧維拉紐瓦表示：「〔禁足〕大約一兩個星期後幽閉煩躁症發作，人們會對彼此感到厭倦，然後家庭暴力便可能會發生」。

「這種大流行病的主要挑戰之一是，家裡並非對每個人來說都是安全的地方」，芝加哥「網絡：反家暴倡議」（The Network: Advocating Against Domestic Violence）的執行董事阿曼達‧派蓉說道。「受害者與施暴者只能待在犯罪現場」。

受疫情重創的歐洲大陸也有類似問題引起關切。法國為家暴受害者辯護的名律師納塔莉‧托馬西尼表示，在法國，「這樣的混居是容易引爆的」。她說，跟有施暴傾向的伴侶一起困在公寓裡，就像是身處在「沒有窗戶的監獄」。

除了親密伴侶的暴力，虐待兒童問題也引發關注。各地的司法機關主要的擔憂的，不僅是冠狀病毒之緊張情勢可能引發更多的虐童事件，而是孩子不上學，可能會讓更多案件沒被通報或未被察覺。

倡議團體「密蘇里州兒童優先組織」（Missouri Kids First）的公共政策主任潔西卡‧塞茲表示：「如果孩子們不在學校，這些案件就不會被通報」。「這真是系統的漏洞」。

喬治亞州家庭與兒童服務處主管湯姆‧洛林斯表示，沒有教育工作者在崗位上，「我們真的需要鄰居來查看隔壁和附近的孩子」。

上述全國家暴熱線之辦公室設於德州奧斯汀市，但其人員目前是以遠距方式工作。該熱線呼籲身處此風險境地的人在聊天及傳簡訊時使用更秘密的網站選項，並擬定人身安全計畫。這可包括設定聯繫親戚的常備電話，或建立通關密語來表示緊急狀況。

#高雄人 #學習英文 請找 #多益達人林立英文
#高中英文 #成人英文
#多益家教班 #商用英文
#國立大學外國語文學系講師

Oxford Dictionaries declares ‘climate emergency’ the word of 2019

Oxford Dictionaries has declared “climate emergency” the word of the year for 2019, following a hundred-fold ( ) increase in usage that it says demonstrated a “greater immediacy ( )” in the way we talk about the climate.

Defined as “a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt ( ) climate change and avoid potentially irreversible ( ) environmental damage resulting from it,” Oxford said the words soared ( ) from “relative obscurity ( )” to “one of the most prominent ( ) — and prominently debated — terms of 2019.”

According to the dictionary’s data, usage of “climate emergency” soared 10,796 percent.

Oxford said the choice was reflective ( ) of the rise in climate awareness, with the focus specifically on the language we use to discuss it. The rise of “climate emergency” reflected a conscious ( ) push toward language of immediacy and urgency, the dictionary said.

In May, the Guardian updated its style guide to clarify that “climate emergency” or “global heating” would be favored ( ) over “climate change” or “global warming” (although the original terms are not banned) to better reflect the scientific consensus ( ) that this was “a catastrophe for humanity.”

Hundreds of cities, towns and even countries have also declared “climate emergencies” during 2019 — from Scotland in April and the UK parliament ( ) in May to Canada, France and the city of Sydney in Australia.

“In 2018, climate did not feature ( ) in the top words typically used to modify emergency; instead, the top types of emergencies people wrote about were health, hospital, and family emergencies,” the selection panel ( ) said.

“But with climate emergency, we see something new, an extension ( ) of emergency to the global level.”

And for those protesting that “climate emergency” is two words, as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s resident ( ) linguist explained in 2017, single words can consist of ( ) two parts.

Such multipart constructions, like “heart attack,” “man-of-war” or the 2017 American Dialect Society word of the year “fake news,” are commonly accepted by linguists as words.

“Climate emergency” beat the words “climate crisis,” “climate action,” “climate denial,” “extinction,” “flight shame,” “global heating” and “plant-based,” which were on the shortlist ( ).

The dictionary’s word of the year is chosen to “reflect the ethos ( ), mood, or preoccupations ( ) of the passing year” and should have “lasting potential as a term of cultural significance.”
“In 2019, climate emergency surpassed ( ) all of those other types of emergency to become the most written about emergency by a huge margin ( ), with over three times the usage frequency of health, the second-ranking word,” Oxford said.

Previous choices for word of the year include “toxic” in 2018 and “youthquake” in 2017.

「氣候緊急狀態」獲選為牛津字典二○一九年度詞彙

牛津字典宣布，二○一九年的年度詞彙為「climate emergency」（氣候緊急狀態），該詞的使用次數較之前增加了一百倍，顯示我們談論氣候時有「更大的急迫性」。

牛津字典將「climate emergency」定義為「需要採取緊急行動來應對的狀況，以減低或阻止氣候變化，避免其可能造成之不可逆轉的環境破壞」，該詞由「相對冷僻」躍升成為「二○一九年最突出及討論度最高的詞彙」。

根據牛津字典的數據，「climate emergency」的使用次數暴增了百分之一萬零七百九十六。

牛津字典表示，選擇該詞不僅是反映氣候意識的抬頭，所著重的更是我們討論它時所用的語言；「climate emergency」一詞的興起，反映了語言朝向立即性和緊迫性的有意識推進。

英國《衛報》在五月更新了格式手冊，說明應優先選擇「climate emergency」或「global heating」（全球熱化）這些詞彙，而非原本的「climate change」（氣候變化）或「global warming」（全球暖化）（雖然這些術語並未禁用），以便更能夠反映科學上的共識──這是「a catastrophe for humanity」（人類的災難）。

在二○一九年，有數百個城市、城鎮甚至國家宣布進入「氣候緊急狀態」──蘇格蘭在四月、英國議會在五月，還有加拿大、法國乃至澳洲的雪梨市。

詞彙評選小組表示：「二○一八年，『climate』一字通常並不用來修飾『emergency』這個字。人們用來修飾『emergency』的字主要是「health」（健康）、「hospital」（醫院）和「family」（家庭）」。

#高雄人 #學習英文 請找 #多益達人林立英文
#高中英文 #成人英文
#多益家教班 #商用英文
#國立大學外國語文學系講師
#時事英文

Oxford Dictionaries declares ‘climate emergency’ the word of 2019

Oxford Dictionaries has declared “climate emergency” the word of the year for 2019, following a hundred-fold ( ) increase in usage that it says demonstrated a “greater immediacy ( )” in the way we talk about the climate.

Defined as “a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt ( ) climate change and avoid potentially irreversible ( ) environmental damage resulting from ( ) it,” Oxford said the words soared ( ) from “relative obscurity ( )” to “one of the most prominent ( ) — and prominently debated — terms ( ) of 2019.”

According to the dictionary’s data, usage of “climate emergency” soared 10,796 percent.

Oxford said the choice was reflective of the rise in climate awareness, with the focus specifically on the language we use to discuss it. The rise of “climate emergency” reflected a conscious push toward language of immediacy and urgency, the dictionary said.

In May, the Guardian updated its style guide to clarify that “climate emergency” or “global heating” would be favored ( ) over “climate change” or “global warming” (although the original terms are not banned) to better reflect the scientific consensus ( ) that this was “a catastrophe for humanity.”

Hundreds of cities, towns and even countries have also declared “climate emergencies” during 2019 — from Scotland in April and the UK parliament in May to Canada, France and the city of Sydney in Australia.

“In 2018, climate did not feature in the top words typically used to modify emergency, instead the top types of emergencies people wrote about were health, hospital, and family emergencies,” the selection panel said.

“But with climate emergency, we see something new, an extension of emergency to the global level.”

And for those protesting that “climate emergency” is two words, as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s resident linguist explained in 2017, single words can consist of two parts.

Such multipart constructions, like “heart attack,” “man-of-war” or the 2017 American Dialect Society word of the year “fake news,” are commonly accepted by linguists as words.

“Climate emergency” beat the words “climate crisis,” “climate action,” “climate denial,” “extinction,” “flight shame,” “global heating” and “plant-based,” which were on the shortlist.

The dictionary’s word of the year is chosen to “reflect the ethos, mood, or preoccupations of the passing year” and should have “lasting potential as a term of cultural significance.”

“In 2019, climate emergency surpassed all of those other types of emergency to become the most written about emergency by a huge margin, with over three times the usage frequency of health, the second-ranking word,” Oxford said.

Previous choices for word of the year include “toxic” in 2018 and “youthquake” in 2017.

牛津字典二○一九年度詞彙：「氣候緊急狀態」

牛津字典宣布，二○一九年的年度詞彙為「climate emergency」（氣候緊急狀態），該詞的使用次數較之前增加了一百倍，顯示我們談論氣候時有「更大的急迫性」。

牛津字典將「climate emergency」定義為「需要採取緊急行動來應對的狀況，以減低或阻止氣候變化，避免其可能造成之不可逆轉的環境破壞」，該詞由「相對冷僻」躍升成為「二○一九年最突出及討論度最高的詞彙」。

根據牛津字典的數據，「climate emergency」的使用次數暴增了百分之一萬零七百九十六。

牛津字典表示，選擇該詞不僅是反映氣候意識的抬頭，所著重的更是我們討論它時所用的語言；「climate emergency」一詞的興起，反映了語言朝向立即性和緊迫性的有意識推進。

英國《衛報》在五月更新了格式手冊，說明應優先選擇「climate emergency」或「global heating」（全球熱化）這些詞彙，而非原本的「climate change」（氣候變化）或「global warming」（全球暖化）（雖然這些術語並未禁用），以便更能夠反映科學上的共識──這是「a catastrophe for humanity」（人類的災難）。

在二○一九年，有數百個城市、城鎮甚至國家宣布進入「氣候緊急狀態」──蘇格蘭在四月、英國議會在五月，還有加拿大、法國乃至澳洲的雪梨市。

詞彙評選小組表示：「二○一八年，『climate』一字通常並不用來修飾『emergency』這個字。人們用來修飾『emergency』的字主要是「health」（健康）、「hospital」（醫院）和「family」（家庭）」。

#高雄人 #學習英文 請找 #多益達人林立英文
#高中英文 #成人英文
#多益家教班 #商用英文
#國立大學外國語文學系講師
#時事英文